微生物在水环境污染物降解中的应用

每年有大量来自工业、农业、养殖业和城市污水处理厂的废水被排入到水环境中,因此,地球上的水环境面临大量来自生活废水、工农业废水、非法排放的废水及其它废水的污染物质(如抗生素、杀虫剂,除草剂、烃等)的严重挑战,特别是近年来随着集约化养殖的发展,废水污染问题日益突出,并且随着分析手段的进步,能够检测到被排入水环境中的化学污染物质也越来越多,这些化学污染物对水环境中的生物产生有害影响.但是,微生物在污染控制上具有许多重要的作用.因此,本文对微生物在水环境污染物降解中的应用进行了评论.结果表明微生物主要是应用在水产养殖水中,而在其它的水体系(如河、湖、海)的应用较少.     

Effects of environmental stressors on stem cells

Environmental toxicants are ubiquitous,and many are known to cause harmful health effects.However,much of what we know or think we know concerning the targets and long-term effects of exposure to environmental stressors is sadly lacking.Toxicant exposure may have health effects that are currently mischaracterized or at least mechanistically incompletely understood.While much of the recent excitement about stem cells(SCs)focuses on their potential as therapeutic agents,they also offer a valuable resource to give us insight into the mechanisms and risks of toxicant effects.Not only as a response to the increasing ethical pressure to reduce animal testing,SC studies allow us valuable insight into the true effects of human exposure to environmental stressors under controlled conditions.We present a review of the history of publications on the effects of environmental stressors on SCs,followed by a consolidation of the literature over the past five years on a subset of key environmental stressors of importance to human health and their effects on both embryonic and tissue SCs.The review will make constructive suggestions as to areas of toxicant research where further studies are needed,as well as making indications of the potential utility for advancing knowledge and directing research on environmental toxicology.     

走进内蒙

2015年8月1日,我们每一个人收拾好行囊,整装待发,在邓涛老师带领下踏上了去往内蒙古的征程,拉开了探索灰色生命之旅的序幕. 队伍由两辆车、8人组成,我们早晨7点从中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所出发,披着清晨的阳光,摆脱城市的拥挤,缓缓地“逃离”了北京城.直到抵达张北之后我们的车子才能像矫健的马儿一样驰骋在广袤的公路上,沿途没有了城市的喧闹,没有了交通的堵塞,伴随我们的只有那一眼望去蓝蓝的天空、随风摆动的小草,以及那迷人的风景,偶尔打开车窗,一股凉爽的清风扑面而来,沁人心脾.经过一路的颠簸,我们在傍晚时刻到达锡林浩特,当地文物保护站的同志为我们安顿好了一切.     

例谈2007年高考"现代生物科技专题"

通过现代生物科技专题及相关高考试题的介绍与分析,以开拓学生视野,增强科技意识,激发学生探索生命奥妙和热爱生物科学的情感,为进一步学习现代生物学奠定基础.同时,借助现代生物科技专题作试题背景,具有能力的开放性和情境的新颖性,也有利于考查和培养学生独立获取新知识、收集和处理信息的能力.所选试题涉及现代生物科技前沿的领域有:基因工程、细胞工程、蛋白质工程、癌症和克隆技术等,均体现出对现代生物技术发展的关注.     

Formidable females redux:male social integration into female networks and the value of dynamic multilayer networks

The development of multilayer network techniques is a boon for researchers who wish to understand how different interaction layers might influence each other,and how these in turn might influence group dynamics.Here,we investigate how integration between male and female grooming and aggression interaction networks influences male power trajectories in vervet monkeys Chlorocebus pygerythrus.Our previous analyses of this phenomenon used a monolayer approach,and our aim here is to extend these analyses using a dynamic multilayer approach.To do so,we constructed a temporal series of male and female interaction layers.We then used a multivariate multilevel autoregression model to compare cross-lagged associations between a male's centrality in the female grooming layer and changes in male Elo ratings.Our results confirmed our original findings:changes in male centrality within the female grooming network were weakly but positively tied to changes in their Elo ratings.However,the multilayer network approach offered additional insights into this social process,identifying how changes in a male's centrality cascade through the other network layers.This dynamic view indicates that the changes in Elo ratings are likely to be short-lived,but that male centrality within the female network had a much stronger impact throughout the multilayer network as a whole,especially on reducing intermale aggression(i.e.,aggression directed by males toward other males).We suggest that multilayer social network approaches can take advantage of increased amounts of social data that are more commonly collected these days,using a variety of methods.Such data are inherently multilevel and multilayered,and thus offer the ability to quantify more precisely the dynamics of animal social behaviors.     

Plant infection by two different viruses induce contrasting changes of vectors fitness and behavior

Insect-vectored plant viruses can induce changes in plant phenotypes,thus influencing plant-vector interactions in a way that may promote their dispersal according to their mode of transmission (i.e.,circulative vs.noncirculative).This indirect vector manipulation requires host-virus-vector coevolution and would thus be effective solely in very specific plant-virus-vector species associations.Some studies suggest this manipulation may depend on multiple factors relative to various intrinsic characteristics of vectors such as transmission efficiency.In anintegrative study,we tested the effects of infection of the Brassicaceae Camelina sativa with the noncirculative Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV)or the circulative Turnip yellows virus (TuYV)on the host-plant colonization of two aphid species differing in their virus transmission efficiency:the polyphagous Myzus persicae,efficient vector of both viruses,and the Brassicaceae specialist Brevicoryne brassicae,poor vector of TuYV and efficient vector of CaMV.Results confirmed the important role of virus mode of transmission as plant-mediated effects of CaMV on the two aphid species induced negative alterations of feeding behavior (i.e.,decreased phloem sap ingestion)and performance that were both conducive for virus fitness by promoting dispersion after a rapid acquisition.In addition,virus transmission efficiency may also play a role in vector manipulation by viruses as only the responses of the efficient vector to plant-mediated effects of TuYV,that is,enhanced feeding behavior and performances,were favorable to their acquisition and further dispersal.Altogether,this work demonstrated that vector transmission efficiency also has to be considered when studying the mechanisms underlying vector manipulation by viruses.Our results also re- inforce the idea that vector manipulation requires coevolution between plant,virus and vector.     

Stem cell therapy applied for digestive anastomosis: Current state and future perspectives

BACKGROUND Digestive tract resections are usually followed by an anastomosis.Anastomotic leakage,normally due to failed healing,is the most feared complication in digestive surgery because it is associated with high morbidity and mortality.Despite technical and technological advances and focused research,its rates have remained almost unchanged the last decades.In the last two decades,stem cells(SCs)have been shown to enhance healing in animal and human studies;hence,SCs have emerged since 2008 as an alternative to improve anastomoses outcomes.AIM To summarise the published knowledge of SC utilisation as a preventative tool for hollow digestive viscera anastomotic or suture leaks.METHODS PubMed,Science Direct,Scopus and Cochrane searches were performed using the key words“anastomosis”,“colorectal/colonic anastomoses”,“anastomotic leak”,“stem cells”,“progenitor cells”,“cellular therapy”and“cell therapy”in order to identify relevant articles published in English and Spanish during the years of 2000 to 2021.Studies employing SCs,performing digestive anastomoses in hollow viscera or digestive perforation sutures and monitoring healing were finally included.Reference lists from the selected articles were reviewed to identify additional pertinent articles.METHODS Given the great variability in the study designs,anastomotic models,interventions(SCs,doses and vehicles)and outcome measures,performing a reliable meta-analysis was considered impossible,so we present the studies,their results and limitations.RESULTS Eighteen preclinical studies and three review papers were identified;no clinical studies have been published and there are no registered clinical trials.Experimental studies,mainly in rat and porcine models and occasionally in very adverse conditions such as ischaemia or colitis,have been demonstrated SCs as safe and have shown some encouraging morphological,functional and even clinical results.Mesenchymal SCs are mostly employed,and delivery routes are mainly local injections and cell sheets followed by biosutures(sutures coated by SCs)or purely topical.As potential weaknesses,animal models need to be improved to make them more comparable and equivalent to clinical practice,and the SC isolation processes need to be standardised.There is notable heterogeneity in the studies,making them difficult to compare.Further investigations are needed to establish the indications,the administration system,potential adjuvants,the final efficacy and to confirm safety and exclude definitively oncological concerns.CONCLUSION The future role of SC therapy to induce healing processes in digestive anastomoses/sutures still needs to be determined and seems to be currently far from clinical use.     

Increased monoamine oxidase activity and imidazoline binding sites in insulin-resistant adipocytes from obese Zucker rats

BACKGROUND Despite overt insulin resistance,adipocytes of genetically obese Zucker rats accumulate the excess of calorie intake in the form of lipids.AIM To investigate whether factors can replace or reinforce insulin lipogenic action by exploring glucose uptake activation by hydrogen peroxide,since it is produced by monoamine oxidase(MAO)and semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase(SSAO)in adipocytes.METHODS 3H-2-deoxyglucose uptake(2-DG)was determined in adipocytes from obese and lean rats in response to insulin or MAO and SSAO substrates such as tyramine and benzylamine.14C-tyramine oxidation and binding of imidazolinic radioligands[3H-Idazoxan,3H-(2-benzofuranyl)-2-imidazoline]were studied in adipocytes,the liver,and muscle.The influence of in vivo administration of tyramine+vanadium on glucose handling was assessed in lean and obese rats.RESULTS 2-DG uptake and lipogenesis stimulation by insulin were dampened in adipocytes from obese rats,when compared to their lean littermates.Tyramine and benzylamine activation of hexose uptake was vanadate-dependent and was also limited,while MAO was increased and SSAO decreased.These changes were adipocyte-specific and accompanied by a greater number of imidazoline I2 binding sites in the obese rat,when compared to the lean.In vitro,tyramine precluded the binding to I2 sites,while in vivo,its administration together with vanadium lowered fasting plasma levels of glucose and triacylglycerols in obese CONCLUSION The adipocytes from obese Zucker rats exhibit increased MAO activity and imidazoline binding site number.However,probably as a consequence of SSAO down-regulation,the glucose transport stimulation by tyramine is decreased as much as that of insulin in these insulin-resistant adipocytes.The adipocyte amine oxidases deserve more studies with respect to their putative contribution to the management of glucose and lipid handling.     

向日葵生殖生长不同时期向光运动日变化的观察

通过观测可以确定向日葵的确具有明显跟随太阳旋转的向光性,但处于不同时期的向日葵有很大差异:处于花蕾早期的向日葵从日出到日落跟随太阳由东经南再向西运动且有明显的滞后现象.盛花期的向日葵花盘基本固定朝向东方,不跟随太阳运动,但仍有小范围偏转.     

中国地衣新记录属——黑渍衣属

<正>INTRODUCTION During our study of crustose lichens collected from Mt.Taibai,Shaanxi Province,we discovered an unusual species Orphniospora moriopsis (A.Massal.) D.Hawksw.It is characterized by the dark brown areolate thallus, black apothecia and brown spores.Orphniospora belongs to Fuscideaceae,Teloschistales,Lecanoromycetidae, Ascomycetes,Ascomycota (Kirk et al.,2001).The genus is reported from China for the first time.     

中国特有的虎颜花属植物研究进展

通过文献考证及部分产地的野外考察,对中国特有的虎颜花属(Tigridiopalma C. Chen)植物的分类学地位和应用价值、产地与生境、濒危原因及保护建议等进行综述,以期为该属植物的保护提供参考。自1931年在广东信宜首次采到标本和1979年命名虎颜花(T. magnifica C. Chen)、成立虎颜花属以来,至今分别有90年和42年的历史,其分布区范围从最初的广东信宜、阳春等地,扩展到广东高州市,乃至广西金秀县、贵州黎平县、印江县等地,基本位于粤西或更西北;新近有学者在粤东龙门发现虎颜花属新种--无翅虎颜花(T. exalata S. J. Zeng, Y. C. Xu & D. F. Cui),其野生种群略大于粤西的虎颜花。虎颜花属植物濒危的原因包括自然和人为因素,人为干扰和破坏是主因。对其资源的保护应加强宣传教育、就地保护、迁地保护和自然回归等。     

江西官山自然保护区瘿椒树群落特征及保护策略

对江西官山自然保护区的典型瘿椒树(Tapiscia sinensis)群落进行调查。结果表明：(1)群落共有维管植物54科78属104种；(2)群落中植物区系组成以北温带分布为主，泛热带分布次之，属于典型的中亚热带山地群落；(3)对立木层进行重要值分析显示，钩锥(Castanopsis tibetana)、瘿椒树、紫楠(Phoebe sheareri)和拟赤杨(Alniphyllum fortunei)是群落优势种；(4)径级与高度级分析显示，瘿椒树种群处于衰退阶段，但占据了顶层空间，具有竞争优势，整体状态稳定；(5) Raunkiaer频度关系为A＞B＞D＞C＞E，符合亚热带山地常绿阔叶林的分布规律；(6) α多样性分析显示，群落Simpson多样性指数0.88，Shannon-Wiener多样性指数3.65，Pielou均匀度0.73。本文调查的官山瘿椒树群落是官山地区少数的几个瘿椒树群落之一，群落多样性较高，具有重要的科研价值和实用价值，但瘿椒树种群整体处于衰退型，未来宜采用就地或迁地方式开展保护。     

不同采收期雷公藤甲素测定及其动态积累

采用HPLC法测定不同采收期雷公藤根、茎、叶的主要活性成分雷公藤甲素含量,掌握雷公藤甲素的动态积累。结果表明,雷公藤甲素浓度在7.75～250 μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好(R²=0.9997),雷公藤加样回收率为99.21%,RSD值为1.578%,该方法回收率较好。雷公藤甲素的含量在不同生长期、不同部位存在一定差异,不同部位甲素含量由高到低依次为叶、根、茎,雷公藤叶片具有资源开发利用潜力。7～8月采收的雷公藤叶片甲素含量最高,11～12月雷公藤根部甲素含量达最高。雷公藤不同器官均具有较高的药用价值,研究结果为雷公藤人工采收、质量评价和资源开发提供一定的科学依据。     

利用mtDNA序列及形态特征重新鉴定福建长乐搁浅喙鲸

<正>中国大陆沿岸属大陆棚水域,常见的齿鲸物种以近岸型的海豚科(Delphinidae)、小抹香鲸科(Kogiidae)及鼠海豚科(Phocaenidae)动物为主(王丕烈,2012),而喙鲸科(Ziphiidae)发现纪录相对较少,近年来仅由王丕烈等(2011)针对喙鲸科的中喙鲸属(Mesoplodon)标本进行检视校正,认为中国大陆沿岸存在柏氏中喙鲸     

惠州虎颜花光合特性及环境因子日变化规律

利用便携式光合蒸腾仪测定惠州虎颜花Tigridiopalma exalata的光合特性、蒸腾特性以及环境影响因子的日变化。结果表明，惠州虎颜花净光合速率的日变化为双峰型，净光合速率与光合有效辐射、大气湿度、蒸腾速率显著相关。通过测定惠州虎颜花的生理生态特性，可为其生态适应性研究提供基础数据，并为制定保护措施及扩大育种规模提供理论参考。     

国家保护植物厚叶木莲资源调查研究

基于对国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生植物厚叶木莲(Manglietia pachyphylla)部分产地的野外实地考察,并结合相关文献、数据库的分析考证,综述其分类学地位、产地与生境、标本记录、研究进展及致危因素。厚叶木莲自1961年发表以来,迄今已有50多年,其分布区范围从最初认为的广东特有,到与广西共有,其中广东新丰云髻山省级自然保护区的厚叶木莲种群因数量较多,分布较北及海拔较高而颇具特色。因广东省内的厚叶木莲种群多属于衰退种群,需加强就地保护、迁地保护、科学研究及宣传教育。     

榄仁树的生态分布与耐盐性研究

调查了榄仁树(Terminalia catappa)在海南岛沿海地区的分布情况,并就基质盐度对温室中人工培育的榄仁幼苗的影响进行研究。结果表明,榄仁具有较强的耐盐能力,在盐度高达17.09‰条件下仍可正常生长,温室里幼苗可在10‰左右的盐度下存活。结果还表明,10‰盐度能增加幼苗叶片叶绿素含量,20‰~30‰则下降;盐胁迫下叶片光合速率呈下降趋势,而叶片可溶性糖含量则随盐度增加呈上升趋势。     

基于核型和分子系统学方法对中国猪尾鼠分类与分布的讨论

猪尾鼠属（Typhlomys）是啮齿类中的孑遗类群,片段化分布于我国南方和越南最北部的山地森林。前期我们基于形态和分子系统学的方法将猪尾鼠属现生类群划分为4个物种。但该分类系统仍存在争议和有待于解决的问题：一方面,有学者对大娄山猪尾鼠等是否应属于种级分类单元抱有疑问;另一方面,秦岭、南岭和广西周边的猪尾鼠种群的分类地位仍未有定论。因此,本研究采用核型分析以及分子系统学分析的方法,对我国猪尾鼠的分类及分布进行进一步梳理。本研究首次报道了中华猪尾鼠和大娄山猪尾鼠的G带核型和Ag-NORs的数目和分布,其中中华猪尾鼠2n=36,核型为14(M, SM) + 20 (A),XY (SM, A),Ag-NORs 6个;大娄山猪尾鼠2n=56,核型为2 (SM) + 52 (A),XX (SM, SM ),Ag-NORs 4个。上述核型与已报道的沙巴猪尾鼠核型（2n=38）存在显著差异,支持上述类群均为独立物种。基于线粒体Cyt b,ND2和COⅠ基因的进化关系分析,秦岭种群应属于大娄山猪尾鼠、南岭种群应属于中华猪尾鼠。而来自红河以东的云南南部的种群以及贵州南部的种群情况复杂,暗示云南、贵州和广西的喀斯特地区可能还存在未知的分类单元。     

云南兽类鼠科一新纪录——南洋鼠

正中国科学院昆明动物研究所哺乳动物生态与进化学科组于2014年9月20日在云南省西双版纳傣族自治州景洪市勐龙镇勐宋村(北纬21°30'00″,东经100°29'24″,海拔1 604 m)附近的常绿阔叶林中使用sherman捕获两号疑似费氏树鼠属标本。通过形态学鉴定结合分子遗传比较,确定这两号标本为南洋鼠(Chiromyscus langbianis)。     

广州植物两个新分布属及其地理学意义

报道了采自广州从化的野牡丹科肉穗草属（Sarcopyramis）和兰科独蒜兰属（Pleione）各一种新分布植物,分别为楮头红（S. nepalensis Wall.）和独蒜兰[P. bulbocodioides (Franch.) Rolfe],凭证标本存放于华南农业大学植物标本馆(CANT)。两种植物在从化的分布地海拔260～300 m,是二者在中国大陆的最南部、海拔最低的分布记录,对研究两属植物的扩散机制、垂直分布及气候变化对物种迁移的影响等理论问题具有参考意义。