Lack of Structural Variation but Extensive Length Polymorphisms and Heteroplasmic Length Variations in the Mitochondrial DNA Control Region of Highly Inbred Crested Ibis,Nipponia nippon

The animal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) length polymorphism and heteroplasmy are accepted to be universal. Here we report the lack of structural variation but the presence of length polymorphism as well as heteroplasmy in mtDNA control region of an endangered avian species – the Crested Ibis (Nipponia nippon). The complete control region was directly sequenced while the distribution pattern and inheritance of the length variations were examined using both direct sequencing and genotyping of the PCR fragments from captive birds with pedigrees, wild birds and a historical specimen. Our results demonstrated that there was no structural variation in the control region, however, different numbers of short tandem repeats with an identical motif of CA₃CA₂CA₃ at the 3′-end of the control region determined the length polymorphisms among and heteroplasmy within individual birds. There were one to three predominant fragments in every bird; nevertheless multiple minor fragments coexist in all birds. These extremely high polymorphisms were suggested to have derived from the ‘replication slippage’ of a perfect microsatellite evolution following the step-wise mutational model. The patterns of heteroplasmy were found to be shifted between generations and among siblings but rather stable between blood and feather samples. This study provides the first evidence of a very extensive mtDNA length polymorphism and heteroplasmy in the highly inbred Crested Ibis which carries an mtDNA genome lack of structural genetic diversity. The analysis of pedigreed samples also sheds light on the transmission of mtDNA length heteroplasmy in birds following the genetic bottleneck theory. Further research focusing on the generation and transmission of particular mtDNA heteroplasmy patterns in single germ line of Crested Ibis is encouraged by this study.     

树鼩解剖数据的测定与分析

解剖数据是实验动物主要的生物学特性指标。该文对实验室驯养树鼩(7～9月龄)的体尺、骨骼、乳头、肠道及脏器重量与系数等解剖学数据进行了测定与分析。31项解剖数据测量结果显示雌、雄个体间体高、右耳宽、回肠及结肠差异显著(P<0.05),体斜长、胸深、躯干长、左右两前肢长、右后肢长、左右两侧耳长、左耳宽、龙骨长、左右两侧胫长、十二指肠及空肠长等差异极显著(P<0.01)。以体长为因变量,尾长、躯干长、左前肢长、右前肢长、左后肢长及右后肢长等为自变量作逐步回归分析,回归方程为:体长=13.90+尾长×0.16。37项脏器及系数测定结果:雌雄间比较,体重、心、肺、脾、左肾、右肾、膀胱、左海马、右海马、左颌下腺、左甲状腺、右甲状腺重量差异极显著(P<0.01)。小肠、右颌下腺、左肾上腺之间差异显著(P<0.05);心、肺、胃、膀胱、小肠、大肠、脑、右海马、左肾上腺系数雌雄间差异极显著(P<0.01)。右肾、左海马、左颌下腺、右肾上腺、左右两侧甲状腺系数之间达到了显著性水平(P<0.05)。以动物体重为因变量,以主要脏器指标:心脏、肺、肝、脾、左肾、右肾、脑为自变量,作逐步回归分析,回归方程为:体重=62.73+左肾×79.213+心脏×24.09。实验室驯养树鼩不同性别对体尺、脏器及系数、肠道等解剖数据有一定影响,为树鼩实验动物化及人类疾病动物模型研究提供基础数据。     

遗传谱系示踪技术揭示小鼠胚胎前体心外膜向心外膜转化过程

心外膜的形成是胚胎心脏发育的关键生理过程之一。利用遗传谱系示踪技术示踪观察前体心外膜向心外膜细胞转化过程,具有重要的科学研究价值。本研究拟利用Tbx18+前体/心外膜祖细胞遗传谱系示踪模型,揭示胚胎心外膜的起源及前体心外膜向心外膜转化的过程。利用整胚和切片原位杂交技术揭示,Tbx18 mRNA特异性表达于胚龄（E）9.5 d小鼠胚胎前体心外膜;故Tbx18是前体心外膜的特异性标记基因。利用整胚X-Gal染色,揭示报告基因Lacz在E9.5 d遗传谱系示踪模型鼠胚前体心外膜中大量表达,此时报告基因从前体心外膜逐渐迁移并开始少量表达于心外膜。Lacz在E10～E10.5 d双杂合鼠胚前体心外膜中表达逐渐减少,而在心外膜组织中逐渐增多;在E11.5 d,报告基因在前体心外膜中表达基本消失,而在心外膜组织中大量表达。切片进行X-Gal染色也揭示,报告基因Lacz定位于早期胚胎前体心外膜及心外膜。免疫荧光染色证实,早期胚胎心外膜细胞呈现未分化的祖细胞状态。通过报告基因的表达变化模式揭示,胚胎心外膜的形成经历了启动、转化、完成3个阶段;E9.5～11.5 d左右这个时间段发生的前体心外膜向心外膜转化,可能是心外膜形成的主要来源和形式。     

鲤鱼鸟氨酸脱羧酶基因的序列特征和表达

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建鲤ODC1基因型与增重的相关性分析

构建了建鲤（Cyprinus carpio var. jian）鸟氨酸脱羧酶（Ornithine decarboxylase,ODC）jlODC1a基因上6个和jlODC1b基因上4个SNP位点的PCR-RFLP方法,检测了这10个位点在12个家系约900尾建鲤选育群体中的基因型,各位点的基因型频率存在差异,最小等位基因频率（MAF）为0.140.48。各位点不同基因型与增重相关分析结果,其中7个SNPs与建鲤增重显性相关的位点,ODC1s基因上与雌鱼增重相关的SNP位点（7个）较雄鱼（4个）多。标记富集结果表明富集与建鲤增重相关的优势基因型的SNP个数越多的个体增重速度越快SNP个数越多的个体增重速度越快,富集4个的平均增重显著快于富集03的个体增重,且比0标记的快约14%,这反映出生长为数量性状。进一步对所检测位点进行双倍型分析,结果显示具有四个优势基因型且全部杂合优势基因型的4567（XXXXXXACCTCTCT）组的增重最快,比0优势基因型的增重快达26.6%,可以考虑用于今后的快增长建鲤的选育计划中。此外,双倍型分析结果还表明,不同位点之间可能存在或颉抗或协同的互作,如1和4之间存在拮抗关系,因此在今后的选育计划中,在考虑标记富集的情况下还应考虑标记之间的关系。宜在选择互为协同作用优势基因型的前提下,富集尽可能多的SNP标记。       

西藏草地生态系统植被碳贮量及其空间分布格局

在广泛收集资料的基础上,利用平均碳密度方法,估算了西藏高原草地生态系统17类草地植被的碳贮量,并分析了其空间分布格局.结果表明:(1)17类草地植被总面积为8205.194×104hm2,总碳贮量为189.367 Tg (1TgC＝1012g),平均碳密度为2307.895 kgC/hm2,不同植被类型差异较大,在395.977～20471.161kgC/hm2之间波动;(2)从草地类型分布看,高寒草原和高寒草甸是西藏分布面积最大的2类草地,分布面积占西藏草地总面积的70.210%,又是西藏草地碳贮量的主要贮库,碳贮量占西藏草地总碳贮量的79.393%;(3)在空间分布格局上,随着自藏东南向西北的延伸,草地植被总碳密度逐次降低,这一水平分布格局与西藏独特的水热分布相一致;碳密度的垂直分布规律因地区而异,但各地区均以高寒草甸或高寒荒漠的低碳密度为终点,表现出"殊途同归"的特征.     

Salicylic acid activates artemisinin biosynthesis in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Artemisia annua</Emphasis> L.

This paper provides evidence that salicylic acid (SA) can activate artemisinin biosynthesis in Artemisia annua L. Exogenous application of SA to A. annua leaves was followed by a burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the conversion of dihydroartemisinic acid into artemisinin. In the 24 h after application, SA application led to a gradual increase in the expression of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) gene and a temporary peak in the expression of the amorpha-4,11-diene synthase (ADS) gene. However, the expression of the farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FDS) gene and the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP71AV1) gene showed little change. At 96 h after SA (1.0 mM) treatment, the concentration of artemisinin, artemisinic acid and dihydroartemisinic acid were 54, 127 and 72% higher than that of the control, respectively. Taken together, these results suggest that SA induces artemisinin biosynthesis in at least two ways: by increasing the conversion of dihydroartemisinic acid into artemisinin caused by the burst of ROS, and by up-regulating the expression of genes involved in artemisinin biosynthesis.     

基因谱系示踪技术揭示小鼠Tbx18+心脏祖细胞向心系细胞分化的潜能

心脏祖细胞(cardiac progenitor cells,CPCs)的研究对阐明先天性心脏病的机制及治疗心血管疾病具有重要意义.哺乳动物的心脏组织由多种不同CPCs分化形成.转录因子Tbx18在发育中的心外膜中表达,对心脏的发育形成起重要的调节作用.为了在组织及活体细胞水平检测和阐明Tbx18+CPC的分化潜能,应用Cre-LoxP系统建立Tbx18+CPCs基因命运谱系示踪模型:Tbx18-Cre/Rosa26R-EYFP和Tbx18-Cre/Rosa26R-LacZ双杂合基因敲入小鼠.该双杂合基因敲入小鼠通过Cre的表达能有效地示踪Tbx18+细胞在胚胎和成年小鼠中的分化命运.Tbx18-Cre/Rosa26R-EYFP双杂合小鼠心脏能非常容易地利用流式细胞分选系统(FACS)分离出YFP+细胞,也可在倒置共聚焦显微镜下观察.应用X-gal染色分析其表达模式,揭示Tbx18命运谱系参与心房肌、室间隔、心室肌、冠状动脉、瓣膜等的形成.应用免疫荧光技术初步揭示Tbx18+CPCs向心脏肌钙蛋白T(cTNT)阳性心肌细胞和平滑肌肌球蛋白重链11(MYH11)阳性血管平滑肌细胞分化的潜能.心脏是一个由多种肌肉和非肌肉组织细胞构成的复杂器官.推测Tbx18可能在心脏祖细胞向肌源性细胞分化的信号通路中起重要调节作用.在上述研究中应用基因谱系示踪技术,验证Tbx18可作为一类CPCs的标志,为更深入揭示心脏祖细胞向心系细胞的分化潜能打下基础.     

昆虫病原斯氏线虫SY-5对重组Cip晶体蛋白的营养利用（英文稿）

【目的】初生型Photorhabdus luminescens细菌产生两种胞内晶体蛋白CipA和CipB,为其共生的昆虫病原异小杆线虫提供营养。探索非共生的斯氏线虫对Cip蛋白的营养利用情况。【方法】在已构建重组Cip蛋白大肠杆菌表达体系的基础上,建立重组菌细胞与无菌斯氏SY-5线虫共培养系统,检测线虫的生长发育情况。【结果】Cip蛋白对目标线虫生长有显著支持作用:发育为成虫的比例达到65%-82%,雌虫的怀卵率为80%-95%,平均怀卵量为30-50粒,并显著降低各虫态的死亡率。【结论】Cip蛋白不仅为共生的异小杆线虫提供营养,亦能为斯氏线虫所利用。