创新型实验教学项目建设的探索——土壤微生物分离实验

武汉大学生命科学学院微生物学实验教学中注重创新型实验教学项目的建设,创新型土壤微生物分离实验项目建设是培养学生创新能力的一次实践。从武汉大学校园和国家级自然保护区神农架采集土壤样品,分离土壤细菌、放线菌和霉菌。让学生了解土壤微生物数量测定的基本方法,学习了解平板计数的基本操作技术。在引申实验过程中又有机地结合与贯穿了微生物学的无菌操作技术、显微镜技术、纯培养技术、分离纯化技术等各项技术及最新的分子生物学研究方法和技术。本实验的创新点有三:首先,实验从室内延伸到室外;其次,从本科生的常规土壤微生物的分离实验衍生到科研实验(新菌种的分离、鉴定);最后,使共性教学衍生为个性化培养。     

基于显微数码互动系统的微生物形态实验教学改革与实践

微生物形态实验是微生物学实验的重要组成部分,为生物类专业学生了解微观世界的窗口.结合微生物形态实验教学的实际情况,将显微数码互动系统引入到微生物形态实验教学,实践证明改革不仅有效提升了实验教学质量,培养了学生的实践动手能力和创新能力,同时还有助于建立更为完善的实验考核方法.     

微生物学检验实验教学的改革与实践

改革传统的微生物学检验实验教学,组织学生到大型医院和医学检验类企业开展实验。按照微生物检验室工作流程,分接种、培养、鉴定3大项目进行实验教学。同时,让学生与企业员工进行深入交流,体验企业文化氛围,感受人文关怀,提高了实验教学质量,让学生树立更科学合理的就业观和择业观。     

提高微生物学实验课教学效果的探索与尝试

针对传统实验教学法造成学生学习被动和积极性不高等问题, 在微生物实验教学实践中我们以培养学生能力为重点, 对实验教学内容、实验教学方式、实验教学管理以及考核方式等方面的改革进行了探索与尝试。教学实践证明从微生物学实验教学的正确定位出发, 规范实验教学大纲, 采用基本技能训练模块、综合实验模块和创新实验模块相结合的教学方式和实验室开放教学管理模式是提高微生物实验教学效果的成功之举, 对提高学生综合素质具有重要作用。     

提高微生物学实验课教学效果的探索与尝试

针对传统实验教学法造成学生学习被动和积极性不高等问题,在微生物实验教学实践中我们以培养学生能力为重点,对实验教学内容、实验教学方式、实验教学管理以及考核方式等方面的改革进行了探索与尝试.教学实践证明从微生物学实验教学的正确定位出发,规范实验教学大纲,采用基本技能训练模块、综合实验模块和创新实验模块相结合的教学方式和实验室开放教学管理模式是提高微生物实验教学效果的成功之举,对提高学生综合素质具有重要作用.     

面向多专业应用型人才的微生物实验教学体系探索

根据各专业特点对微生物实验教学体系进行优化,是为了满足应用型人才培养的需要。将综合性实验和课外科研活动融入到实验教学中来,有助于提高学生实验技能和综合素质,弥补传统实验教学的不足。另外,不断加强软件和硬件条件建设,保证微生物实验教学质量的稳步提高。     

水质微生物学检验实验模块的教学探索与实践

我校采用模块化教学形式开展水质微生物学检验实验教学。该模块由菌落总数测定、总大肠菌群测定及生理生化反应测试以及大肠菌群的血清学测试3个单元实验组成。实验内容以国家标准《生活饮用水标准检验方法——微生物指标(GB/T 5750.12-2006)》规定的程序进行编排。在教学过程中,注重模块实验的标准化操作,让学生树立标准化意识;通过连贯的模块化实验将卫生学检验实验转换为带有基础性的细菌分类学实验,在培养学生微生物学检验操作能力的同时,让学生系统地学习大肠杆菌的各种分类学鉴定方法。该模块的考核形式是学生参照专业机构的检验报告出具校园湖水的水质检验报告以及提交研究论文。水质微生物学检验实验模块的教学改革提高了学生的微生物数量研究能力和细菌分类研究能力,有利于学生开展创新型研究。     

基于合作学习的翻转课堂在微生物生态实验教学中的探索

借鉴合作学习的翻转课堂的理论和方法,以微生物生态实验教学为例,创造性构建了让学生参与到实验准备及教学视频录制的教学模式。该模式强化了学生对实验准备环节的学习认知,激发了学生的主观能动性,提高了实验技能、团队协作和创新意识等方面的教学效果,以期为高校实验教学改革提供借鉴。     

改革微生物实验教学 强化技能训练

为了提高学生的微生物实验技能,通过实验教学研究,对高职微生物实验教学进行了改革探讨。采用逻辑连贯性实验设计、加强基础实验教学、开设综合性实验强化实验技能训练。创新实验教学方法,运用多媒体展示、讲练融合增强实践动手能力。推行徒手练习、加强实验指导与严格规范操作,建立较完善的综合考核机制以调动学生实验的积极性和主动性,促进学生实验技能的提升与实验教学质量的提高。     

微生物学实验网上预习与管理系统及其在实验教学中的应用

实验预习是实验教学的首要环节,是学生在开放实验室高效实验的基本保证.针对我校微生物学实验的教学特点和要求,开发设计了微生物学实验网上预习与管理系统并应用于微生物实验教学中.该系统集学生预习和教师管理于一体,每个实验都包括有实验目的,实验原理、实验材料与仪器设备、实验演示、模拟实验和预习测试等6个环节.教学实践证明,该系统的应用从根本上确保了学生实验预习的质量,使实验教学管理更加规范、标准和高效,有效地保证了微生物实验教学质量.     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

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Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.     

Separation of the pineal vesicle from the wall of the third ventricle during the post-hatching development of the chicken

Summary According to light- and electron-microscopic observations the pineal organ of the 3-day-old chicken consists of a prominent end vesicle and a tapering parenchymal stalk. During this stage the pineal lumen is in open communication with the third ventricle. However, in the 40-day-old chicken, which still possesses a well-developed end vesicle, the proximal portion of the pineal stalk displays regressive changes leading to local fragmentation. At this stage the pineal stalk is reduced, and the pineal lumen is missing. In 1-year-old chickens the parenchyma of the proximal portion of the stalk is further diminished, and in 3-year-old domestic fowl is completely displaced by bundles of collagenous fibers, only some nerve fibers being present. This post-hatching pineal development may reflect the sequence of changes leading from pineal sense organs to pineal glands.This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418     

On the Dependence of the Quadratic Risk of the Classical Predictor and the Prediction-Horizon

When constructing predictors on the basis of the linear model of time series of various indicators often the question arises on the dependence of forecasting accuracy and the changing prediction horizon. The dependency of the quadratic risk of the classical predictor and the time horizon is considered.