P物质受体在大鼠纹状体边缘区内的表达

我们以前的工作观察到纹状体边缘区内有密集的P物质纤维及终末分布,本用原位杂交和免疫组织化学方法研究了大鼠纹状体边缘区内P物质受体（SPR）的表达及分布,原位杂交结果发现P物质mRNA阳性杂交信号在纹状体内的分布不均匀,尾壳核内只有少量中等大小的阳性胞体,苍白球内只有少量较大的阳性胸体,而在尾壳核和苍白球之间的边缘区部位则可见许多中等大小的梭形阳性神经元胞体,并呈现密集的带关分布。免疫组织化学结果观察到P物质阳性神经元胞体在纹状体内的分布与原位杂交结果一致。推测大鼠纹体边缘区内可以合成P物质受体,具有接受和整合P物质神经递质的功能,推测边缘区内SPR神经元可能对SP递质的接受、调节有重要作用。     

大鼠脑内代谢型谷氨酸受体5亚型(mGluR5)定位分布的免疫细胞化学研究

本研究用免疫细胞化学技术观察了大鼠脑内参与兴奋性突触传递的代谢型谷氨酸受体5亚型(mGluR5)的精确定位分布.mGluR5阳性浓染的神经元胞体和纤维密集地分布于大脑皮质浅层、嗅球、伏核、尾壳核、前脑基底部、隔区、苍白球、腹侧苍白球、海马CA1和CA2区、下丘中央核、被盖背侧核和三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核浅层;淡染而稀疏的mGluR5阳性神经元胞体和纤维见于屏状核、终纹床核、杏仁中央核、丘脑部分核团、上丘浅灰质层、外侧丘系背侧核和延髓中央灰质.     

大鼠尾壳核的GABA能传递在条件性行为调控中的作用

本工作采用了行为和脑内注射相结合的方法研究了大鼠尾壳核的 GABA 能传递在条件性行为调控中的作用。在分辨学习的基础上训练大鼠完成条件性回避任务,以比较药物对分辨学习和条件性回避的不同效应。实验结果表明,于大鼠双侧尾壳核内分别注入 γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)(每侧100μg/μl)和 GABA 受体激动剂蝇蕈醇(Muscimol)(每侧0.1μg/μl)后可暂时抑制条件性回避反应的出现,但分辨学习无明显影响。作为对照,于尾壳核内注入等量的生理盐水则既不影响条件性回避反应,也不影响分辨学习。在条件性回避反应被 Muscimol抑制后于尾壳核内再注入 GABA 受体阻断剂印防己毒素(PTX)(每侧0.1μg/μl)则可拮抗Muscimol 的行为抑制效应,即条件反应的出现率可恢复到或接近注射前水平。实验结果表明,大鼠尾壳核的 GABA 能传递在条件性行为调控中的重要作用。     

鸽丘脑听觉中继核团传出神经投射的研究

应用神经示踪物生物素标记的葡聚糖对环鸽丘脑听觉中继核团的传出神经投射进行了研究。结果发现：（１）丘脑卵圆核的传出纤维投射至端脑新纹状体内侧的Ｌ２听区;（２）卵圆核壳的传出纤维投射至Ｌ１、Ｌ３和部分Ｌ２听区,在Ｌ区周围亦存在许多标记终末;（３）尾侧卵圆核壳的传出投射参与了卵圆核壳的形成并发出二束纤维分别投射至下丘脑腹内侧核和端脑新纹状体Ｌ区外侧的旁听区。本实验结果首次揭示在鸟类丘脑听中继核团、端脑新     

1例雄性朱鹮脑内脑啡肽的免疫组织化学分布

用免疫组织化学方法研究脑啡肽(ENK)在极危物种朱(Nipponia nippon)脑内的分布,结合计算机图像分析仪检测免疫阳性细胞和末梢的灰度值。ENK阳性细胞、纤维和终末分布如下:发声核团有原纹状体中间区腹部、丘脑背内侧核外侧部、中脑丘间核、中脑背内侧核、延髓舌下神经核。听觉中枢有丘脑卵圆核壳区、中脑背外侧核壳区、脑桥外侧丘系腹核、上橄榄核、耳蜗核等。内分泌核团有视前区前核、旧纹状体增加部、下丘脑外侧核、下丘脑腹内侧核等。结果表明,朱脑内ENK可能对发声、听觉和下丘脑内分泌的生理活动有一定的调制作用。     

黄喉Jiu高级发声中枢及其壳区的神经投射和P物质在发声听觉中枢的分布

用生物素示踪法和P物质（SP）免疫组化技术研究表明：黄喉Jiu的高级发声中枢（HVc) 接受端脑听区（L）、新纹状体中部界面核、新纹状体巨细胞核（MAN）、丘脑葡萄形核、桥脑蓝斑核的传入,并有神经纤维投射到古纹状体栎核（RA）和嗅叶X区（X）;HVc壳投射到RA壳并接受L的传入。听觉控制与学习通路与发声中枢之间有许多神经联系,提示黄喉Jiu发声学习依赖于听觉反馈。在HVc、RA和MAN有SP阳性细胞体,在X、中脑背内侧核和延髓舌下神经核气管鸣管部、丘脑卵圆核壳区、中脑背我 核壳区及中脑丘间核有SP阳性纤维和终末。SP广泛分布于发声－听觉中枢,可能参与了它们的活动。     

大、小鼠面神经核的形成和发育

大、小鼠是生物学和医学中常用的实验动物,其面神经核的形态和发育有不少人进行过研究,本文就收集到的有关这方面文献中的一些问题作一简要综述。 (一)面神经核的位置、形态、细胞分群及分群与外周面神经分支、分布的关系 大、小鼠面神经核位于延髓腹外侧部。呈吻尾稍长,背腹扁的椭圆体。大鼠面神经核吻尾长约1.6 mm(1.70 mm或1.55mm),平均体积约1.293mm~3;小鼠面神经核吻尾长约0.56mm。面神经核发出纤维走向背内侧偏吻侧,这些纤维在外展神经核的外侧偏背方形成面神     

肾大部切除、高盐摄食对SD大鼠脑心房钠尿肽的影响

为探讨脑内心房钠尿肽（ＡＮＰ）的作用,本工作采用ＳＤ大鼠,用放射免疫方法测定３／４肾大部切除与高盐摄食后脑内ＡＮＰ的含量。结果表明,对照组大鼠脑内ＡＮＰ分布广泛。３／４肾切除大鼠每日饮水量,尿量均比对照组高（Ｐ＜０．０５）,尿钠浓度低于对照组时,脑内ＡＮＰ含量尽管略有增加,但１０个核团（下丘脑室周核、弓状核、室旁核、视前室周核、中缝背核、尾壳核、杏仁核、脑桥背侧部、蓝斑和大脑皮质）ＡＮＰ含量和对照组无明显差别（Ｐ＞０．０５）。高盐摄食组每日饮水量和尿量均比对照组高,且尿钠浓度高于对照组,同时下丘脑室周核和弓状核ＡＮＰ含量比对照组高（Ｐ＜０．０５）。上述结果提示,大脑第三脑室前腹侧区（ＡＶ３Ｖ区）的ＡＮＰ可能在水盐调节上发挥重要作用。     

大鼠尾壳核头部一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元区域性分布和脑缺血后变化

用还原型尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸黄递酶法，观察了大鼠尾壳核头部背内侧区，背外侧区，腹内侧区和腹外侧区一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元的分布和形态特征。并在夹闭双侧颈总动脉２小时后，观察这些区域一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元的变化。     

鸣禽欧椋鸟带状核的传出投射—PHAL顺行示踪法研究

本实验应用顺行神经示踪物ＰＨＡＬ对鸣禽欧椋鸟（Ｓｔｕｒｎｕｓ ｖｕｌｇａｒｉｓ）带状核（Ｔｎ）的传出投射作了定位研究。Ｔｎ核的传出投射经背腹两条路线：（１）从Ｔｎ核背部进入端脑的ＰＨＡＬ标记纤维,分别终止在新纹状体内侧,隔内侧核（ＳＭ）,侧室腔外侧带和额上层腹侧带;（２）另一组标记纤维从Ｔｎ核腹侧直接向丘脑投射,在下丘脑腹内侧核（ＶＭＮ）和外侧核（ＬＨｙ）分别获得大量ＰＨＡＬ免疫反应纤维的终末标记。结果提示：Ｔｎ核可能为鸟类旁听觉神经通路的一个组成部分。     

氨甲酰胆碱引起的促钠排泄与下丘脑TH—IR神经元活性的变化

目的：我们最近的实验发现大鼠侧脑室注射氨甲酰胆碱引起显著的促钠排泄作用,本工作同时还观察了下丘脑内不同脑区的儿茶酚胺能神经元活性的变化。方法和结果：氨甲酰胆碱注射后４０ｍｉｎ,下丘脑室旁核的腹侧和内侧小细胞部、内侧视前区、尾核、苍白球的酪氨酸羟化酶免疫反应（ｔｈｙｒｏｓｉｎｅｈｙｄｒｏｘｙｌａｓｅｉｍｍｕｎｏｒｅａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ,ＴＨＩＲ）阳性细胞数减少,免疫反应染色强度降低;下丘脑室旁核的后部,下丘脑前区的后部、下丘脑室周核、弓状核、下丘脑外侧区的ＴＨＩＲ阳性细胞数增多,免疫反应染色强度增强。结论：侧脑室注射氨甲酰胆碱对脑内不同脑区的内源性儿茶酚胺能神经元分别有兴奋或抑制作用,其与促钠排泄的关系将在本文中讨论     

Glutamate Decarboxylase Distribution in Discrete Motor Nuclei in the Cat Brain

Abstract: The distribution of activity of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme synthesising γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), was measured in the cat brain by means of microdissection of the structures from frozen slices and a radioisotopic assay for the enzyme. About 20 cerebral regions were chosen for study because of their role in sensorimotor integration. GAD presented an uneven distribution among these areas. Highest activities were found in the basal ganglia, particularly in the substantia nigra and in the globus pallidus, and to a lesser extent in the cerebellum. Relatively low levels of the enzyme were found in the thalamus and in the cerebral motor cortex. Special detailed studies were made in the caudate nucleus, the substantia nigra, and in the red nucleus for the purpose of defining the intranuclear distribution of their GABAergic innervation. There were only small differences in the rostro-caudal distribution of the enzyme in the head of the caudate nucleus but GAD activity was higher in the ventral than in the dorsal part of the structure. In the substantia nigra, GAD activity was high in both the medial and intermediate thirds of the structure. The GAD activity decreased from the caudal to the rostral part of the nucleus. GAD levels were lower in the caudal part of the red nucleus than in the rostral part. These results indicate that GABA would be present as a putative neurotransmitter in many motor nuclei of the cat brain. In view of the general inhibitory action of this amino acid, this could be related to the presence of inhibitory responses widely distributed in these nuclei as identified by mean of electrophysiological studies. The origin of these GABAergic innervations in many cases remains to be determined.     

A New Subdivision,Marginal Division,in the Neostriatum of the Monkey Brain

A new subdivision, the marginal division (MrD), was discovered at the caudal border of the striatum and surrounds the rostral edge of the globus pallidus in the rat brain in our previous studies. The neuronal somata of the MrD are mostly fusiform in shape with their long axes lining dorsoventrally. The MrD is more densely filled with substance P (SP)-, Leucine-enkephalin (L-Enk)-, dynorphin B-, neurotensin-, somatostatin- and cholecystokinin (CCK)-immunoreactive fibers and terminal-like structures than the rest of the striatum. The MrD was confirmed in the cat neostriatum as well. The present study intended to explore whether the MrD exists in the monkey neostriatum (putamen) with Nissl, histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. A band of fusiform neurons were obviously identified at the caudomedial edge of the putamen. These neurons lie outside the lateral medullary lamina and indirectly surround the rostrolateral border of the globus pallidus. The abundance of SP-, L-Enk-, neuropeptide Y-, CCK-, dopamine- and serotonin-positive fibers and terminal-like structures with a few positive fusiform neurons accumulating at the caudomedial border of the putamen obviously distinguishes this zone from the rest of neostriatum and globus pallidus. The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) positive and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) containing fusiform neurons are distinctly visualized in the same zone. The morphological figure and the location of these neurons, and the histochemical and immunohistochemical characteristics of this area coincide well with those of the MrD in the rat and cat striatum. This study thus convincingly identifies the existence of the MrD in the monkey neostriatum. It is fairly asserted that the MrD is a universal structure in the mammalian brain.     

Differential Transmitter Release from Nerve Terminals Isolated from Basal Ganglia and Substantia Nigra

Abstract: The K⁺-induced release of amino acids and dopamine from synaptosomes of basal ganglia and substantia nigra of sheep was studied. K⁺ (56 mM) caused an increase in the release of GABA from caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, and substantia nigra, the increased release being 227, 171, 198, and 366%, respectively, compared with samples incubated without stimulation. The release of glutamate was also increased by 56 mM-K⁺ (136–183%) from all regions except the globus pallidus, and a significant release of aspartate was only seen in response to K⁺ stimulation of synaptosomes from putamen (50%). Veratrine (75 μM) also stimulated a similar pattern of amino acid release from these regions. Regional correlation was shown between the presence of an uptake system for an amino acid and its evoked release. [¹⁴C]Dopamine formed from L-[U-¹⁴C]tyrosine was released only from caudate and putamen synaptosomes by K⁺ stimulation, the increases being 105% and 74%, respectively. Synthesis of [¹⁴C]dopamine from L-[U-¹⁴C]tyrosine occurred only in synaptosomes prepared from these two regions and was not detected in synaptosomes from substantia nigra or globus pallidus although whole-tissue homogenates of substantia nigra were able to synthesise dopamine.     

中国树鼩下丘脑视上核和室旁核内加压素和催产素能神经元的比较分布

应用PAP-PAAP双重免疫组化染色程序在同一切片上进行两种肽能物质的定位,观察了中国树鼩下丘脑视上核和室旁核内VP能和OT能神经元的比较解剖学分布,发现:视上核被视束分成主部和交叉后部。在视上核主部,其头侧部几乎仅含OT能神经元胞体,中间部VP能胞体出现并逐渐增多,尾侧部VP能胞体数目明显超过OT能胞体。在明显含有两种胞体的中间部和尾侧部,OT能胞体多位于背内侧,VP能胞体多位于腹外侧;在视上核交叉后部,其头侧部以VP能胞体为主,且多位于背外侧,OT能胞体多位于腹内侧。中间部OT能胞体多位于内侧,VP能胞体多位于外侧。尾侧部OT能胞体多位于背、腹两侧,VP能胞体则多位于中间;在室旁核,其头侧部几乎全由OT能胞体构成。中间部,VP能胞体出现并逐渐增多,OT和VP能胞体分别主要位于内、外侧。尾侧部两种神经元胞体较明显地分为内、外两群,内侧群主要为OT能胞体,外侧群几乎全为VP能胞体,该群的头侧半又可分为背腹两个亚群,至尾侧半,此二亚群渐合并。本文讨论了OT和VP能神经元在中国树鼩和大鼠视上核和室旁核内的比较分布。     

A Multivariate Surface-Based Analysis of the Putamen in Premature Newborns: Regional Differences within the Ventral Striatum

Many children born preterm exhibit frontal executive dysfunction, behavioral problems including attentional deficit/hyperactivity disorder and attention related learning disabilities. Anomalies in regional specificity of cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuits may underlie deficits in these disorders. Nonspecific volumetric deficits of striatal structures have been documented in these subjects, but little is known about surface deformation in these structures. For the first time, here we found regional surface morphological differences in the preterm neonatal ventral striatum. We performed regional group comparisons of the surface anatomy of the striatum (putamen and globus pallidus) between 17 preterm and 19 term-born neonates at term-equivalent age. We reconstructed striatal surfaces from manually segmented brain magnetic resonance images and analyzed them using our in-house conformal mapping program. All surfaces were registered to a template with a new surface fluid registration method. Vertex-based statistical comparisons between the two groups were performed via four methods: univariate and multivariate tensor-based morphometry, the commonly used medial axis distance, and a combination of the last two statistics. We found statistically significant differences in regional morphology between the two groups that are consistent across statistics, but more extensive for multivariate measures. Differences were localized to the ventral aspect of the striatum. In particular, we found abnormalities in the preterm anterior/inferior putamen, which is interconnected with the medial orbital/prefrontal cortex and the midline thalamic nuclei including the medial dorsal nucleus and pulvinar. These findings support the hypothesis that the ventral striatum is vulnerable, within the cortico-stiato-thalamo-cortical neural circuitry, which may underlie the risk for long-term development of frontal executive dysfunction, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and attention-related learning disabilities in preterm neonates.     

Regional distribution of enkephalinase in the rat brain by autoradiography

The first visualization of enkephalinase (neutral metalloendopeptidase, E.C.3.4.24.11) in rat brain was obtained by autoradiography, using a new tritiated inhibitor: [3H]N-[( R,S )3-(N-hydroxy) carboxamido-2-benzyl propanoyl]glycine (3H-HCBP-Gly). The preliminary analysis of sections clearly showed a discrete localization of enkephalinase in enkephalin enriched regions, such as caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, and substantia nigra. Moreover 3H-HCBP-Gly binding also occurred in choroid plexus and spinal cord.     

大白鼠脚内核的传入性联系

众所周知,肉食动物和大白鼠的脚内核,相当于灵长类的内侧苍白球(Nagy et al.1978;Fox and Schmitz 1944);它们的细胞形态、传入及传出均相同。早期以及近年来的一些研究工作者,虽然在研究其他核团的投射时,联系到一些本核团的传入,但是尚缺乏对本核团传人的系统研究。本实验即是应用辣根过氧化物酶的逆行传递法来研究大白鼠脚内核的传入性联系。     

Role of the caudate nucleus in the development of evoked synchronized activity

Synchronized activity (spindles, augmentation response) evoked by stimulation of thalamic nonspecific, association, and specific nuclei was investigated in chronic experiments on 11 cats before and after successive destruction of the caudate nuclei. After destruction of the caudate nuclei the duration of spindle activity in the frontal cortex and subcortical formations (thalamic nuclei, globus pallidus, putamen) was reduced to only three or four oscillations. In the subcortical nuclei its amplitude fell significantly (by 50±10%); in the cortex the decrease in amplitude was smaller and in some cases was not significant. Different changes were observed in the amplitude of the augmentation response, depending on where it was recorded. In the subcortical formations it was considerably and persistently reduced (by 50±10%); in the cortex these changes were unstable in character. Unilateral destruction of the caudate nucleus inhibited synchronized activity evoked by stimulation of the thalamic nuclei on the side of the operation only. Destruction of the basal ganglia (caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, entopeduncular nucleus, and putamen) did not prevent the appearance of synchronized activity; just as after isolated destruction of the caudate nucleus, after this operation synchronized activity was simply reduced in duration and amplitude. It is suggested that the caudate nucleus exerts an ipsilateral facilitatory influence on the nonspecific system of the thalamus during the development of evoked synchronized activity.A. A. Bogomolets Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, Kiev. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 239–248, May–June, 1977.