温度对亚热带地区常见树种叶片甲烷排放的影响

以亚热带常见树种米槠、木荷、浙江桂、罗浮栲、杉木和柑橘为对象,利用控制试验研究了温度对树木叶片甲烷(CH₄)排放的影响.结果表明: 当温度在10 ℃时,供试的6种树木中,仅木荷、柑橘和罗浮栲的叶片排放CH₄;温度高于20 ℃时,所有树木叶片均可排放CH₄.温度高于30 ℃时,叶片排放CH₄的平均排放速率(1.010 ng CH₄·g^-1DM·h^-1)是10～30 ℃时平均排放速率(0.255 ng CH₄·g^-1DM·h^-1)的3.96倍.增温对柑橘和杉木CH₄排放速率的影响显著高于其他4种树木.培养时间对叶片排放CH₄速率有显著影响,温度胁迫对树木排放CH₄的影响受植物活性的控制.在低温或高温条件下,树木干叶均不能排放CH₄.高温胁迫对树木叶片排放CH₄有重要影响,全球变暖可能增加植物的CH₄排放.     

植物排放N2O和CH4的研究

N2O和CH4是2种重要的温室气体,但其排放源尚未得到充分鉴别.1990年和2006年先后报道植物能排放N2O和CH4,并日益受到广泛的关注.然而,迄今为止对植物排放这2种气体的研究均是分开单独进行的.该文以8种陆生草本植物为研究对象,首次同步考察了新鲜离体植物地上部排放N2O和CH4的通量.研究结果表明:8种植物均能排放这2种气体.其中,黑麦草(Lolium perenne)、抱茎苦荬菜(Ixendium sonchifolium)和菠菜(Spinacia oleracea)的CH4通量较高,分别为165.38、52.28和21.64 ngCH4.g-1dw·h-1;抱茎苦荬菜、蒙古蒿(Artemisia mongolica)、大豆(Glycine max)和菠菜的N2O通量较高,分别为7.19、6.92、5.44和4.05 ngN2O·g-1dw.h-1.研究结果不仅为植物本身既能排放N2O又能排放CH4在植物中可能具有普遍性提供了进一步的实验依据,而且为深入研究其机理找到了几种适宜的植物种(如抱茎苦荬菜、菠菜).     

遮阴对米槠和杉木原位排放甲烷的影响

尽管植物在有氧环境是否有氧排放甲烷(CH4)一直存在很大的争议,但越来越多的研究证实植物自身可以排放CH4,而光照是影响植物排放CH4的重要因素。利用13C同位素标记技术结合盆栽实验,探讨了米槠和杉木叶片原位排放CH4的来源及其对太阳光照和遮阴处理的响应。结果表明,标记米槠和杉木叶片的碳稳定同位素13C值分别比未标记的高128.9和71.1倍;密封标记米槠和杉木叶片2h后的δ13CH4值分别比0h时高21.1倍和28.2倍,而未标记米槠和杉木在密封0h与2h时的δ13CH4值之间均没有显著差异,这证实了米槠和杉木排放的CH4主要源于他们自身。自然光照下,杉木的平均CH4排放速率比米槠的平均CH4排放速率高29%。自然光照下的米槠和杉木的CH4排放速率具有相同的波动规律;遮阴对米槠和杉木的CH4排放的影响不同,遮阴处理米槠的CH4排放速率显著低于自然光照处理,平均低23%;遮阴处理杉木的平均CH4排放速率与自然光照处理的没有显著差异,但在遮阴处理5d之后,其CH4排放速率比自然光照下的高71%,之后其CH4排放速率急剧下降,且明显低于自然光照下的CH4排放速率。以上结果表明,太阳光照促进了植物排放CH4的速率。     

鄱阳湖秋季水-气界面CH4排放通量的区域差异及影响因素

有限的观测点以及空间的异质性已经成为准确估算湖泊水-气界面CH4通量的挑战。鄱阳湖是我国最大的淡水湖,为了解秋季湖区水-气界面的CH4排放通量,2010年10月利用密闭静态箱-气象色谱法对星子、都昌、南矶山和吴城4个湖区水-气界面CH4排放通量及气象、底泥、水体等因素进行了测定。研究表明,都昌湖区CH4排放通量平均值为0.26mg·m-2·h-1,显著高于星子(0.15mg·m-2·h-1)、吴城(0.13mg·m-2·h-1)和南矶山(0.10mg·m-2·h-1)湖区。鄱阳湖水-气界面秋季CH4排放通量平均为0.17mg·m-2·h-1,变异系数为58.6%。相关分析表明,风速显著影响CH4排放通量(P<0.01)。在排除风速>5m·s-1的数据后,底泥有机碳以及水体铵态氮含量与CH4排放通量显著相关,而水体DOC含量与CH4排放通量呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。对鄱阳湖CH4排放量的精确估算,依赖于较广区域和较长时间的观测。     

互花米草入侵对沿海湿地甲烷排放的影响

采集互花米草不同入侵年限(8、11和15年)的原状土壤,采用盆栽试验,研究了土壤有机碳含量对沿海湿地CH4排放的影响。结果表明,土壤有机碳含量随着互花米草入侵年限的增加而增加。在植物生长季,互花米草入侵15年的土壤有机碳含量为12.97g·kg-1,土壤CH4排放通量为2.94mg·m-2·h-1,显著高于入侵年限为8和11a(有机碳含量为8.11和9·16g·kg-1)的土壤,其土壤CH4排放通量分别为1.95和2.34mg·m-2·h-1。这主要是由于随着土壤有机碳含量提高,不仅为产甲烷菌提供了更多底物,同时也促进了产甲烷菌数量增加,从而导致更多CH4排放。因此,在评价互花米草入侵的综合环境效应时,需要兼顾土壤固碳能力和温室气体排放。     

华南丘陵地区农林复合生态系统晚稻田甲烷和氧化亚氮排放

采用静态箱-气相色谱法对晚稻田甲烷(CH4)和氧化亚氮(N2O)排放进行田间原位测定。结果表明,有植株参与的稻田CH4排放通量季节变化与地下5cm温度呈显著正相关关系。稻田CH4和N2O季节平均排放通量在有植株参与时分别为1.16±0.38mgm-2h-1和42.33±20.00μgm-2h-1,而无植株参与的分别为0.15±0.11mgm-2h-1和51.69±15.87μgm-2h-1。水稻种植对CH4的排放影响较大,对N2O的排放影响较小,有植株参与的稻田CH4平均排放量显著高于无植株参与的稻田,N2O的平均排放量无显著差异。     

水培条件下两种植物根系分泌特征及其与污染物去除的关系

分别以黑臭河涌污水和霍格兰营养液作为培养液,选取种内个体大小基本一致的风车草(Cyperus alternifolius)和美人蕉(Canna indica)各2株分别水培于2种培养液中,研究经污水驯化和营养液培养后植物的生长状况、根系分泌物、根系径向泌氧以及污水净化效果。结果表明,美人蕉在营养液中的增长速率明显高于污水,而风车草在2种培养液中的增长速率相差不大。2种植物在2种培养液中的单位重量分泌能力存在显著差异。在经过污水及营养液培养后,风车草单位重量分泌能力均高于美人蕉;就单种植物而言,污水水培的植株单位重量分泌能力均高于营养液水培的植株。风车草(营养液)、风车草(污水)、美人蕉(营养液)和美人蕉(污水)的最大分泌量分别为2.89、34.76、1.28、1.82 mg·g-1·d-1。在2种培养液中,风车草的根系泌氧速率均明显高于美人蕉。就单种植物而言,经污水驯化的植物,其泌氧速率均高于营养液中培植的植物,风车草(污水)泌氧速率最大,为0.92μmol O2·h-1·g-1(植株)或6.69μmol O2·h-1·g-1(根),美人蕉(营养液)泌氧速率最小,为0.20μmol O2·h-1·g-1(植株)或1.15μmol O2·h-1·g-1(根)。植物经过一段适应期后,对氨氮、TN、TP的去除率稳定达到90%以上;COD的去除率整体不高,单位重量的风车草和美人蕉对COD的去除量分别为6.95±1.78和1.35±0.52 mg·g-1,而对TP的去除量最小,分别为0.28±0.06和0.06±0.02 mg·g-1。对于COD、氨氮、TN和TP,风车草的单位重量去除量显著高于美人蕉,这与风车草根系分泌有机物能力及根系泌氧能力较美人蕉强有明显的一致性。研究表明,采用风车草作为浮床植物应用于污染水体修复,能达到更佳的效果。     

广州地区晚稻田CH4和N2O的排放通量及其影响因素

用密闭箱法同时研究了广州地区晚稻田CH4和N2 O的排放通量。结果表明 ,连续淹水、常规连作和水旱轮作等 3种处理的CH4平均排放通量分别为 1 7 63、2 84和0 36mg·m- 2 ·h- 1 ,而N2 O的平均排放通量分别为 6 74、1 1 69和 55 0 7μgN2 O N·m- 2 ·h- 1 ,表明稻田连续淹水显著增加CH4的排放而降低N2 O的排放。水旱轮作降低CH4排放而提高N2 O的排放 ,说明稻田CH4和N2 O排放之间存在着消长关系。讨论了这 2种温室气体排放的影响因素 ,并初步分析了它们对温室效应的相对贡献。     

中国南方双季稻田转菜地对CO2和CH4通量的影响

采用静态箱-气相色谱法观测了我国南方亚热带水稻田转为旱作蔬菜地后第1年的CO2和CH4通量变化,旨在探索稻田转菜地初期对CO2和CH4通量的影响.结果表明:CO2通量因蔬菜种类、生长状况及生长季节的不同而不同.种植豇豆菜地CO2通量显著高于稻田,种植辣椒菜地CO2通量则显著低于稻田.稻田转菜地CH4通量从6.96 mg C·m-2·h-1显著下降到-0.004 mg C·m-2·h-1(P<0.001).转菜地后CO2和CH4的净累积碳吸收为543kg C·hm-2,显著低于稻田的3641 kg C·hm-2,但由净CO2和CH4排放造成的增温效应无显著差异.转成菜地1年后的土壤有机碳含量有所升高,且10~20 cm土层显著高于对照水稻田.     

长白山三种主要林地土壤甲烷通量

森林土壤甲烷(CH4)通量及主要影响因素的研究对于降低全球温室气体收支评估的不确定性具有重要价值.本研究通过室内培养实验,分析了土壤湿度、温度和氮添加对长白山3种主要林型(白桦林、山杨林和阔叶红松林)土壤甲烷通量的影响.结果表明:3种林型土壤均为甲烷汇,15 d平均吸收速率分别为2.27 μg·kg-1·h-1(山杨林)、1.54μg·kg-1·h-1(阔叶红松林)和1.46 μg·kg-1·h-1(白桦林).重复测量多元方差分析结果显示:林型、温度、土壤湿度及氮素处理对甲烷通量均有极显著影响(P＜0.0l),林型与其他因子交互作用显著;3种林型土壤甲烷吸收的最佳含水量为45％ ～ 60％;在10 ～20℃条件下,甲烷吸收速率随温度增加而增加;氮对甲烷吸收有明显抑制作用.     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Synthesis and antimicrobial studies of hydrazone derivatives of 4-[3-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-4-formyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzoic acid and 4-[3-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-4-formyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzoic acid

Microbial resistance to antibiotics is an unresolved global concern, which needs urgent and coordinated action. One of the guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Preventions (CDC) to combat antibiotic resistance is the development of new antibiotics to treat drug-resistant bacteria. In our effort to find new antibiotics, we report the synthesis and antimicrobial studies of 30 new pyrazole derivatives. These novel molecules have been synthesized by using readily available starting materials and benign reaction conditions. Some of these molecules have shown activity with MIC values as low as 0.78?µg/mL against four bacterial strains; Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Furthermore, active molecules are non-toxic to mammalian cell line.

     

Novel compounds with potent CDK9 inhibitory activity for the treatment of myeloma

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and Polo-like kinases (PLKs) play key role in the regulation of the cell cycle. The aim of our study was originally the further development of our recently discovered polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) inhibitors. A series of new 2,4-disubstituted pyrimidine derivatives were synthesized around the original hit, but their PLK1 inhibitory activity was very poor. However the novel compounds showed nanomolar CDK9 inhibitory activity and very good antiproliferative effect on multiple myeloma cell lines (RPMI-8226).