中国淡水鱼类寄生单殖吸虫锚首虫四新种：指环虫目：锚首虫科

本文报道并叙述我国四种寄生于淡水鱼上的锚首虫,它们是:福建锚首虫、江西锚首虫、鄱阳锚首虫和钱塘锚首虫,分别寄生于鳅、(鱼勾)和(鱼骨)属淡水鱼的鳃丝上,分布在我国福建建瓯、江西鄱阳湖、浙江曹娥江、钱塘江等淡水江湖中。文内各新种和相似种列表并描述了在形态特征上的相互差別,以确定该新种的成立。     

野生与人工养殖鲫鳃部寄生指环虫的群落结构简

为了阐明养殖环境对鱼类寄生指环虫群落的影响,研究调查了湖北省梁子湖和湖北省石首市养殖池塘中鲫鳃部寄生指环虫的种类和感染情况。在梁子湖中的野生鲫共发现6种指环虫,分别为坏鳃指环虫(Dactylogyrus vastator)、中型指环虫(D.intermedius)、弧形指环虫(D.arcuatus)、弓茎指环虫(D.baueri)、美丽指环虫(D.formosus)、望外指环虫(D.inexpeatatus);在养殖池塘中,除了望外指环虫外,其他5种指环虫均有发现。分析结果表明,来自于梁子湖野生鲫鳃部的坏鳃指环虫的平均丰度以及其他4种指环虫(不含望外指环虫)的感染率与平均丰度明显高于养殖池塘的。梁子湖中的指环虫群落平均物种丰富度、平均寄生虫数量以及Brillouin多样性指数都明显高于养殖池塘的;梁子湖野生鲫寄生指环虫的优势种是弧形指环虫(0.54),而池塘中的是坏鳃指环虫(0.76)。在宿主密度、种群大小、光照和溶氧等影响指环虫群落的因子中,溶氧可能是最主要因子。     

额尔齐斯河几种鱼类寄生三代虫种类鉴定及系统发育

对采自额尔齐斯河的银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch)、东方欧鳊(Abramis brama orientalis Berg)、黏鲈(Gymnocephalus cernua Linnaeus)、金鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum)感染的三代虫(Gyrodactylus sp.)进行了研究, 通过几丁质结构的形态测量与比较, 初步鉴定寄生于银鲫的为细锚三代(G. sprostonae), 寄生东方欧鳊的为秀丽三代虫(G. elegans), 寄生黏鲈的为普氏三代虫(G. prostate), 寄生金鳟的为细鳞鲑三代虫(G. brachymystacis)。同时将测定的三代虫的ITS序列, 与GenBank上三代虫序列进行比对分析, 发现上述4种三代虫分别与细锚三代虫、秀丽三代虫、细鳞鲑三代虫、普氏三代虫的ITS同源性都在99.3%以上, 进一步验证了形态学的鉴定结果。系统发育分析显示细鳞鲑三代虫和细锚三代虫位于G. (Limnonephrotus)亚属的一枝, 秀丽三代虫和普氏三代虫位于G. (Gyrodactylus)亚属的一枝, 而此两亚属亲缘关系较远。     

似杯盘虫属(单殖亚纲,鳞盘虫科)三新种描述

记述了寄生于广东海洋鱼类黄唇裸颊鲷Lethrinus xanthochilus(Klunzinger),弱棘眶棘鲈Scolopsis eriomma(Jordan et Richardson)和金线鱼Nemipterus virgatus(Houttugn)鳃上的似杯盘虫属Calydiscoides Young,1969 3新种,锚形似杯盘虫Calydiscoides ancoratus sp.nov.,强壮似杯盘虫Calydiscoides robustus sp.nov.和深圳似杯盘虫Calydiscoides shenzhenensis sp.nov.,3新种的鳞盘、背腹中央大钩、中央联结片和侧联结片均相似于已知种,但它们的交接器和阴道与已知种不同.     

滇池高背鲫和方正银鲫酯酶和乳酸脱氢酶的比较研究

本研究以方正银鲫酯酶(Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch)普通鲫(Carassius auratus)和滇池高背鲫(Carassius sp.)的各种组织器官为材料, 进行酯酶(Esterase)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)同工酶电泳图谱的分析比较.结果表明:9种不同组织中酯酶同工酶谱带各不相同,有明显的组织特异性.滇池高背鲫的酯酶谱图有3种表型.正方银鲫和滇池高悲鲫同一组织的LDH同工酶谱也有明显差异. 等电聚焦凝胶电泳(T=7.5%,C=5%)的结果又表明这二种鱼的肝脏, 脑, 卵的酯酶同工酶谱及电泳扫描图有差异. 这些结果揭示滇池高背鲫与方正银鲫至少在生化水平上已有明显的分化, 很可能起源于不同的地区,由不同的祖先,独立演化而形成. 滇池高背鲫与云南普通鲫的LDH酶谱较为接近,这说明滇池高背鲫最可能起源于云南本地的普通鲫.     

鳜鳃部寄生河鲈锚首吸虫的扫描电镜观察

河鲈锚首吸虫头器表面分布着形状各异的孔状结构,每个中央头瓣上有两个随着器囊,而每个外侧头瓣上只有一个。口腔位于头器下方的腹面中线上,口腔表皮与周围的表皮无异。生殖孔在口腔正下方,阴道开口于虫体背侧面,周围有微纤毛的分布。交接器位于生殖孔左下方,交接管表面波纹状,辅助交配器表面布满疣状突起,后随着器的中央锚钩上具一凹槽,边缘小钩的钩尖弯向基部。虫体表面至少分布着两类可能的感受器末端,一类呈单纤毛状散布于体表,纤毛从体表凹坑中伸出,或在其基部围一环状领襟;另一类呈乳突状,位于外侧头瓣的顶部。在部分河鲈锚首吸虫体表可见车轮虫的超寄生。     

中国广东新海盘虫属(单殖吸虫,锚首虫科)三新种描述

记述了寄生于广东海洋鱼类五带豆娘鱼Abudefduf vaigiensis、六带豆娘鱼Abudefduf sexfasciatus和孟加拉豆娘鱼Abudefduf bengalensis鳃上的新海盘虫属Neohaliotrema Yamaguti,19653新种,瘤钩新海盘虫Neohaliotrema tukerhamatus sp.nov.,倒钩新海盘虫Neohaliotrema antiacanthus sp.nov.和孟加拉新海盘虫Neohaliotrema bengalensis sp.nov.3新种的中央大钩具有瘤状突起而相似于大棘新海盘虫Neohaliotrema macracanthum Zhukow,1976,但新种背中央大钩具有附片及腹中央大钩内突上有小钩与已知种不同,交接器尤其是支持器也存在较大的差异。瘤钩新海盘虫N.tukerhamatus sp.nov.的交接管末端有1锥状结构,支持器较长,前端为窄片状,末端分叉,腹中央大钩内突上有1小钩,背中央大钩具有1C形的附片;倒钩新海盘虫N.antiacanthus sp.nov.的支持器位于交接管中部弯曲处,呈倒钩形,腹中央大钩内突上有1小钩...     

滇池高背鲫和方正银鲫酯酶、乳酸脱氢酶同工酶的比较研究

本研究以方正银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch)普通鲫(Carassius auratus)和滇池高背鲫(Carassius sp.)的各种组织器官为材料,进行酯酶(Esterase)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)同工酶电泳图谱的分析比较。结果表明:9种不同组织中酯酶同工酶谱带各不相同,有明显的组织特异性。滇池高背鲫的酯酶谱图有3种表型。方正银鲫和滇池高背鲫同一组织的LDH同工酶酶谱也有明显差异。等电聚焦凝胶电泳(T=7.5％,C=5％)的结果又表明这二种鱼的肝脏、脑、卵的酯酶同工酶酶谱及电泳扫描图亦有差异。这些结果揭示滇池高背鲫与方正银鲫至少在生化水平上已有明显的分化,很可能起源于不同的地区,由不同的祖先,独立演化而形成。滇池高背鲫与云南普通鲫的LDH酶谱较为接近,这说明滇池高背鲫最可能起源于云南本地的普通鲫。     

圆形碘泡虫和关桥碘泡虫孢子的光镜及扫描电镜观察

对寄生于鲫的圆形碘泡虫(Myxobolus rotundus Nemeczek,1911)及异育银鲫的关桥碘泡虫(M．guanqiaoensis Wu ＆Wang,1997)的成熟孢子进行光镜及扫描电镜观察。圆形碘泡虫主要寄生于鲫体表、头部、鳃、吻部及鳍条,形成许多大小不一的乳白色胞囊。关桥碘泡虫主要寄生于异育银鲫的肝脏,肝脏基本上被虫体所充满,肝脏组织被破坏。扫描电镜观察表明圆形碘泡虫成熟孢子表面光滑,缝脊直而明显,宽0．2μm,缝脊上下两侧对称。关桥碘泡虫成熟孢子表面皱褶,其程度不等,有的虫体一侧向内凹陷形成盆状,缝脊呈“S”形,宽0．5μm,缝脊上下两侧不对称,其中间有一不很明显凹陷的沟。     

小鳈的寄生指环虫二新种记述

鮈亚科Gobioninae鳈属Sarcocheilichthys鱼类是我国习见的小型鱼类。这属鱼类的寄生单殖吸虫,曾为Gussev(1955)在华鳈S.sinensis上报道过一个种Dacrylogycusnovicularis,吴宝华(1962)在其上又报道一种杭州锚首虫Ancyrocephalus hangchowensis,后一作者(1963)又在黑鳍鳈S.nigripinnis nigripinnis上发现一种黑鳍鲸锚首虫Ancyr,nigri-pinnis。在小鳈S.parvus Nichols上,至今尚未见有报道。1979—1980年,作者等在贵州东部该鱼鳃上采得两种寄生指环虫,经鉴定,均为新种,现描述于下。量度单位为毫米。     

寄生于胭脂鱼鳃上单殖吸虫一新种的记述

胭脂鱼Myxocyprlnus asiasticus(Bleeker)是一种大型的经济鱼类。目前有些地方试图作为养殖对象已取得一定的成绩(《淡水渔业》1975年第一期和第四期)。1961及1963年,先后三次检查产自长江中的胭脂鱼。在其鳃上获得单殖吸虫标本一批。经鉴定认为是胭脂鱼吸虫属Pseudomurraytrema Bychowsky,1957)的一新种。       

寄生于洪湖经济鱼类鳃上的单殖吸虫包括二新种的描述

本文报告寄生子洪湖经济鱼类鳃上的单殖吸虫共60种,包括描述指环虫和三代虫各一新种,并有若干寄主新记录及长江流域新记录。       

Neotropical Monogenoidea. 33. Three new species of Ancistrohaptor n. g. (Dactylogyridae,Ancyrocephalinae) on Triportheus spp. (Teleostei,Characidae) from Brazil,with checklists of ancyrocephalines recorded from neotropical characiform fishes

Three new species of Ancistrohaptor n. g. are described from the gills of three species of Triportheus (Characidae) collected from the environs of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil: A. falcatum n. sp. from T. elongatus; and A. falciferum n. sp. and A. falcunculum n. sp. from T. angulatus, T. albus and T. elongatus. Ancistrohaptor n. g. is proposed for species possessing overlapping gonads, a dextral or dextroventral vaginal aperture, a coiled (counter-clockwise) male copulatory organ, two accessory pieces in the copulatory complex, and a haptor armed with two pairs of anchors (ventral anchor with elongate shaft), dorsal and ventral bars and 14 hooks; hook pair 1 (ventral) anterior to ventral bar, pairs 2–4 (ventral) lying bilaterally anterior to ventral anchor bases, pair 5 (ventral) associated with distal end of ventral anchor shafts, and pairs 6 and 7 (dorsal) bilateral about midway along haptoral length. Parasite-host and host-parasite lists of the Ancyrocephalinae from neotropical Characiformes are provided.     

Three new species of Protogyrodactylus Johnston & Tiegs, 1922 (Monogenoidea: Dactylogyridae) from the gills of the longtail silverbiddy Gerres longirostris (Teleostei: Gerreidae) in the Red Sea

Twenty-one specimens of the longtailed silverbiddy Gerres longirostris (Gerreidae) were examined for dactylogyrid parasites from the Nabq Managed Resource Protected Area, Ras Mohammed National Park (Red Sea) near Sharm El-Sheikh, South Sinai, Egypt. The diagnosis of Protogyrodactylus Johnston & Tiegs, 1922 was amended, and three new species, P. federicae n. sp., P. zullinii n. sp. and P. alatus n. sp., were recovered and described; the prevalence of each species was 100%. P. federicae most closely resembled P. alienus Bychowsky & Nagibina, 1974, but differed from it by possessing two anteromedial projections on the ventral bar, a claw-like ventral anchor sclerite and spatulate dorsal bars. P. zullini was most similar to P. quadratus Johnston & Tiegs, 1922, from which it differed by having a distal hook on the superficial root of the dorsal anchor, an evenly curved ventral anchor shaft and point, and a flange on the bulbous base of the male copulatory organ. P. alatus was closest to P. youngi Bychowsky & Nagibina, 1974, from which it differed by having delicate anchors and two prominent anteromedial processes on the ventral bar.     

THE FLAGELLAR APPARATUS AND RESERVOIR/CANAL CYTOSKELETON OF CRYPTOGLENA PIGRA (EUGLENOPHYCEAE)1

The flagellar apparatus and reservoir cytoskeleton of Cryptoglena pigra Ehrenberg are described. Three flagellar roots are associated with the two basal bodies. The four-membered dorsal root arises from the dorsal basal body and extends anteriorly following the reservoir membrane. At the base of the reservoir the dorsal root nucleates a large microtubular group termed the dorsal band. The dorsal band continues anteriorlhy between the reservoir and eyespot and is continuous with the microtubules of the canal and ultimately the pellicle. The ventral basal body is associated with two roots. The four-membered intermediate root proceeds anteriorly and extends the length of the reservoir. The seven-to eight-membered ventral root projects anteriorly along the reservoir membrane and bends away from the reservoir. At this point, the microtubules of the ventral root line a cytoplasmic pocket and are termed the MTR (reinforcing microtubules). The canal region is composed of longitudinal microtubules surrounded by two semicircles of microtubles. Ultimately, the fifteen ridges of the canal give rise to the pellicular ridges.     

Two new species of Cryptocephalum n. gen. (Monogenoidea: Dactylogyridae) from the cephalic lateral line of Percichthys trucha (Perciformes: Percichthyidae) in Patagonia, Argentina

Two new species of Monogenoidea were found parasitizing the cephalic lateral line canals of Percichthys trucha (Valenciennes) (Perciformes: Percichthyidae). These species are described as members of a newly proposed genus of Dactylogyridae. Cryptocephalum n. gen. is characterized by the site of infection and the combination of the several features: ventral and dorsal anchor/bar complexes, anchors with strongly elongated shaft and recurved point, shaft and point of dorsal anchors protruding laterally from haptor, hooks with 2 subunits and with pair 5 smaller than the others; gonads overlapping; coiled male copulatory organ with counterclockwise rings, accessory piece formed by 2 distinct parts, and a tubular, sclerotized ventral vagina. C ryptocephalum petreum n. sp. is characterized by having both anchor pairs protruding laterally from haptor, male copulatory organ with a coil of 2-1/2 rings, accessory piece tweezers-shaped, and sclerotized vaginal vestibule. Cryptocephalum spiralis n. sp. has ventral anchors protruding ventrally and dorsal ones protruding laterally, male copulatory organ with a coil of 1-1/2 rings, the antero-dorsal part of the accessory piece saddle-shaped, vaginal vestibule not present, and coiled vagina. This is the first record of Dactylogyridae species parasitizing the cephalic lateral line of fishes.     

成年大鼠纹状体、边缘区和苍白球的计算机三维结构重建

应用计算机图形技术在大鼠脑的连续冠状切片Nissl染色的基础上通过Onyx2超级图形工作站对大鼠脑的纹状体进行了三维重建。结果提示：大鼠纹状体由尾壳核、苍白球和边缘区三部分组成,其中边缘区位于尾壳核和苍白球之间,被二完全包绕;尾壳核呈近似的内凹半球形,嘴尾径最大的为6.2mm;背腹径最大为4.9mm;宽度（冠状平面上的内外径)为3.5mm。从嘴侧到尾侧随着脑平面的增宽,尾壳核逐渐向外侧（即靠近外轮廓的方向）移位。苍白球呈块形,嘴尾径最大为4.4mm,背腹径最大为2.6mm,宽度（冠状平面上的内外径）最大为1.5mm。位于尾壳核的内侧,除内侧外基它三个方向均被尾壳核包绕。边缘区呈现一个片状扇形结构,嘴侧背腹径大,最大为2.2mm,宽约0.17mm;尾侧背腹径小,为0.8mm,宽约0.13mm。同属壳核和苍白球一样,从嘴侧到尾侧随着脑平面的增宽边缘区亦逐渐向外侧（即靠近外轮廓的方向）移位,其移位的幅度亦明显大于脑平面增宽的幅度;整个边缘区从嘴侧到尾侧呈均匀变化,其片状逐渐变宽,长度（背腹径）逐渐变小,从而形成一个盘状结构。     

Reconstruction of the flagellar apparatus in Ploeotia costata (Euglenozoa) and its relationship to other euglenoid flagellar apparatuses

The flagellar apparatus of Ploeotia costata Farmer and Triemer was reconstructed using serial sectioning and TEM. The flagellar apparatus is similar to other euglenoids having two flagella arising from basal bodies connected by a striated fiber, and three asymmetrically arranged roots. The flagella emerge subapically from between the two ventral pellicle strips. The dorsal flagellum is 1/2 the body length and actively pulls the cell, while the ventral flagellum is twice the body length and drags along the substrate surface. The ventral and dorsal roots are on the opposite sides of their respective basal bodies, while the intermediate root is associated with the ventral flagellum on the side closest to the dorsal basal body. The dorsal root lines the dorsal side of the reservoir and after giving rise to the dorsal band lines the right side of the reservoir/canal. The ventral and intermediate roots join at the reservoir forming the intermediate-ventral root, which lines the left and ventral sides of the reservoir/canal. There was no evidence of a microtubule-reinforced pocket in P. costata. Comparisons with Ploeotia vilrea, Lentomonas applanatum, and related flagellar apparatuses led to the conclusion that the basic euglenoid flagellar structure is symplesiomorphic but with enough variation to be taxonomically diagnostic.     

THE FLAGELLAR APPARATUS OF CHRYSOCHROMULINA SP. (PRYMNESIOPHYCEAE)1

The flagellar apparatus of an undescribed species of Chrysochromulina Lackey that bears “eyelash” scales is reconstructed. The transitional region consists of two transitional plates each with an axosome, with no stellate pattern between them. Fine osmiophilic rings lie between the flagellar membrane and the outer doublets in the transitional region. The two jagella and the haptonema are inserted in a subapical depression that is lined ventrally by a spine-like projection formed by one of the parietal chloroplasts. The angles of insertion are similar to those of some other Chrysochromulina species in that both the haptonema and the right basal body lie at an extreme angle to the left basal body. The connectives of the apparatus consist of a striated distal band with a dorsal extension to the R1 and a ventral extension overlying the R2, a striated distal accessory band, an auxiliary connective from the right basal body to the adjacent ventral chloroplast, a well-developed intermediate band, two striated proximal bands, and a striated proximal accessory band. Of the microtubular roots in this Chrysochromulina species, three are associated with the left side of the cell (an R1 of 8+3; a small crystalline compound root, the R1C, associated with the R1; an R2 of three micro-tubules), and two are associated with the right basal body (an R3 of 2/2 microtubules with which the single-stranded R4 converges to form a 2/2+1 and then a 2/3 tiered arrangement). Comparisons are drawn with other species in the genus and related genera, particularly Prymne-sium.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gyrodactylus thlapi</Emphasis>n. sp. (Monogenea) from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudocrenilabrus philander philander</Emphasis> (Weber) (Cichlidae) in the Okavango Delta,Botswana

A new species of Gyrodactylus von Nordmann, 1832 and the first monogenean reported from Botswana is described from the cichlid Pseudocrenilabrus philander philander,bringing the number of gyrodactylids described from the African Continent to 18. Gyrodactylus thlapi n. sp. can be readily discriminated from the other described species almost exclusively by the shape of its hamuli, which have short roots and large, elongate ventral bar attachment points with the dorsal bar attachment point, demarcating the junction between the hamulus shaft and the root, positioned at the anterior terminus of the attachment plane. The marginal hooks of G. thlapi n. sp., which most closely resemble those of G. groschafti Ergens, 1973, are compared and discussed.