P物质受体在大鼠纹状体边缘区内的表达

我们以前的工作观察到纹状体边缘区内有密集的P物质纤维及终末分布,本用原位杂交和免疫组织化学方法研究了大鼠纹状体边缘区内P物质受体（SPR）的表达及分布,原位杂交结果发现P物质mRNA阳性杂交信号在纹状体内的分布不均匀,尾壳核内只有少量中等大小的阳性胞体,苍白球内只有少量较大的阳性胸体,而在尾壳核和苍白球之间的边缘区部位则可见许多中等大小的梭形阳性神经元胞体,并呈现密集的带关分布。免疫组织化学结果观察到P物质阳性神经元胞体在纹状体内的分布与原位杂交结果一致。推测大鼠纹体边缘区内可以合成P物质受体,具有接受和整合P物质神经递质的功能,推测边缘区内SPR神经元可能对SP递质的接受、调节有重要作用。     

大鼠面部伤害性刺激后纹状体边缘区内原癌基因c-fos和NOS的表达

为了研究纹状体边缘区和痛觉的关系,用c-fos和NADPH－d双标记方法研究了大鼠面部伤害性刺激后c-fos蛋白（Fos）和NOS在纹状体边缘区的表达。面部伤害性刺激后30分钟,边缘区中即出现Fos表达,刺激后3小时,Fos表达达最高峰,而且主要在边缘区部位表达。正常大鼠纹状体边缘区中有密集的NOS阳性神经元及纤维,面部伤害性刺激3小时后,纹状体其余部位的NOS阳性胞体及纤维减少或消失,但边缘区中仍保留,并可见少数Fos和NOS双标记细胞,提示纹状体边缘区可能和面部痛觉的调制有关。     

大鼠全脑缺血后纹状体边缘区内降钙素基因相关肽和谷氨酸脱羧酶表达的变化

为研究全脑缺血再灌流后纹状体边缘区内降钙素基因相关肽（CGRP）和谷氨酸脱羧酶（GAD）等神经递质的表达变化。在两侧颈总动脉和椎动脉结扎造成的大鼠全脑缺血模型上,用免疫组织化学方法观察纹状体边缘区内CGRP和GAD等免疫阳性反应的分布,结果显示正常大鼠脑纹状体内有CGRP和GAD阳性神经纤维的分布,全脑缺血再灌流1天后,边缘区中的CGRP免疫阳性反应逐渐增强,在第5天时达到最高峰,全脑缺血再灌流后1天,可见边缘区部位的GAD免疫阳性反应增强,但以后边缘区内的GAD免疫反应阳性物质逐渐减少,缺血再灌流5天后,边缘区中GAD免疫阳性反应的表达基本消失。研究结果表明全脑缺血后边缘区中的CGRP反应逐渐增强,这种变化可能和脑缺血后动物的学习记忆能力下降有关。     

大鼠纹状体边缘区内神经降压肽和生长抑素免疫阳性反应的分布

用免疫组织化学方法研究了大鼠纹状体边缘区中神经降压肽和生长抑素免疫阳性反应的分布。神经降压肽和生长抑素免疫阳性纤维和胞体散在分布于纹状体中,但在边缘区中分布密集,形成一条明显的带,带的宽度和位置和边缘区一致。边缘区中可见神经降压肽和生长抑素免疫阳性胞体。本研究证明纹状体边缘区中存在密度较高的神经降压肽和生长抑素免疫阳性纤维和胞体,并推测和边缘区的学习记忆功能有关     

大鼠尾壳核头部生长抑素mRNA的区域性表达

目的　观察尾壳核 (CP)头部背内侧区、背外侧区、腹内侧区和腹外侧区生长抑素 (SOM )mRNA阳性神经元分布特点。方法　采用原位杂交组织化学方法。结果　CP头部不同区域SOMmRNA阳性神经元的密度存在差异 ,腹内侧区SOMmRNA阳性神经元的密度明显高于其他区 (P <0 0 1)。结论　CP头部不同区域的SOMmRNA阳性神经元密度存在差异 ,这可能是CP头部不同区域机能差异的形态学基础之一。     

大鼠纹状体边缘区与Meynert氏基底核的突触联系及其与学习记忆功能的关系——WGA-HRP束路追踪法、电镜法和行为实验法研究

纹状体边缘区（ＭｒＤ）是我们先后在大鼠、猫和猴脑内新发现的一个区域。它是位于纹状体尾内侧、环绕着苍白球头外侧的一层梭形细胞。ＭｒＤ的细胞构筑、免疫组化特性和纤维联系形式不同于纹状体其它区。ＭｒＤ的离心投射终止在苍白球尾侧,接近Ｍｅｙｎｅｒｔ基底核（ＮＢＭ）附近。损毁双侧ＭｒＤ后,动物的学习记忆功能减弱。ＮＢＭ已知与动物智能有关。本研究用纤维溃变和束路追踪电镜法结合行为实验方法,旨在了解ＭｒＤ与ＮＢＭ之间有无突触联系,以及此种联系与动物学习记忆的关系。用纤维溃变和束路追踪电镜法研究表明,由ＭｒＤ发出的纤维终末与ＮＢＭ的胆碱能神经元胞体间存在着突触联系。损伤ＭｒＤ造成ＭｒＤ和ＮＢＭ形成突触联系的终末溃变后,动物的学习记忆能力降低。研究结果表明边缘区与Ｍｅｙｎｅｒｔ基底核间存在着突触联系,而这种联系很可能是ＭｒＤ的学习记忆功能的结构基础之一。     

大鼠尾壳核的GABA能传递在条件性行为调控中的作用

本工作采用了行为和脑内注射相结合的方法研究了大鼠尾壳核的 GABA 能传递在条件性行为调控中的作用。在分辨学习的基础上训练大鼠完成条件性回避任务,以比较药物对分辨学习和条件性回避的不同效应。实验结果表明,于大鼠双侧尾壳核内分别注入 γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)(每侧100μg/μl)和 GABA 受体激动剂蝇蕈醇(Muscimol)(每侧0.1μg/μl)后可暂时抑制条件性回避反应的出现,但分辨学习无明显影响。作为对照,于尾壳核内注入等量的生理盐水则既不影响条件性回避反应,也不影响分辨学习。在条件性回避反应被 Muscimol抑制后于尾壳核内再注入 GABA 受体阻断剂印防己毒素(PTX)(每侧0.1μg/μl)则可拮抗Muscimol 的行为抑制效应,即条件反应的出现率可恢复到或接近注射前水平。实验结果表明,大鼠尾壳核的 GABA 能传递在条件性行为调控中的重要作用。     

力竭运动及恢复期大鼠纹状体5-HT、DA及其代谢物浓度的动态变化研究

目的：观察一次性力竭运动过程及恢复期大鼠纹状体细胞外液中多巴胺（DA）和5-羟色胺（5-HT）及其代谢物浓度的动态变化规律。方法：采用活体微透析结合毛细管电泳．激光诱导技术,连续观察清醒大鼠在一次性力竭运动过程及恢复期纹状体细胞外液中酪氨酸（Tyr）、5-HT、5-羟吲哚乙酸（5-HIAA）、色氨酸（Trp）和DA浓度的动态变化。结果：大鼠纹状体细胞外液中TW、5-HT、5-HIAA水平运动初期均未见显著变化（P〉0．05）,运动后期、力竭及恢复期均显著高于安静水平（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）;DA、Tyr水平在运动后期、力竭及恢复期显著高于安静水平（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）;DA／5-HT运动初期显著升高（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）,运动后期出现下降趋势,力竭前15min降至最低点。而恢复期略有回升,但运动后期、力竭及恢复期与安静状态相比均无显著差异。结论：力竭运动过程中大鼠纹状体细胞外液中DA和5-HT的动态变化具有阶段性特征,运动疲劳过程中状体内DA和5-HT两种神经递质的代谢水平均显著增强,而其中以5-HT的作用占优。     

力竭运动及恢复期大鼠纹状体5-HT、DA及其代谢物浓度的动态变化研究

目的:观察一次性力竭运动过程及恢复期大鼠纹状体细胞外液中多巴胺(DA)和5-羟色胺(5-HT)及其代谢物浓度的动态变化规律。方法:采用活体微透析结合毛细管电泳-激光诱导技术,连续观察清醒大鼠在一次性力竭运动过程及恢复期纹状体细胞外液中酪氨酸(Tyr)、5-HT、5-羟吲哚乙酸(5-HIAA)、色氨酸(Trp)和DA浓度的动态变化。结果:大鼠纹状体细胞外液中Trp、5-HT、5-HIAA水平运动初期均未见显著变化(P>0.05),运动后期、力竭及恢复期均显著高于安静水平(P<0.05,P<0.01);DA、Tyr水平在运动后期、力竭及恢复期显著高于安静水平(P<0.05,P<0.01);DA/5-HT运动初期显著升高(P<0.05,P<0.01),运动后期出现下降趋势,力竭前15 min降至最低点,而恢复期略有回升,但运动后期、力竭及恢复期与安静状态相比均无显著差异。结论:力竭运动过程中大鼠纹状体细胞外液中DA和5-HT的动态变化具有阶段性特征,运动疲劳过程中状体内DA和5-HT两种神经递质的代谢水平均显著增强,而其中以5-HT的作用占优。     

强直电刺激右侧尾壳核对大鼠海马、中部颞叶新皮质电图的影响

目的 :探讨尾壳核 (caudate putamen ,CPu) 海马 (hippocampus,HPC) 中部颞叶新皮质 (Medialtemporallobeneocortex ,MTNC)通路在癫痫相关性病理神经网络重建中的作用。方法 :4 5只SD大鼠。用不锈钢双极同芯电极记录右侧HPC、右侧MTNC、左、右侧HPC、右侧HPC和右侧MTNC深部电图 ,重复强直电刺激 (6 0Hz ,2s,0 .4～0 .6mA)大鼠右侧CPu 10次 ,每次刺激间隔时间约 10min ,观察上述脑区深部电图的改变。结果 :强直电刺激右侧CPu可以诱发植入电极同侧或双侧HPC出现原发性后放和继发性电图癫痫样点燃效应 ,也可以表现为HPC深部电图脑电波出现压抑 反弹 癫痫样点燃发作 ;诱发同侧HPC与MTNC出现部分同步性阵发癫痫样电活动 ;腹腔注射东莨菪碱 (0 .0 5mg/kg)后 ,重复上述电刺激右侧CPu实验 ,可以诱发双侧HPC电图出现 3Hz慢波电振荡长时程增强现象 ,也可以诱发同侧HPC与MTNC出现完全同步的阵发性癫痫样电活动。结论 :过度激活CPu功能可以促进CPu HPC MTNC通路癫痫相关性病理生理性神经网络重新的建立 ,该效应累及对侧大脑半球 ,有利于颞叶癫痫的发生     

Behavioral and biochemical assessment of time-related changes in globus pallidus and striatal dopamine induced by intranigrally administered neurotensin

Microinjection of neurotensin (NT; 2 and 5 μg) into the substantia nigra zona compacta caused an increase in dopamine (DA) and DA metabolites in the rodent globus pallidus and striatum which persisted for at least 20 hours after peptide administration. Similar NT treatments given unilaterally into the nigra caused circling away from the injected side in amphetamine-pretreated rats, but were without effect when microinjected into saline-pretreated animals. Circling also occurred when the animals were given amphetamine 20 hours after intranigral NT administration. Contralateral rotation was observed with unilateral intranigral injections of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB; 400 μg) or with lower intranigral GHB doses (250 μg) in amphetamine-pretreated animals. The effects of GHB and NT differed in the manner in which the animals rotated as well as in the profile of DA and DA metabolite changes induced by these drugs. These studies indicated that: (1) dopaminergic functions of the globus pallidus are influenced, like the striatum, by manipulations of the substantia nigra; (2) NT and GHB likely act via different mechanisms to effect nigral dopamine-containing cells; and (3) NT was capable of inducing changes in dopamine neurons which had long term consequences.     

Anatomical funneling, sparse connectivity and redundancy reduction in the neural networks of the basal ganglia

The major anatomical characteristics of the main axis of the basal ganglia are: (1) Numerical reduction in the number of neurons across layers of the feed-forward network, (2) lateral inhibitory connections within the layers, and (3) neuro-modulatory effects of dopamine and acetylcholine, both on the basal ganglia neurons and on the efficacy of information transmission along the basal ganglia axis. We recorded the simultaneous activity of neurons in the output stages of the basal ganglia as well as the activity of dopaminergic and cholinergic neurons during the performance of a probability decision-making task. We found that the functional messages of the cholinergic and dopaminergic neurons differ, and that the cholinergic message is less specific than that of the dopaminergic neurons. The output stage of the basal ganglia showed uncorrelated neuronal activity. We conclude that despite the huge numerical reduction from the cortex to the output nuclei of the basal ganglia, the activity of these nuclei represents an optimally compressed (uncorrelated) version of distinctive features of cortical information.     

In Human Brain Two Subtypes of D1 Dopamine Receptors Can Be Distinguished on the Basis of Differences in Guanine Nucleotide Effect on Agonist Binding

D1 dopamine receptors were identified in membranes of human nucleus caudatus, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and globus pallidus, by the specific binding of [3H](+)-R-8-chloro-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-methyl-5-phenyl-1H-benzazepine-7 -ol [( 3H]SCH 23390). In these four brain regions, dopamine/[3H]SCH 23390 competition binding curves were computer-analyzed to a two-site model, distinguishing a high- (RH) and low- (RL) affinity site for dopamine. The ability of guanine nucleotides (0.4 mM GTP or 0.1 mM 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate) to provoke a conversion of RH into RL was different between these brain regions. In amygdala, a complete conversion was seen, whereas there was no guanine nucleotide-effect on RH in globus pallidus. In nucleus caudatus and nucleus accumbens, guanine nucleotides provoked only a partial conversion of RH into RL, suggesting that these brain regions may contain guanine nucleotide-sensitive and -insensitive receptors. Heating of the membranes at 60 degrees C for 5 min had the same effect as guanine nucleotides. The pharmacological profiles of the guanine nucleotide-sensitive and -insensitive D1 receptors were similar, suggesting that D1 receptors in human brain are heterogeneous only with respect to their effector-coupling mechanism: guanine nucleotide-sensitive receptors, which are capable of undergoing functional coupling with Gs, and guanine nucleotide-insensitive receptors, which are not.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

alpha-MSH and Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 (PLG; MIF-1): influence on dopamine (DA) uptake in crude synaptosomal preparations from rat mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) and caudate putamen (CP)

The uptake of tritiated dopamine [3H] (DMI insensitive DA uptake) by synaptosomal fractions isolated from rat mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) and caudate putamen (CP) was measured in the presence of different concentrations of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) and Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 (PLG; MIF-1) which is an inhibitor of alpha-MSH release. Compared to control, [3H]DA uptake increased significantly when the synaptosomal fraction of CP was incubated with 0.1 and 1 microM of alpha-MSH and also when the rat was previously injected with alpha-MSH. A simultaneous reduction of endogenous dopamine content was observed. Kinetic studies suggest that the enhanced uptake induced by alpha-MSH 1 microM is the consequence of the rise in Vmax, without changes in the apparent km. The uptake of [3H]DA in hypothalamic (MBH) preparations on the other hand, was not modified by the presence of alpha-MSH. PLG did not have any significant effect on [3H]DA uptake either in the CP or in the MBH. alpha-MSH may act as a modulator of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal system and the results obtained incubating CP synaptosomes in its presence demonstrate a possible direct modulator action by alpha-MSH on the terminal area of the substantia nigra neurons.     

模拟微重力条件下大鼠肝细胞的三维培养及其功能

采用肝脏原位灌流法分离大鼠肝细胞,以血纤维蛋白膜作支架,在RWVB回转器提供的模拟微重力条件下,对肝细胞进行三维培养。肝细胞经连续培养28h后,细胞仍呈球状,并获得了三维培养条件下大鼠肝细胞团（约为200－300个／细胞团）。三维培养的肝细胞在培养期间具有持续分泌ALB和TBA的功能,而单层培养的肝细胞仅在接种后18d内具有一定分泌功能,之后细胞逐渐衰老死亡。三维培养的肝细胞培养至28d时仍可检测到G6PD,PFK,PGM三种糖代谢关键酶基因的转录,而单层培养的肝细胞在接种后第6d就检测不到PFK,PGM的转录。结果表明,模拟微重力条件下三维培养的肝细胞在培养期间不仅能维持正常细胞形态,而且具有稳定的分泌功能和糖代谢功能,而单层培养的肝细胞分泌功能显著下降,糖代谢功能出现异常。