Chelex-100法及酚氯仿法提取阴道毛滴虫DNA的比较

目的-比较Chelex-100法和酚氯仿法提取阴道毛滴虫基因组DNA。方法-分别用Chelex-100法和酚氯仿法提取阴道毛滴虫基因组DNA,用PCR法检测DNA提取的有效性。结果两种方法提取的DNA经PCR扩增均有特定的条带。结论-两种方法均能提取阴道毛滴虫DNA。Chelex-100方法简便、省时,较适用于分子生物学研究及临床PCR扩增使用。     

PCR方法在HSF1基因敲除小鼠基因型分析中的应用

目的　为HSF1基因敲除鼠探索快速、简单的基因型PCR检测方法。方法　设计两对引物扩增野生型HSF1基因和HSF1缺陷突变基因的DNA片段 ,用PCR仪梯度方案测试最佳退火温度 ,并将所得基因型结果与经典的Southernblot方法比较。结果　野生型仅在 5 6 2bp处有一条条带 ,突变纯合子仅在 377bp处有一条条带 ,杂合子则在377bp和 5 6 2bp处出现两条条带。用PCR方法获得的HSF1基因分析结果与经典的Southernblot方法获得的结果完全一致。结论　用PCR方法分析HSF1基因敲除鼠的基因型具有快速、简单、廉价和适用的特点     

龟甲DNA检测试剂盒的研制与评价

研制一种集DNA提取与PCR鉴定为一体的龟甲检测试剂盒,考察试剂盒的特异性、敏感性、重复性及稳定性。通过优化DNA提取和PCR检测方法,将所需试剂组合成试剂盒,用其提取龟甲正品及伪品mtDNA,进行PCR鉴定。试剂盒提取龟甲正品及伪品mtDNA的OD260/OD280为1.80±0.05,正品龟甲在335bp和410bp出现两条清晰条带,伪品龟甲则无条带出现,试剂盒特异性为100%,检测限为0.025 g,经反复冻融20次后依然有效,3次重复性检测均重现相同结果。龟甲DNA检测试剂盒特异性强、灵敏度高、稳定性好,适用于龟甲药材的快速检测。     

鸡Visfatin基因9 bp indel杂合突变异源双链DNA的鉴定

内脂素(Visfatin)是脂肪细胞因子家族的新成员,主要由内脏脂肪组织产生.研究表明内脂素具有类胰岛素样作用.在检测固始鸡-安卡鸡资源群体3代(亲本,F1,F2)964只鸡Visfatin基因9bp插入/缺失(9 bp 'TAACCTGTG' insertion-deletion)多态的过程中,发现其杂合子的变性和非变性聚丙烯酰胺胶上除2条同源双链DNA(282bp和273bp)外有2条未知条带(命名为A和B).A,B条带经回收、二次PCR、再次聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳及DNA测序表明:Visfatin基因第10内含子中9bp insertion-deletion突变杂合子的PCR产物中,本身包含2种同源双链DNA片段和2种异源双链DNA片段,不需要经过额外的变性、退火处理,其PCR产物可以直接进行突变检测,在229个杂合突变中异源双链DNA的检出率为100%.因此,通过异源双链DNA这一标示物作为基因分型时的依照或者参考,建立适当的异源双链DNA分析法可进行基因中几个核苷酸插入/缺失多态的检测.     

利用PCR技术快速制备DNA分子量标准物

目的：制备一套DNA分子量标准物。方法：利用多聚酶链式反应技术（PCR）,以连接有9个不同大小DNA片段的pMD18-T载体为模板,M13引物为通用引物,进行大规模扩增,并进行2%琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析和利用TanonGIS凝胶图像处理系统对凝胶扫描及拍照。结果：DNA分子量条带大小依次为1653bp、1173bp、691bp、606bp、496bp、401bp、326bp、238bp、155bp,条带分布适度、亮度清晰。结论：制备了能满足研究和实验室的要求DNA分子量标准物,和市售的相比,成本大大降低。     

热带小奥德蘑的序列特异性扩增标记开发

[目的]为了快速、准确地对热带小奥德蘑JZB2115055进行鉴定和保护,该研究开发了该菌的序列特异性扩增(SCAR)标记。[方法]采用26个ISSR引物对19个小奥德蘑属菌株进行PCR扩增,以引物P826扩增时,JZB2115055在700 bp～1 000 bp之间出现了一条特异条带,获得此条带的DNA序列并设计特异性引物对P826-1-2XF/R。[结果]以19个小奥德蘑DNA为模板,P826-1-2XF/R为引物在JZB2115055中能够特异性地扩增出2条条带,长度分别为431 bp、537 bp;该引物在2～19号菌株中扩增不出目的条带或者扩增条带在2 000～5 000 bp之间。[结论]开发了热带小奥德蘑JZB2115055的SCAR标记,能够在该菌中特异性地扩增出431 bp和537 bp大小的条带,而其他18株菌株不能扩增出特异条带,此标记能够快速、准确地进行该菌的鉴定和保护。     

蛋鸽早期性别DNA分子鉴定

蛋鸽早期性别的鉴定一直是制约蛋鸽业发展的瓶颈问题。在本研究中,我们采用PCR扩增和琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测的方法,对20日龄期的100只蛋鸽的性别连锁基因染色体解旋酶DNA结合基因CHD(chromo-helicase DNA binding)进行跨内含子扩增检测。蛋鸽早期DNA分子电泳检测结果与成年后的真实性别核对结果表明:所有雌性蛋鸽扩增结果含有两条带,其大小分别为280bp和250bp,雄性蛋鸽仅有一条280bp的条带;泊松统计分析发现,蛋鸽早期DNA分子判定结果达到统计学上显著水平,可以作为蛋鸽早期性别鉴定的一种方法。本实验实现了以DNA分子为基础的早期蛋鸽性别鉴定,将对蛋鸽业早期的饲养成本降低和早期雄性蛋鸽的淘汰起到准确的指导作用。     

一种高特异性的改良降落PCR

为提高基因组DNA中的基因PCR检出的特异性,设计了一种改良的降落PCR程序,并分别用TaqDNA聚合酶及高保真PfuDNA聚合酶进行实验。自盐藻Dunaliella bardawil中提取基因组DNA作为PCR模板,使用TaqDNA聚合酶及PfuDNA聚合酶,运用普通PCR和降落PCR程序,扩增胡萝眩素生物合成相关基因（cbr）上游启动子序列,并电泳比较PCR扩增产物的特异性。结果显示,使用普通Taq酶PCR,普通PCR程序产生200bp,500bp和1272bp长的三条带,而TD-PCR程序仅克隆出1272bp的特异带;利用高保真的PfuDNA聚合酶作PCR,在TD-PCR泳道中仅有1272bp一条带,而普通PCR除了1272bp的特异带外,还出现一条500bp的非特异带。无论使用普通Taq酶或高保真酶Pfu,改良的降落PCR程序均明显提高PCR的特异性,类似的降落PCR程序可望用于克隆用普通PCR难以克隆的基因片段,或在假阳性难以去除的情况下提高PCR的特异性。     

复合PCR扩增人mtDNA HVR方法的初探

目的:建立一种高效的扩增线粒体DNA高可变区(mtDNA HVR)的方法.方法:本研究选取5例健康成人静脉血,用人血全基因组DNA试剂盒,提取全基因组DNA,设计引物,用复合PCR方式,对线粒体DNA中的高可变区进行扩增.复合扩增的方式为:用6对套叠引物分开进行两次独立的PCR,扩增mtDNA HVR.第一次扩增用3对引物,目标DNA片段基本涵盖整个线粒体DNA的高可变区,扩增后得到互不重叠的3个短片段,分别为113 bp,126 bp和131bp.第二次复合扩增用其余的3对引物,目标片段基本重叠在第一次扩增所得的目标片段的区域内,扩增得到3个互不重叠的片段为124 bp,133 bp和93bp.所有扩增产物经过纯化后测序.结果:复合PCR方式获得的mtDNA HVR基因序列完整,5个样本均出现特异性条带,电泳结果条带单一、清晰.结论:复合扩增PCR方法对mtDNA HVR区的扩增效率高,测序结果稳定,结合6对套叠引物,不但保证了序列的完整性,另外,两次独立的PCR也减少了PCR反应过程中错配的发生,此法也适用于保存时间较久的古代线粒体DNA短片段的研究.复合扩增PCR还展示出了潜在的高产量的特点,相对传统PCR显示了其更多的优势.     

一种鉴别临床常见致病性葡萄球菌方法的建立与初步评价

目的建立一种鉴别临床常见致病性葡萄球菌的聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性（PCRRFLP）方法。方法采用经全自动微生物鉴定系统和分子生物学方法准确鉴定的金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌各3株,提取细菌DNA,PCR扩增tuf基因,扩增产物Alu I、Hinf I双酶切后进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳,分析不同葡萄球菌酶切后带型的差异。收集临床分离葡萄球菌142株,采用建立的PCRRFLP对其进行分类鉴别,随机选择分类鉴别的葡萄球菌各20株,PCR扩增16S r DNA,扩增产物测序,将结果与Gen Bank数据库进行比对,初步评价该方法的准确性。结果金黄色葡萄球菌,表皮葡萄球菌,溶血葡萄球菌均能扩增出长668 bp DNA片段。扩增产物经Alu I、Hinf I双酶切后电泳条带不同,金黄色葡萄球菌出现三条带（108 bp/192 bp/217 bp）,表皮葡萄球菌出现两条带（192 bp/304 bp）,溶血葡萄球菌出现两条带（192 bp/217 bp）。PCR-RFLP结果显示,142株葡萄球菌中金黄色葡葡球菌、表皮葡葡球菌和溶血葡葡球菌分别为67、29和46株。随机挑选的20株不同种葡萄球菌16S r DNA测序结果与Gen Bank数据库对应序列的相似性均〉99%,说明建立的PCR-RFLP方法能准确区分三种常见葡萄球菌。结论 PCRRFLP能准确鉴别临床常见的致病性葡萄球菌,为葡萄球菌病的分子诊断奠定了基础。     

Magnetic bead hybridization to detect enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains associated with cattle in environmental water sources

A magnetic capture hybridization - polymerase chain reaction (MCH-PCR) method was used to increase the detection sensitivity of the enterotoxin gene LTIIa, used as a biomarker for waste in environmental samples. The samples were collected from cow lagoons of different farms and from environmental waters. Total DNA was extracted from colonies grown on mTEC medium or directly from environmental samples. The cow-specific Escherichia coli LTIIa gene was used as a DNA marker. A LTIIa-specific oligonucleotide probe was designed to capture the LTIIa marker during the MCH, followed by PCR. Varying levels of humic acid were added to the DNA extracts to evaluate the sensitivity and effectiveness of MCH-PCR. The minimal detection limit of MCH-PCR for the LTIIa gene was 2.5 ag/muL DNA. In the presence of humic acid, MCH-PCR was able to increase the detection sensitivity 10 000-fold over that of conventional PCR. The MCH-PCR could also detect one cell with the LTIIa DNA marker in a 1-L seeded environmental water sample. Results in this study indicate that MCH-PCR is more sensitive than nested PCR in testing environmental samples.     

A novel sex-specific DNA marker in Columbidae birds

That most Columbidae birds have no conspicuous sexual dimorphism often makes it difficult to identify their sex on the basis of external morphology. In the present study, we report a novel sex-specific DNA marker in Columbidae birds. DNA was extracted from one member of this bird group, Streptopelia orientalis (S. orientalis, oriental turtle dove), and used to identify a female-specific DNA marker using a random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting. One hundred and sixty random primers were used for the RAPD-PCR reactions. When using the OPAV17 primer, a novel 902 bp sex-specific PCR product was amplified from known female birds. This fragment of DNA was cloned and sequenced. Two primers, TurSexOPAV17-F and TurSexOPAV17-R, were designed from the cloned sex-specific sequence, and were successfully used to amplify a 777 bp female-specific fragment using PCR from S. orientalis DNA. This sex-specific marker was also amplified from genomic DNA samples of two other female Columbidae, S. chinensis and Columba livia. Sequence analysis showed that this novel sex-specific marker was highly conserved amongst these three bird species. In contrast, the PCR product was not amplified from male DNA of these species, nor from either sex of the S. chinensis formosa birds. Therefore, we concluded that our novel marker can be used to rapidly and accurately identify the sex of birds from three species of Columbidae.     

大麻性别的RAPD和SCAR分子标记

利用随机扩增多态性DNA(randomamplifiedpolymorphicDNA,RAPD)技术获得与大麻性别连锁的分子标记.将10株雄性大麻或10株雌性大麻的单个DNA样品等量混合分别组成雄性或雌性DNA池(DNApool),以提供具有相同遗传背景的雌、雄性DNA样品.每个随机引物分别用三个不同的循环程序进行PCR扩增.在30个随机引物中,用引物401扩增得到一条约2.5kb雄性多态性片段.对该片段进行了克隆和序列分析,并根据序列分析结果将上述RAPD分子标记转化为重复性和特异性更好的SCAR(sequencecharacterizedamplifiedregions)分子标记.     

膳食诱导肥胖大鼠模型的肠道菌群结构及其特异分子标识物

目的通过对膳食诱导肥胖（Diet Induced Obesity,DIO）大鼠与健康对照组大鼠的肠道菌群结构的分析比较,寻找造成2组大鼠菌群结构差异的分子标识物,探讨肠道菌群的组成和结构与宿主肥胖之间的关系。方法ERIC—PCR结合Southern-blot得到肠道菌群基因组指纹图谱,利用Southem-blot与多元统计方法（PCA、PLS等）找出差异条带,回收差异条带进行测序,根据序列设计特异性引物,以定量PCR法对结果进行验证。结果ERIC-PCR图谱表明膳食诱导肥胖大鼠在肠道菌群结构上与正常大鼠存在着较大的区别;根据杂交结果找到一段基因组DNA片段为膳食诱导肥胖大鼠组所特有,定量分析表明该DNA片段在2组大鼠间区别明显。结论膳食诱导肥胖大鼠所特有的一段基因组DNA片段可作为肥胖大鼠肠道的特征分子标识物,该标识物有望用于膳食诱导肥胖的机制研究中。     

水稻抗白叶枯病基因Xa-4的PCR标记研究

根据与水稻抗白叶枯病基因Ｘａ－４紧密连锁的分子标记Ｍ５５的序列设计引物,通过对国际水稻研究所育成的抗白叶枯病近等基因系和基因累加系的叶片ＤＮＡ、半粒种子提取物及Ｘａ－４基因的杂合体ＤＮＡ的ＰＣＲ特异扩增,初步建立了Ｘａ－４的ＰＣＲ标记体系。进而用该标记体系对我国籼型杂交水稻常用的亲本材料进行分析,揭示出了Ｘａ－４在这些材料中的分布情况。     

A simple and rapid technique for the authentication of the ginseng cultivar, Yunpoong, using an SNP marker in a large sample of ginseng leaves

Yunpoong is an important Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) cultivar, but no molecular marker has been available to identify Yunpoong from other cultivars. In this study, we developed a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker for Yunpoong based on analysis of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) in an exon region of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene. This SNP marker had high specificity to authenticate Yunpoong in twelve different main ginseng cultivars. For application of the molecular marker, a rapid identification method was established based on the NaOH-Tris method and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in order to ensure more efficiency in the cultivar selection. The biggest feature of the NaOH-Tris method was that it made the extraction of DNA very simple and rapid in young leaf tissues. We only spent 1 min to extract DNA and directly used it to do PCR. In this report, the conventional DNA extraction method was used to develop molecular marker process, and the NaOH-Tris method was applied in screening large numbers of cultivars. Moreover, the greatest advantage of the real-time PCR compared with traditional PCR, is time saving and high efficiency. Thus, this strategy provides a rapid and reliable method for the specific identification of Yunpoong in a large number of samples.     

芦笋雌性特异性片段的克隆和分析(简报)

芦笋(Asparagus officinalis L.)又名石刁柏、龙须菜,系雌雄异株宿根性植物,是重要的经济作物之一。芦笋的性染色体为一对同形的L5染色体,雌性的性染色体为XX,雄性的性染色体为XY。性别决定的多态性是由位于一对L5性染色体上的一个显性基因M决定的[1-3],雌株基因型为隐性纯合子mm,雄株为显性纯合子MM(又称超雄株)或杂合子Mm。在生产上,由于雄株比雌株高产25%以上[4],并具有极强的抗病性和生命力,故雄株特别是超雄株则倍受生产者的青睐,但芦笋雌雄鉴定只有等到种植的第二年待植株开花时才能进行,这就严重影响了芦笋的有目的种植和经济效…     

Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) Polymorphism: A Simple,Novel DNA Marker Technique for Generating Gene-Targeted Markers in Plants

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers have been used for numerous applications in plant molecular genetics research despite having disadvantages of poor reproducibility and not generally being associated with gene regions. A novel method for generating plant DNA markers was developed based on the short conserved region flanking the ATG start codon in plant genes. This method uses single 18-mer primers in single primer polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and an annealing temperature of 50°C. PCR amplicons are resolved using standard agarose gel electrophoresis. This method was validated in rice using a genetically diverse set of genotypes and a backcross population. Reproducibility was evaluated by using duplicate samples and conducting PCR on different days. Start codon targeted (SCoT) markers were generally reproducible but exceptions indicated that primer length and annealing temperature are not the sole factors determining reproducibility. SCoT marker PCR amplification profiles indicated dominant marker like RAPD markers. We propose that this method could be used in conjunction with these markers for applications such as genetic analysis, bulked segregant analysis, and quantitative trait loci mapping, especially in laboratories with a preference for agarose gel electrophoresis.     

Persistence and growth of fecal Bacteroidales assessed by bromodeoxyuridine immunocapture

Extraintestinal growth of fecal bacteria can impair accurate assessment of watershed health. Anaerobic fecal bacteria belonging to the order Bacteroidales are attractive candidates for fecal source tracking because they have host-specific distributions and do not grow well in the presence of high oxygen concentrations. Growth of general and human-specific fecal Bacteroidales marker organisms in environmental samples (sewage) and persistence of the corresponding genetic markers were investigated using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) DNA labeling and immunocapture, followed by PCR detection. Background amplification of unlabeled controls occasionally occurred when a high number of PCR cycles was used. By using fluorescent detection of PCR products obtained after 15 cycles, which was determined to be quantitative, we enriched for BrdU-labeled DNA and did not detect unlabeled DNA. By using pure cultures of Bacteroides vulgatus, the ability of Bacteroidales bacteria to take up and incorporate BrdU into nascent DNA was confirmed. Fecal Bacteroidales organisms took up and incorporated BrdU into DNA during growth. In sewage incubated aerobically at the in situ temperature, Bacteroidales genetic marker sequences persisted for at least 24 h and Bacteroidales fecal bacteria grew for up to 24 h as well. Detection by PCR using a low, quantitative cycle number decreased the sensitivity of the assay such that we were unable to detect fecal Bacteroidales human-specific marker sequences in unlabeled or BrdU-labeled fractions, even when fluorescent detection was used. Using 30 PCR cycles with unlabeled fractions, human-specific Bacteroidales sequences were detected, and they persisted for up to 24 h in sewage. These data support the utility of BrdU labeling and immunocapture followed by length heterogeneity PCR or fluorescent detection using low numbers of PCR cycles. However, this method may not be sensitive enough to identify cells that are present at low densities in aquatic environments.