NICU与综合性ICU感染金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性对比分析

目的比较新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)与综合性重症监护病房(ICU)金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供依据。方法对2011年6月—2015年7月NICU与综合性ICU患者临床标本中分离的金黄色葡萄球菌278株的耐药性比较,药敏试验采用纸片扩散法,采用WHONET5.6和SPSS 20.0软件进行数据分析。结果 278株金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素G、氨苄西林、美洛西林、头孢西丁等大部分抗菌药物的耐药率已较高,分别为100.00%、93.88%、80.94%、51.08%;综合性ICU感染金黄色葡萄球菌对克拉霉素、万古霉素、利奈唑胺、呋喃妥因等耐药率较低,分别为7.81%、0.00%、0.00%、0.00%;NICU与综合性ICU病房耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)检出率分别为34.88%和51.04%,NICU病房MRSA检出率低于ICU(P0.05);头孢唑林及头孢噻肟在NICU与综合性ICU病房中的耐药率分别为19.77%,33.33%;13.95%,40.10%;NICU分离出的金黄色葡萄球菌对头孢唑林和头孢噻肟耐药率低于综合性ICUU,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);万古霉素及呋喃妥因在NICU与综合性ICU金黄色葡萄球菌中的耐药率分别为2.33%,0.00%;0.00%,0.00%;耐药率均较低(P0.05)。结论临床选用抗菌药物应根据不同病区感染病原菌的耐药性和患者不同生理特点,本地区治疗NICU金黄色葡萄球菌感染可选头孢唑林和头孢噻肟,综合性ICU可选利奈唑胺和克拉霉素作为首选药。     

儿童耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的分布特征及临床分析

目的通过分析住院患儿分离出的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)菌株的分布情况及临床特点,了解MRSA感染的危险因素,为预防、控制MRSA的传播提供参考。方法分析临床分离出的445株MRSA,对其季节分布、年龄特点、科室分布及标本类型等进行分析。结果 MRSA的检出率为30.44%(445/1462),其中男287例(检出率64.49%),女158例(检出率35.51%),男性高于女性。从季节分布看:6月份最多,12月份最少;从科室分布看,呼吸科最多,其次为骨科、新生儿科、心内科感染MRSA患儿居多;从标本类型来看,痰液中MRSA检出率最高。结论患儿由于自身因素,年龄小、体内产生抗体的器官尚未发育完善,全身抵抗力差,较易感染。因此,医院应加强侵入性操作的无菌管理,避免不必要的侵入性操作,实行对导管插管等相关医院感染危险因素的预防与控制,缩短住院时间,及时隔离MRSA感染者,并做好监测。     

新生儿毛细血管渗漏综合征危险因素分析

目的:了解新生儿发生毛细血管渗漏综合征(CLS)的相关危险因素。方法:对620例新生儿进行回顾性分析,采用Logistic回归模型分析毛细血管渗漏综合症发生的危险因素。结果:620例新生儿中有168例诊断为CLS,单因素分析显示严重感染、呼吸窘迫综合征、早产、重度窒息、发病前低体温对新生儿CLS的发生有影响(P<0.05),经多元Logistic回归分析显示严重感染、呼吸窘迫综合征、早产是发生CLS的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论:严重感染、呼吸窘迫综合征、早产是发生CLS的独立危险因素。     

实时荧光PCR在呼吸道感染耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌检测中的临床应用

目的评价实时荧光PCR(RT-PCR)用于检测呼吸道感染耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)中的方法学特性,为临床快速诊断呼吸道MRSA定植或感染提供可靠循证依据。方法通过RT-PCR技术对痰液标本中金黄色葡萄球菌(SA)特异性核酸酶编码基因nuc和MRSA的特异性耐药基因mec A进行定量检测,并同时以细菌培养、鉴定和MRSA耐药表型确诊实验作为参考方法,评价其灵敏度、特异度、阴阳性预测能力;用10倍梯度稀释法配制已知标准菌株菌悬液评估RT-PCR的最低检出限。结果 RT-PCR法较细菌培养法对MRSA检测的总符合率为97.5%,检测SA的敏感度为97.2%、特异度为98.2%、阳性预测值为92.1%、阴性预测值为99.4%,检测甲氧西林耐药性的敏感度为100%、特异度为97.7%、阳性预测值为85.2%、阴性预测值为100%;RT-PCR对nuc基因和mec A基因的最低检出限均为103/m L。结论RT-PCR法与细菌培养法对于检测MRSA差异无统计学意义,且灵敏度优于后者,是用于临床快速排除性筛查呼吸道感染MRSA的较佳检测方法。     

069人工接种棒状杆菌消除定植鼻腔的金黄色葡萄球菌

近年耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)检出率在全球范围内正逐年升高.危重病人鼻腔内携带MRSA是引起继发感染的重要危险因素,有效地消除鼻腔中携带的MRSA可预防医院内感染.通常要消除MRSA感染,临床选用万古霉素、莫匹罗星等强抗生素,但这类抗生素可引起机体肝、肾功能严重损害而限制其实际使用.因此,人们试图寻找一种非抗生素的生物法,维护鼻腔内微生态环境以消除金黄色葡萄球菌.     

院内感染新生儿肺炎病原菌分布特点及干预对策

目的了解院内感染新生儿肺炎病原菌分布的特点,并分析原因和探讨干预对策。方法回顾性分析义乌市中心医院新生儿监护病房（NICU）2012年6月至2013年6月发生的60例院内感染新生儿肺炎患儿的痰液标本细菌培养及药敏资料,了解病原菌分布的特点,分析引起院内感染新生儿肺炎的原因,并采取相应的干预对策。结果60例患儿样本共培养出病原菌72株,其中革兰阳性菌20株,占27．8％,主要是金黄色葡萄球菌、草绿色链球菌与表皮葡萄球菌,革兰阴性菌52株,占72．2％,主要是肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌和鲍曼不动杆菌。金黄色葡萄球菌中6株为耐甲氧西林金葡菌（MRSA）,占50％,肺炎克雷伯菌中13株为多重耐药菌,占56．5％,大肠埃希菌中6株为多重耐药菌,占46．2％,鲍曼不动杆菌中4株为多重耐药菌,占66．7％,铜绿假单胞菌中2株为多重耐药菌,占50％,嗜麦芽类单胞菌与阴沟肠杆菌均为多重耐药菌。结论院内感染新生儿肺炎病原菌分布以革兰阴性菌为主,多重耐药菌比例较高,通过有效的干预措施,可以降低院内感染新生儿肺炎的发病率。     

5-氨基酮戊酸光动力疗法对不同疾病来源的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的体外杀伤作用

光动力疗法(photodynamic therapy,PDT)利用光敏剂与光源反应后产生的活性氧,破坏细菌组分,进而致细菌死亡。其多靶位杀伤特性在治疗耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus,MRSA)感染方面有应用前景,但相关研究尚处于起步阶段。本研究MRSA菌株取自烧伤、急性咽炎、鼻窦炎和肺炎4类临床常见MRSA感染性疾病患者,使用5-氨基酮戊酸(5-aminolevulinic acid,ALA)光敏剂、发光二极管光源,于体外检测ALA介导的PDT(ALA-PDT)对MRSA菌株的杀伤作用。结果显示,经5mmol/L ALA孵育1h后,给予360J/cm~2强光[(633±10)nm]照射1h,ALA-PDT对MRSA菌株具有1.80log_(10)cfu的有效杀伤作用。结果提示,在相同实验条件和参数下,ALA-PDT对上述4种疾病来源的MRSA菌株体外杀伤作用无统计学差异。     

耐药机制指导下的抗金葡菌药物开发现状

金黄色葡萄球菌是全球院内感染的首要病原菌,临床分离的金葡菌80%以上为耐甲氧西林(MRSA)菌株,因其耐药性,尤其是多重耐药性的快速增长,抗MRSA感染日益成为抗感染治疗的难点和热点。近年来,人们在充分认识金葡菌耐药机制的基础上,积极开发新型抗MRSA药物,取得了长足发展。对MRSA的耐药机制及该机制指导下抗金葡菌药物开发现状作一综述。     

集束化干预控制MRSA感染与定植的效果观察

目的通过采取集束化干预措施,长期、持续地对急诊重症监护病房(EICU)耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)感染与定植患者进行干预,并通过日常监测MRSA感染与定植状况以验证干预效果。方法 2014年1月至12月采用前瞻性调查方法对浙江省台州医院EICU住院的MRSA感染与定植患者进行集束化干预措施;对2012年1月至2013年12月的EICU出院患者进行回顾性调查;分析EICU住院患者采取集束化干预措施产生的效果。结果通过采取集束化干预措施,EICU住院患者发生MRSA感染与定植率明显下降,从2.79%下降至1.01%(P0.01)。结论通过采取集束化干预措施可有效降低MRSA感染与定植率,从而阻断MRSA在医院内的传播。     

利用孕早期人胚绒毛组织进行先天性巨细胞病毒感染诊断的研究

新生儿出生缺陷已成为影响人口素质的重要因素。在引起出生缺陷的诸因素中,宫内病毒感染是一个重要原因。风疹病毒等对胎儿的影响早巳为人们所熟悉,而巨细胞病毒(cytomegalovirus,CMV)对胎儿的危害,近年来已受到人们的重视。据国内外调查,在新生儿中先天性CMV感染的发生率在0.5—2.0％之间。目前对先天性CMV感染的研究主要用新生儿尿样和脐带血作为研究材料。从产前诊断的角度考虑,     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.