中医药干预神经退行性疾病引起的认知功能障碍的分子机制（英文）

本文综述了中医药对阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease, AD)和帕金森病(Parkinson's disease, PD)引起的认知功能障碍抗炎作用分子机制的研究进展,并讨论了中医药(如伊桐苷、芒柄花素、和厚朴酚、甘露寡糖二酸和红花类黄酮提取物等)在干预神经退行性疾病中的作用机制,具体包括中医药影响Aβ的生成及聚集、tau磷酸化、肠-脑轴和肠道菌群的调节、自噬功能、小胶质细胞极化、细胞外间隙、神经发生和神经递质传递等.     

小胶质细胞及相关神经退行性疾病

小胶质细胞(microglia,MG)是中枢神经系统(central nervous system,CNS)中重要的神经免疫细胞,它在中枢神经系统中广泛分布,对中枢神经系统起着重要的免疫监视作用。研究发现,神经退行性疾病如阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)、帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease,PD)、肌萎缩性侧索硬化症(Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,ALS)等与小胶质细胞有着密切的关系。因此,阐明小胶质细胞的致病机理对临床预防与治疗相关神经疾病有着重要的理论意义和实用价值。目前,对于小胶质细胞的功能及调节机制虽研究较多,但还不够系统,该文就近年来人们对小胶质细胞的致病机理及其相关神经退行性疾病的研究进展作一综述。     

溶酶体离子通道蛋白在神经退行性疾病发生发展中的作用及机制研究

溶酶体离子通道蛋白异常引起溶酶体功能障碍是导致阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)和帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease,PD)等神经退行性疾病的重要因素.溶酶体离子通道蛋白调节溶酶体内离子稳态、溶酶体膜电压以及溶酶体的酸度.溶酶体离子通道蛋白的结构或功能缺陷会引起溶酶体降解功能障碍,导致神经退行性疾病的发生发展.在这篇综述中,我们总结了各种离子通道蛋白调节溶酶体功能的过程及机制,以及离子通道蛋白异常参与神经退行性疾病的过程和机制.调节离子通道蛋白改善溶酶体的功能、促进异常聚集蛋白的清除,是神经退行性疾病治疗的潜在途径.     

阿尔茨海默病中Toll样受体与小胶质细胞的关系

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)是老年人常见的一种神经退行性疾病。目前AD的发病机制还不是很清楚,但大多数学者认为淀粉样蛋白沉积激活神经胶质细胞所导致的炎症反应是其核心病理机制,其中小胶质细胞是主要的炎症细胞。近期研究表明Toll样受体(Toll-like receptor,TLR)在小胶质细胞的激活过程中发挥着一定的作用。本文主要就近年来AD发病过程中TLR与小胶质细胞之间关系方面的研究进行综述。     

小胶质细胞的神经递质受体在阿尔茨海默病中的作用

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)是一种因蛋白错误折叠、聚积影响神经细胞功能,从而导致认知功能下降、行为异常的神经退行性疾病。小胶质细胞是中枢神经系统(central nervous system,CNS)中重要的免疫细胞之一,在AD病理过程中,根据其激活状态的不同小胶质细胞发挥神经保护或神经毒性作用。小胶质细胞上表达各类神经递质受体,这些受体参与介导小胶质细胞与神经细胞的双向沟通,在AD的病理进程中起到了不同的作用。该文重点介绍了小胶质细胞表面的γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)能、谷氨酸能、大麻素、胆碱能和肾上腺素能受体,以及它们与AD之间的关系,即小胶质细胞上的神经递质受体可以介导或影响小胶质细胞产生的神经保护或毒性作用,从而影响AD病理。阐明小胶质细胞上的神经递质受体在AD中的作用机制将会为探索合适的AD治疗靶点提供重要思路。     

针刺改善痴呆神经炎症的作用机制探讨—小胶质细胞激活抑制途径

针灸是祖国传统医学中古老而又重要的组成部分,作为一种非药物疗法,它在世界范围内已被广泛应用于多种疾病的治疗,并获得了世界卫生组织的推荐。越来越多的临床和实验证据表明,针刺可以通过调节神经炎症,改善认知。炎症是多种神经退行性疾病共有的病理反应,如胶质细胞激活、炎症因子的增加与释放。目前,针灸抗炎领域已积累了大量工作。为探讨针灸在痴呆中改善神经炎症的作用,本综述以阿尔茨海默症(Alzheimer’s disease, AD)、脑血管痴呆(vascular dementia, VD)、帕金森氏症(Parkinson’s disease, PD)为重点,讨论针刺在胶质细胞激活中的作用机制。研究发现,分布在14条经络上,集中在头部和四肢远端的穴位与胶质细胞激活调节关系密切,针刺可以通过抑制小胶质细胞的激活,改善神经炎症反应。在AD、VD、PD等脑病中,本文展望,由TLRs/NF-κB、MAPKs等关键通路介导,抑制M1型小胶质细胞激活途径,可能是针刺调节神经炎症反应,改善认知的关键机制之一。     

碱基切除修复在阿尔茨海默病和帕金森病中的作用

细胞代谢或细胞应激均可以引起DNA氧化损伤。DNA氧化损伤与神经退行性疾病的发生、发展密切相关。碱基切除修复在抵抗脑细胞DNA氧化损伤中起着重要的作用。就碱基切除修复在阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)和帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease,PD)中的作用及其机制进行综述。     

DNA损伤修复与亨廷顿病的发生机制

亨廷顿病(Huntington’s disease,HD)是一种常染色体显性遗传的神经退行性疾病,是由于亨廷顿基因(Htt)发生突变而导致的,突变的亨廷顿蛋白(mutant huntingtin,m Htt)会在胞内产生聚集引起细胞功能异常并引发神经退行.亨廷顿病的具体分子机制有多种假说,例如氧化压力、线粒体功能异常等.2017年《自然》(Nature)杂志发文认为DNA损伤修复异常是神经退行性疾病发生的共同机制.大量证据显示,DNA损伤修复在HD的发生中扮演着重要角色,Htt突变会引发多种DNA损伤以及修复通路的过度激活,HD细胞对离子辐射敏感同时存在双链断裂修复缺陷,同时Htt突变会阻碍DNA修复关键因子共济失调毛细血管扩张突变(ATM)蛋白在DNA修复中正常功能的发挥.DNA修复通路还是HD发病年龄的重要影响因素.此外,将ATM做为治疗靶点能够减轻突变Htt引发的细胞毒性以及动物模型的疾病进程.ATM还在维持细胞稳态和线粒体信号中起着关键作用,鉴于线粒体异常与HD发病的相关性,ATM作为治疗靶点的分子机制也逐渐明朗.本文着重于介绍DNA损伤修复与亨廷顿病的发生机理的研究进展,为阐明HD的发病机理,开发有效的治疗手段提供思路.     

星形胶质细胞参与阿尔茨海默病早期突触功能损伤的研究进展

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease, AD)是以β淀粉样蛋白(amyloidβ, Aβ)沉积和神经纤维缠结(neurofibrillary tangles, NFTs)等病理特征及记忆衰退等临床特征为标志的一种神经退行性疾病。AD的主要症状认知障碍与突触减少密切相关。可溶性寡聚Aβ引起的突触功能损伤是AD早期病理机制研究的热点。星形胶质细胞对突触功能调控起重要作用,其功能改变与AD病理表现密切相关。星形胶质细胞可以通过参与Aβ代谢、中枢炎性反应、突触调控和胞内钙信号传递等途径参与AD早期的突触功能损伤。该文对近年来星形胶质细胞在AD早期突触功能损伤中的主要作用及机制进行综述,同时对这一领域的开放问题进行了归纳。     

星形胶质细胞在阿尔茨海默病中的功能变化及分子机制

星形胶质细胞在脑内数量最多,分布最广,对神经元有营养支持的作用,并且能够调控神经元的活性。越来越多的证据表明星形胶质细胞激活参与阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)的发生和发展。在AD病理情况下,星形胶质细胞在多种因子如β淀粉样蛋白(beta-amyloid,Aβ)和促炎细胞因子的作用下被激活,激活的星形胶质细胞进一步释放一氧化氮(Nitric oxide,NO)和多种炎性因子增强炎症级联反应。功能失常的星形胶质细胞会促进Aβ的产生,减弱对Aβ的摄取和清除,导致Aβ聚集沉积形成老年斑。激活的星形胶质细胞释放的炎症因子还能显著增加神经元内tau蛋白的异常过度磷酸化,产生神经纤维缠结。本文对星形胶质细胞在AD中参与神经变性的功能变化和分子机制进行总结,为星形胶质细胞作为靶点预防及治疗AD提供一定的理论依据。     

Comparison of parameters estimated from A/Ci and A/Cc curve analysis

The parameters estimated from traditional A/C _i curve analysis are dependent upon some underlying assumptions that substomatal CO₂ concentration (C _i) equals the chloroplast CO₂ concentration (C _c) and the C _i value at which the A/C _i curve switches between Rubisco- and electron transport-limited portions of the curve (C _i-t) is set to a constant. However, the assumptions reduced the accuracy of parameter estimation significantly without taking the influence of C _i-t value and mesophyll conductance (g _m) on parameters into account. Based on the analysis of Larix gmelinii’s A/C _i curves, it showed the C _i-t value varied significantly, ranging from 24 Pa to 72 Pa and averaging 38 Pa. t-test demonstrated there were significant differences in parameters respectively estimated from A/C _i and A/C _c curve analysis (p<0.01). Compared with the maximum ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) carboxylation rate (V_cmax), the maximum electron transport rate (J_max) and J_max/V_cmax estimated from A/C _c curve analysis which considers the effects of g _m limit and simultaneously fits parameters with the whole A/C _c curve, mean V_cmax estimated from A/C _i curve analysis (V_cmax-C _i) was underestimated by 37.49%; mean Jmax estimated from A/C _i curve analysis (J_max-C _i) was overestimated by 17.8% and (J_max-C _i)/(V_cmax-C _i) was overestimated by 24.2%. However, there was a significant linear relationship between V_cmax estimated from A/C _i curve analysis and V_cmax estimated from A/C _c curve analysis, so was it J_max (p<0.05).     

Occurrence of N-malonyl-D-alanine in pea seedlings

One of the ninhydrin-negative alanine conjugates isolated from pea seedlings was identified as $\text{N-}\text{malonyl}\text{-}\text{D}\text{-}\text{alanine}$.The identification of this conjugate was carried out by a comparison of its gas-liquid chromatographic and mass spectrometric properties, and its nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectra with those of synthetic $\text{N-}\text{malonyl}\text{-}\text{D}\text{-}\text{alanine}$. The alanine in the conjugate was shown to be present as the D-isomer by enzymatic and chromatographic analyses.     

Characterization of cytochrome P-450SCC-containing liposomes

Purified cytochrome $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ from bovine adrenocortical mitochondria was incorporated into liposomes by the cholate-dilution method utilizing either dialysis or Sephadex gel filtration. Among synthetic phospholipids tested, dioleoylglycerophosphocholine showed the best stability during the incorporation of $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ into liposomes. A maximum amount of heme was incorporated into liposomes at a molar ratio of phospholipid to the cytochrome of approx. 200. When $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ was incorporated into the dioleoylglycerophosphocholine liposomes by the cholate-filtration method, the $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}\text{-}\text{containing liposomes}$ showed two major populations on the elution pattern of the Sepharose 4B gel filtration, and were seen at a diameter of 200–600 Å and its aggregated forms. When the cytochrome was incorporated into dioleoylglycerophosphocholine liposomes or cholesterol-free adrenocortical mitochondrial liposomes, $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ was less stable than $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ in aqueous solution. Cholesterol or adrenodoxin markedly stabilized the liposomal $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$. Liposomal $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ required cholesterol for its optimum reduction with adrenodoxin, adrenodoxin reductase, and NADPH in the presence of CO. About 70% of the total heme in the dioleoylglycerophosphocholine liposomes was reduced by the enzymatic reduction in the presence of cholesterol, indicating that 70% of the total molecules are exposed to the surface of the outer monolayer. In order to see the location of the heme in membrane, the dioleoylglycerophosphocholine-liposomal $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ was subjected to $\text{p-}\text{chloromercuriphenyl sulfonic acid}$ treatment. This reagent destroyed the liposomal $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$. These results suggest that the heme is located in the proximity of the $\text{p-}\text{chloromercuriphenyl sulfonic acid}$ reacting sites which are exposed to the surface, or located on the vincinity of polar heads of the membrane.     

The effects of multiple features of alternatively spliced exons on the KA/KSratio test

Background  

The evolution of alternatively spliced exons (ASEs) is of primary interest because these exons are suggested to be a major source of functional diversity of proteins. Many exon features have been suggested to affect the evolution of ASEs. However, previous studies have relied on the K _A /K _S ratio test without taking into consideration information sufficiency (i.e., exon length > 75 bp, cross-species divergence > 5%) of the studied exons, leading to potentially biased interpretations. Furthermore, which exon feature dominates the results of the K _A /K _S ratio test and whether multiple exon features have additive effects have remained unexplored.     

ATP/ADP exchange activity of gastric (H+ + K+)-ATPase

The ATP/ADP exchange is shown to be a partial reaction of the $\text{(}\text{H}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ by the absence of measurable nucleoside diphosphokinase activity and the insensitivity of the reaction to $\text{P}{}^1$, $\text{P}{}^5$ -di(adenosine-5′) pentaphosphate, a myokinase inhibitor. The exchange demonstrates an absolute requirement for Mg²⁺ and is optimal at an ADP/ATP ratio of 2. The high ATP concentration ($\text{K}{}_{0.5}\text{= 116 μ}\text{M}$) required for maximal exchange is interpreted as evidence for the involvement of a low affinity form of nucleotide site. The ATP/ADP exchange is regarded as evidence for an ADP-sensitive form of the phosphoenzyme. In native enzyme, pre-steady state kinetics show that the formation of the phosphoenzyme is partially sensitive to ADP while modification of the enzyme by pretreatment with 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) in the absence of Mg²⁺ results in a steady-state phosphoenzyme population, a component of which is ADP sensitive. The ATP/ADP exchange reaction can be either stimulated or inhibited by the presence of K⁺ as a function of pH and Mg²⁺.     

Comparative study of Bifidobacteriumanimalis, Escherichiacoli, Lactobacilluscasei and Saccharomycesboulardii probiotic properties

The present work investigates some probiotic properties of four different microorganisms (Bifidobacterium animalis var. lactis BB-12, Escherichia coli EMO, Lactobacillus casei and Saccharomyces boulardii). In vitro and in vivo tests were carried out to compare cell wall hydrophobicity, production of antagonistic substances, survival capacity in the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice without pathological consequence, and immune modulation by stimulation of Küpffer cells, intestinal sIgA and IL-10 levels. In vitro antagonism against pathogenic bacteria and yeast was only observed for the probiotic bacteria B. animalis and L. casei. The hydrophobic property of the cell wall was higher for B. animalis and E. coli EMO, and this property could be responsible for a better ability to colonize the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice. Higher levels of sIgA were observed mainly for S. boulardii, followed by E. coli EMO and B. animalis, and only S. boulardii induced a significant higher level of IL-10. In conclusion, for a probiotic use, S. boulardii presented better characteristics in terms of immunomodulation, and B. animalis and L. casei for antagonistic substance production. The knowledge of the different probiotic properties could be used to choice the better microorganism depending on the therapeutic or prophylactic application.     

Two-Electron Reactions S2QB → S0QB and S3QB → S1QB are Involved in Deactivation of Higher S States of the Oxygen-Evolving Complex of Photosystem II

The oxygen-evolving complex of Photosystem II cycles through five oxidation states (S₀-S₄), and dark incubation leads to 25% S₀ and 75% S₁. This distribution cannot be reached with charge recombination reactions between the higher S states and the electron acceptor Q_B⁻. We measured flash-induced oxygen evolution to understand how S₃ and S₂ are converted to lower S states when the electron required to reduce the manganese cluster does not come from Q_B⁻. Thylakoid samples preconditioned to make the concentration of the S₁ state 100% and to oxidize tyrosine Y_D were illuminated by one or two laser preflashes, and flash-induced oxygen evolution sequences were recorded at various time intervals after the preflashes. The distribution of the S states was calculated from the flash-induced oxygen evolution pattern using an extended Kok model. The results suggest that S₂ and S₃ are converted to lower S states via recombination from S₂Q_B⁻ and S₃Q_B⁻ and by a slow change of the state of oxygen-evolving complex from S₃ and S₂ to S₁ and S₀ in reactions with unspecified electron donors. The slow pathway appears to contain two-electron routes, S₂Q_B → S₀Q_B, and S₃Q_B → S₁Q_B. The two-electron reactions dominate in intact thylakoid preparations in the absence of chemical additives. The two-electron reaction was replaced by a one-electron-per-step pathway, S₃Q_B → S₂Q_B → S₁Q_B in PS II-enriched membrane fragments and in thylakoids measured in the presence of artificial electron acceptors. A catalase effect suggested that H₂O₂ acts as an electron donor for the reaction S₂Q_B → S₀Q_B but added H₂O₂ did not enhance this reaction.     

Dermal cysts participate in reparative regeneration of epidermis in Hrhr/Hrhr mice

One of the phenotypic effects of mutation in the Hr gene in mice is disintegration of hair follicles and their degeneration into open funnel-shaped structures (utricles) opened on skin surface and cysts located in the depth of the dermis. The aim of the current study consists in analysis of the process of reparative regeneration of skin in homozygotous mice with one of the mutant alleles of the Hr gene—Hr ^hr . It is shown that epithelial cells that constitute the inner pavement of cysts take part in the process of epithelization of deep skin wounds. This indicates that the competence of ectodermal cells in relation to inductive signals from injured skin remains in Hr ^hr homozygote mice, in spite of the significant anatomic abnormalities of the hair follicles.     

Ligand-dependent reactivity of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase with showdomycin

Showdomycin inhibited pig brain ($\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ with pseudo first-order kinetics. The rate of inhibition by showdomycin was examined in the presence of 16 combinations of four ligands, i.e., Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺ and ATP, and was found to depend on the ligands added. Combinations of ligands were divided into five groups in terms of the magnitude of the rate constant; in the order of decreasing rate constants these were: (1)$\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$, (2) $\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}$, $\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$, $\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$ and none, (3) $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{,}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$, $\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$ and $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}$, (4) $\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}\text{,}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$ and $\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}\text{, (5)}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$, $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$, $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$, $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$ and ATP. The highest rate was obtained in the presence of Na⁺, Mg²⁺ and ATP. The apparent concentrations of Na⁺, Mg²⁺ and ATP for half-maximum stimulation of inhibition ($\text{K}{}_{0.5}{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>s</mtext>}}$) were 3 mM, 0.13 mM and 4μM, respectively. The rate was unchanged upon further increase in Na⁺ concentration from 140 to 1000 mM. The rates of inhibition could be explained on the basis of the enzyme forms present, including E₁, E₂, ES, E₁-P and E₂-P, i.e., E₂ has higher reactivity with showdomycin than E₁, while E₂-P has almost the same reactivity as E₁-P. We conclude that the reaction of ($\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ proceeds via at least four kinds of enzyme form (E₁, E₂, E₁ · nucleotide and EP), which all have different conformations.     

Characterization of partially purified (Na+ + K+)-ATPase from porcine lens

The partial purification of $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ from pig lens has been achieved by treatment with deoxycholate followed by density gradient centrifugation. The specific activity of the final preparation, ranging from 300 to 500 nmol/h per mg protein, is increased approx. 100-fold compared to the homogenate. A parallel increase in $\text{p-}\text{nitrophenylphosphatase}$ activity is also observed. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis reveals six major protein bands, one of which is the 93 kDa α subunit of $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ which can be phosphorylated by reaction with [γ-³²P]ATP. A second band contains a glycoprotein which displays an apparent molecular weight of 51 000 and thus appears to be the β subunit of the enzyme. The enzyme is sensitive to ouabain with the $\text{I}{}_{50}$ for $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ and $\text{p-}\text{nitrophenylphosphatase}$ inhibition being 1.2 and 1.3 μM, respectively. Several agents which inhibit $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ from other tissues such as oligomycin, Ca²⁺, vanadate, $\text{N-}\text{ethylmaleimide}$, $\text{p-}\text{chloromercuribenzenesulfonic acid}$ (PCMBS) and 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) also inhibit the lens enzyme. Monovalent cations other than K⁺ are partially effective in activating the ($\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$)-ATPase and $\text{p-}\text{nitrophenylphosphatase}$ activities. The K⁺ congeners were relatively more effective in supporting $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ compared to $\text{p-}\text{nitrophenylphosphatase}$ activity. Other kinetic properties of the lens enzyme are also comparable to those of the enzyme from other tissues. Utilizing the partially purified membrane bound enzyme, discontinuities in Arrhenius plots of $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ activity, $\text{p-}\text{nitrophenylphosphatase}$ activity and fluoresence polarization of the fluidity probe, 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH), are observed near the physiological temperature of lens. The possible significance of these observations for the mechanism of cataract formation are discussed.