广东乌龟五种器官的组织学观察

利用石蜡切片法对广东乌龟的心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺和肾脏等组织器官进行了组织结构观察.结果显示,心肌纤维束状排列,可见闰盘结构.肝脏分3叶,肝内结缔组织很少,相邻肝小叶分界不清.肝血窦内含色素细胞.脾脏分被膜和实质两部分.实质可分为白髓和红髓.白髓包括椭球周围淋巴鞘(PELS)和动脉周围淋巴鞘(PALS).红髓由脾索和脾窦组成.未发现淋巴小结和生发中心.肺为一对长形扁平囊.支气管黏膜上皮为假复层柱状纤毛上皮.细支气管的黏膜为单层柱状纤毛上皮.肺泡囊状.肾脏由肾小体、颈段、近曲小管、中间段、远曲小管、收集管等部分构成.颈段和中间段均由单层纤毛立方上皮细胞构成.近曲小管、远曲小管和收集管均由单层柱状上皮细胞构成.     

赛加羚羊部分器官组织学结构观察

为了解世界濒危物种、国家Ⅰ级保护野生动物赛加羚羊（Saiga tatarica）主要器官组织的结构特征,本研究利用石蜡组织切片技术,对1只因胎衣不下死亡的雌性成年赛加羚羊心、肝、脾、肺、肾的组织结构进行了观察。赛加羚羊心肌纤维发达,呈圆柱状,有分支,其胞核位于细胞边缘,各心肌纤维分支末端相互连接构成肌纤维网,闰盘明显。肝组织致密,间质少,肝小叶分界不清,切面呈不规则的多边形,肝细胞以中央静脉为中心呈放射状排列。脾的被膜较厚,脾小梁由被膜和脾门的结缔组织伸入脾实质形成,相互连接构成脾的粗支架;实质部分可明显分为白髓和红髓,白髓主要分布在脾内小动脉周围,其内部脾小结形状为圆形或椭圆形;红髓主要分布于白髓区周围,其内充满大量的红细胞。肺实质导气部主要可见细支气管和终末细支气管,其中,细支气管的管腔面富含纵行皱襞,黏膜上皮为假复层柱状纤毛上皮;呼吸部可见大量的肺泡管、肺泡囊和肺泡,肺泡结构清晰可见。肾为平滑单乳头肾,由被膜和实质构成,实质可明显分为皮质与髓质,皮质内可见大量肾小体和少量结缔组织。总体而言,与其他同类型反刍动物相比较,赛加羚羊各主要器官的组织结构未见有明显差异。     

安南龟肝脏和肾脏的组织学观察

采用常规石蜡切片对安南龟的肝脏和肾脏进行了组织学观察。研究结果发现,肝脏分为3叶,肝实质内结缔组织少。肝脏由无数肝小叶构成,肝小叶分界不清。肝细胞为多角形的腺上皮细胞,细胞核圆球形,位于中央。胆小管沿着肝细胞索向肝小叶四周放射并连成细长的微细管道。肾脏由肾小体、颈段、近曲小管、中间段、远曲小管和收集管6部分构成,肾小体由肾小球和肾小囊组成,在肾小体附近可见致密斑样结构,未见髓袢结构。肾小球由盘曲的毛细血管构成。肾小囊是肾小管的起始端,由内、外两层壁层构成,内层与肾小球的毛细血管紧贴,外层为单层扁平上皮细胞。     

尾斑瘰螈泌尿器官的形态组织学观察

本文采用组织学和形态学方法对尾斑瘰螈的泌尿器官进行研究。结果表明:尾斑瘰螈的泌尿器官主要包括肾脏、输尿管和膀胱。其肾脏为实质性器官,主要由肾小体、肾小管构成;肾实质出现区域分隔,肾小体数量较少,肾小管分为颈段、近曲小管、中间段、远曲小管;其间未发现淋巴组织以及与生殖有关的结构。输尿管由单层立方上皮过渡到假复层立方上皮;膀胱壁由2~3层细胞变移上皮构成。     

瓦氏黄颡鱼和岩原鲤脾脏的组织学观察

运用组织学方法对瓦氏黄颡鱼和岩原鲤脾脏的显微结构进行了研究.瓦氏黄颡鱼和岩原鲤脾脏被膜薄,仅由一层单层扁平上皮细胞和结缔组织纤维构成,脾小梁明显,红髓和白髓混合,无明显的分界,鞘毛细血管发达;瓦氏黄颡鱼脾小梁细而少,白髓中淋巴细胞密集,在靠近被膜的脾实质边缘区域密集的淋巴细胞形成外形类似淋巴小结的结构,巨噬细胞聚集形成明显的巨噬细胞中心;岩原鲤脾小梁发达,伸入脾实质将脾脏分隔成一个个的小叶,白髓中密集的淋巴细胞较少,未见类似淋巴小结的结构,巨噬细胞分散存在,无明显的巨噬细胞中心.     

金雕肾脏的组织学观察

利用生物显微技术观察了金雕Aquila chrysaetos肾脏的组织结构.结果表明,金雕肾实质由许多肾小叶构成,每个肾小叶可分为皮质和髓质两部分.肾单位由一个肾小体和一条与其相连的肾小管构成.肾小体由肾小囊和肾小球组成.肾小管分为近曲小管、髓袢、远曲小管和连接小管.集合管分为小叶周集合小管和髓质集合管两部分.具有发达的极周细胞.     

汞离子及铬离子对黄鳝脾免疫细胞的影响

采用毒性实验方法,用不同浓度的汞离子(Hg2+)、铬离子(Cr6+)分别处理黄鳝(Monopterusalbus),经1、2、4、8 d后,通过光镜观察黄鳝脾组织结构及免疫细胞数量的变化。结果表明,对照组黄鳝脾被膜较薄,未见明显的小梁,实质由红髓和白髓构成。白髓中淋巴细胞聚集成群,未见明显脾小结,但可见动脉周围淋巴鞘。红髓由脾索与脾窦组成。脾中有椭圆体,其末端向脾髓开放。黑色素巨噬细胞中心形成。经两种重金属离子分别染毒后的黄鳝脾与对照组相比,组织结构表现出相似的变化,即随着重金属离子浓度的增加和染毒时间的延长,脾组织中的黑色素巨噬细胞中心逐渐增大、增多,最后减少;黑色素巨噬细胞先增加后减少。淋巴组织逐渐松散,排列稀疏混乱,淋巴细胞界限逐渐不清晰,呈退化趋势,数量先增加后减少。粒细胞数量的变化趋势与淋巴细胞一致。红血细胞大量破坏,血窦扩张。     

小熊猫肾脏和输尿管的组织学研究

小熊猫的肾脏呈蚕豆形,表面光滑不分叶,只有1个肾锥体和1个肾盏,无肾盂。肾脏皮质内可见皮质迷路和髓放线。皮质迷路内有近曲小管、远曲小管和肾小体等结构。髓放线内有近端小管直部和远端小管直部。髓质可分为外髓和内髓两个区域。外髓有较多的集合管断面,少量的远端小管直部和细段,较多的直小血管束。内髓部位有大量的细段和乳头管。各种泌尿小管之间有少量的疏松结缔组织构成的间质,间质内有丰富的毛细血管。输尿管横切面呈圆形或卵圆形,管腔呈不规则的裂隙状。管壁由粘膜、肌肉层和外膜组成。并与大熊猫肾脏和输尿管的组织结构作了比较研究。     

棕熊肾脏的解剖学及光电镜观察

本文观察了棕熊肾脏的大体解剖和光、电镜下的组织结构。棕熊的肾脏为分叶肾,每个肾叶为多面锥体形。光镜下H—E染色切片标本可见肾实质有皮质和髓质两部分。皮质可见清晰的皮质迷路和髓放线结构。肾小体可分出血管极和尿极。血管球由毛细血管缠绕形成,外包有肾小囊。近曲小管管腔面可见刷状缘。在透射电镜下可见到摅过屏障由有孔内皮、基膜及足细胞的次级突起构成。电镜下还可看到近曲小管游离面紧密排列的微绒毛和基底面的质膜内褶结构。     

华鲮泌尿系统组织学的初步观察

2004年3月至9月采用常规组织学方法对华鲮泌尿系统作了研究,结果表明：华鲮泌尿系统包括中肾、输尿管、膀胱。中肾由肾小体和肾小管组成,无皮质、髓质之分,有肾小体聚集现象;肾小管可分为颈段、第一近曲小管、第二近曲小管、远曲小管、集合管。肾中散布有大量淋巴髓样组织,还有甲状腺滤泡和斯坦尼氏小体,显然华鲮的肾脏是一个具有多种生理功能的复合器官。输尿管位于两肾叶腹侧,其上皮为似复层,缺黏膜下层,无纵肌,外膜甚薄。左右输尿管在后端合并,稍微扩大,形成膀胱,膀胱内壁具有发达的绒毛,绒毛表面为变移上皮。     

Macrophages and Reticulum Cells in the Spleen of the Dogfish,Scyliorhinus canicula

The presence and ultrastructural features of reticulum cells and macrophages were studied in the spleen of the dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula. Three morphologically distinguishable regions of the spleen were identified: the white pulp, the red pulp and the ellipsoids. In all three, the splenic parenchyma was a meshwork supported by reticulum cells and fibres. Reticulum cells in both the white and the red pulp are irregular elements, the processes of which are joined by cell junctions and embrace developing reticular fibres. The ellipsoids of the dogfish spleen are terminal branches of the splenic arteries of the white pulp, with a sheath consisting of reticulum cells, reticular fibres, ground substance, macrophages and occasional lymphocytes. Isolated melanomacrophages also occur in the ellipsoid walls as well as in the red pulp. In both the white and the red pulp phagocytic reticulum cells, and macrophages appear frequently forming cell associations with surrounding blood cells, mainly lymphocytes. The functional significance of the ellipsoids and the cell-cell clusters of the white and the red pulp is discussed in relation to the immune capacities demonstrated in elasmobranchs.     

Structure of the spleen of the sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): A light and electron microscopic study

The spleen of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) is composed mainly of red pulp, whereas the white pulp is poorly developed. The red pulp consists of clear reticular cells intermingled with blood cells, sinusoids, and melanomacrophage centers (MMCs). The MMCs are enclosed by an interrupted connective tissue capsule and show some areas in continuity with the adjacent pulp. The MMCs are formed by the association of free macrophages that have phagocytosed some blood cells. Sparse white pulp is diffuse, forming a cuff around the pulp arteries and MMCs, or occurring in small groups between the splenic cords. A longitudinal artery and vein, lying side by side, extend the length of the spleen. Frequently the capillaries are surrounded by a sheath of macrophages or ellipsoids. These macrophages may contain erythrocytes in varying degrees of degradation. Lymphopoiesis and plasmapoiesis occur in the sparse lymphold areas. Abundant plasma cell groups may indicate the presence of antibody production.     

鳗鲡肝脏、脾脏显微与超微结构

经光镜和电镜观察发现：鳗鲡肝脏的肝小叶不规则。肝细胞胞质内富含多种细胞器及包含物。胆小管由２—４个肝细胞围成，相邻肝细胞间有连接复合体封闭胆小管。肝血窦为有孔型、孔处无隔膜，内有巨噬细胞。窦周隙明显，未见贮脂细胞。肝细胞向胆小管腔与窦周隙面伸出许多指状微绒毛。脾脏内白髓中淋巴细胞聚集成群，未见明显脾小结、淋巴鞘。红髓由脾索与脾窦组成，动脉分支末端（壁厚的毛细血管）可开放于红髓，无明显巨噬细胞中心。脾窦及脾小动脉内皮细胞通常为长杆状、沿血管纵向平行排列。脾窦为有孔型，孔处可见薄的隔膜。脾小动脉内皮外为２—５层平滑肌（多数为纵行）。     

α- and β-receptor control of catecholamine secretion from isolated adrenal medulla cells

Summary The structural characteristics and cellular elements of the boundary zone between the white and red pulp of the human spleen were studied by SEM and TEM. The boundary zone consisted of both the perifollicular region and the region surrounding the periarterial lymphoid sheath. The perifollicular region was further subdivided into two, equally thick layers. The inner half layer of the perifollicular region outside the mantle zone of the lymph follicle was composed of tightly packed medium-sized lymphocytes, interspersed by a small number of reticular cells. The outer half layer was composed of a reticular cell meshwork containing blood cells in vessels, which communicated with the splenic cords of the red pulp. Intermittent rows of reticular cells distinguished the outer from the inner half layer. The region surrounding the periarterial lymphoid sheath revealed the same type of reticular cell meshwork as the outer half layer of the perifollicular region. Capillary ends opened into the reticular cell meshwork, which suggested the presence of an open circulation in the human spleen. A deep lymphatic vessel which communicated with the periarterial lymphoid sheath was noted.     

The argentophil reticular cells of the mammalian spleen. II. The argentophil reticular cell arrangement inside the red pulp and its relationship with the endothelial lining cells of the splenic sinuses

The red pulp's argentophil reticular cell network of the spleen is composed by 3 types of fixed cells: 1. the primitive reticular cell, slightly argentophil; 2. the small reticular cell; 3. the larger reticular cell, strongly argentophil and phagocytic. This latter shows the classical morphological characteristics attributed to the reticular cells of the spleen. The large argentophil reticular cell may become free, constituting a 4th cell type, the free macrophage. A 5th reticular cell type is the dendritic cell found into the lymphatic follicles of the white pulp. The argentophil reticular cells of the red pulp assemble together to form the reticular cells' network, that occurs inside the red pulp cords. The primitive and the small reticular cell form the fundamental network on which the large cells are apposed. The reticular cells of this network maitain relationship with the arterial terminal vessels of the red pulp, being responsible by the ellipsoid structure. In those arteriolar segments without ellipsoid and in those mammalian species devoid of ellipsoid, the white pulp reticular cells, that surround the blood vessel as a part of the lymphoid periarteriolar sheath, mix with the red pulp's reticular cells and both can hardly be discriminated. The ellipsoids are formed by large argentophil cells arranged in concentrical layers around its lumen that sometimes appear devoid of endothelial lining cells. The red pulp's argentophil reticular cells, either the small or the large ones, contributed to the structure of the splenic sinuses' wall; its thin processes surround the sinus wall outside the endothelial lining cell as fibrillar structures that cross the back side of the lining cells. Two or more argentophil reticular cells send fibrillar processes to a single sinus. The perisinusal reticular cells may send a process between adjacent endothelial lining, cells that insinuate and attain the sinus lumen; this process becomes thick and eventually, the reticular cell enter the sinus lumen as a free macrophage. The argentophil reticular cells of the red pulp make connection between the capsule or the trabeculae and the reticular cell network. The endothelial lining cells of the splenic sinuses are not argentophil.     

The cellular response of T and B dependent areas of the spleen after focal thermocoagulation of liver and kidney

Using 3H-thymidine autoradiography, the cellular response of the white splenic pulp after single or repeated thermolesions on liver and kidney was studied. Sham operations served as controls, and did not induce any significant changes in the splenic white pulp. After single or repeated thermolesions, the labeling index increased distinctly in the B and T cell areas. The central T-dependent periarteriolar lymphatic sheath (PALS) showed an earlier rise of radioactively labeled lymphocytes after repeated thermolesions than after a single lesion. After a single heat coagulation of liver and kidney a dissociation of the germinal centers occurred with consecutive hyperplasia. However, compared with the splenic reaction after other surgical injuries, especially after cryosurgical operations, the response of the B-dependent splenic areas was weaker. The distinct reaction of the central T-dependent PALS supports the conception of a more prominent cell mediated immune response of the peripheral lymphatic system with temporary T cell dysfunctions. Possibly the inflammatory complications of burned patients and the delayed wound healing of thermosurgical tissue lesions may be caused by the alteration of the lymphatic system with a disturbed cooperation of T and B lymphocytes with macrophages.