模块化微生物学实验课教学体系的探索与实践

模块化微生物学实验教学可提高本科生的探究能力和实验技能综合运用能力。本文介绍了我校模块化微生物学实验课教学体系的探索与实践。首先,构建综合性、研究型模块化教学内容体系。教学内容体系由“环境微生物多样性调查”、“功能微生物的筛选鉴定、培养条件优化与选育”和“水质微生物学检验”3个模块共计12个单元实验组成。模块实验内容设计把握3个原则：重视学生基本实验技能培训与探究性学习引导;加强单元实验间的内容衔接,保证模块实验的连贯性;注重内容精炼,步骤简化,充分考虑学生的学习负荷。其次,实行教学研讨会制度,组织教师总结上周实验的得失,讨论和优化本周的实验内容和步骤,建设与模块化微生物实验课教学体系相适应的高水平教学队伍。最后,建立与模块化微生物学实验课教学体系相匹配的多样化考核方式,包括每个单元实验的通过性评价,期末进行操作性实验考试,将撰写单元实验报告改为撰写模块实验论文,突出学生的综合能力和思考能力评价,组织优秀实验成果展示活动,实行激励性评价。     

研究型模块实验“产淀粉酶菌株的筛选、发酵条件优化、菌种鉴定和选育”的教学实践

采用模块化形式开展微生物学实验教学可提升学生的学习积极性,培养学生的探究性学习精神。"产淀粉酶菌株的筛选、发酵条件优化、菌种鉴定和选育"模块实验以产淀粉酶细菌为研究对象,安排学生开展培养基的配置、土壤样本采集和分离筛选产淀粉酶菌株、产淀粉酶菌株的发酵条件优化、菌种的形态学和分子生物学鉴定、紫外线诱变育种等5个单元实验。该模块实验以连贯性的研究任务引导学生进行探究性学习,将微生物实验操作技能的学习融合于探究性学习过程。实验以学生为主体,采用"固定+机动"方式安排教学任务,保证模块实验的整体性和连贯性。采用"模块论文+现场操作考试"的方式进行考核,提升学生的科研素养和强化学生对微生物基本操作技能的掌握。该研究型模块实验的教学提升了学生的微生物学研究热情,提高了微生物学课程群的教学质量。     

综合性、研究型微生物学实验课的过程性考核

建立了与综合性、研究型微生物学实验课和混合式教学法相适应的过程性考核方式。包括:线上课程考核:含10个单元测验和期末实验理论考试,考试成绩占总评成绩的20%;实施基于综合能力和思维方式培养的高阶性考核:将模块一的4个实验报告制作成论文墙报将模块二的5个实验报告撰写成科技论文,将模块三的3个实验报告整合成水质检验报告,开展微生物培养皿艺术大赛,高阶性考核成绩占总评成绩的30%;期末实验操作考试:由学生随机抽取2项实验操作题进行现场操作,所有指导教师现场打分,操作考试均分占总评成绩的50%。通过实践操作考核促进学生平时注重掌握实验技能。微生物学实验课的过程性评价重视学生基本实验技能的掌握以及引导学生重视综合能力和思维方式的训练,从而有助于提高生物科学类本科人才的培养质量。     

微课在高职微生物学检验教学中的应用

微生物学检验是高职微生物专业和医学检测专业的必修课程,该课程的开展能够让学生认识并观察常见的微生物,明确微生物的特性,掌握基础的微生物鉴定检验技术。但部分高职微生物学检验课程教学现状不容乐观,存在单次教学时间长、单次课程内容多、教学方式单一等问题。微课是一种新型数字教学资源,具有视频时长短、内容针对性强、教学目标明确等特点,可以与微生物学检验课程特点相契合。在当前的社会形势下,高职院校要深入研究微课的特点,深化微课在高职微生物学检验教学中的应用,促使高职微生物学检验教学向高效化、精细化方向发展。     

浅谈微生物学实验教学中学生素质培养

以微生物学基础教学实验——水源水中大肠菌群检测为例,对微生物实验课教学改革进行探索。探讨采用自行设计实验方案引导学生形成微生物实验能力,通过实验示范、实验评析和严格监督引导学生在规范操作中养成习惯,抓住实验现象观察达到培养学生深刻的微生物观察与思考能力,通过言传身教引导学生养成实事求是科学态度的实践。实践证明,类似水源水中大肠菌群检测实验的教学改革,有利于培养学生的自学能力、动手能力、观察能力、分析能力和创新能力,进而达到提升学生综合素质的目的。     

环境工程微生物学综合性实验教学体系的构建与实践

环境工程微生物学实验是环境工程专业一门重要的专业基础必修课。该课程对专业课的学习具有重要影响。为了保证该课程的教学质量,我们构建了一个新的实验教学体系。该体系包括两部分内容:一是絮凝细菌的分离、筛选、条件优化、应用效果及特征分析;二是污染控制工程中放线菌、霉菌、酵母菌、原生动物及微型后生动物种类与数量分布调查。两部分实验均具有研究性和综合性。第一部分内容分为5个模块。这5个模块具有系统性和连续性,且有一定的挑战性。通过这部分实验,学生可掌握有关细菌的基本实验技术及研究方法。第二部分内容所涉及的是丝状微生物和真核微生物。这部分实验可使学生掌握此类微生物的基本实验技术及其应用方法。该体系内容丰富,与专业结合紧密,大大激发了学生的学习热情。通过该体系,可使学生全面获得环境工程微生物基本实验技能,并有助于提高学生的综合能力,教学效果显著。     

细菌分类学教学的几点体会

细菌分类学教学的几点体会杨文博（天津南开大学微生物学系,天津３０００７１）细菌分类学是微生物学一门重要的分支学科。在设置微生物学系或微生物学专业的一些高等院校按专业必修课开设这门课。笔者在多年从事细菌分类学的教学工作中,深得一些体会,草拟成文,愿与同...     

高职医学微生物学检验课程教学改革与实践

针对当前高职医学检验专业文理兼招、学生基础薄弱的实际情况,在微生物学检验课程教学中,以微生物检验岗位工作任务为引领,以强化技能训练为主导,课程设计了基础知识、基本技能、技术应用及单元实训四大模块,将微生物学理论知识融合于技能训练项目之中,构建"串行体系"结构的课程体系,部分实验内容采用学生自主设计,并且教学方法多措并举,考核方式多元化。结果表明:通过课程改革与实践,激发了学生学习兴趣,培养了学生的创新能力和实践动手能力,教学效果明显。     

斯克尔曼教授来华讲学和访问

澳大利亚昆士兰大学微生物学系斯克尔曼教授(V.B.D Skerman)应我国农牧渔业部的邀请,1985年10月来华讲学和访问。斯克尔曼曾任国际微生物学会细菌分类委员会主席、主要从事细菌分类学和微生物菌种的保藏研究。访华期间在中国农科院土肥所(北京)做了几个专题的学求报告。其内容如下:     

创新型实验教学项目建设的探索——土壤微生物分离实验

武汉大学生命科学学院微生物学实验教学中注重创新型实验教学项目的建设,创新型土壤微生物分离实验项目建设是培养学生创新能力的一次实践。从武汉大学校园和国家级自然保护区神农架采集土壤样品,分离土壤细菌、放线菌和霉菌。让学生了解土壤微生物数量测定的基本方法,学习了解平板计数的基本操作技术。在引申实验过程中又有机地结合与贯穿了微生物学的无菌操作技术、显微镜技术、纯培养技术、分离纯化技术等各项技术及最新的分子生物学研究方法和技术。本实验的创新点有三:首先,实验从室内延伸到室外;其次,从本科生的常规土壤微生物的分离实验衍生到科研实验(新菌种的分离、鉴定);最后,使共性教学衍生为个性化培养。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.