植物向光性反应的研究进展

本文对近年来有关植物向光性反应的研究结果作一综述:1)向光素和隐花色素是植物向光反应中的主要光受体,光敏色素在植物向光性反应中也起一定的作用;2)对植物的光辐照度-弯曲度曲线的分析,可知植物的正向光性运动有两种反应,即第一次正向光性弯曲和第二次正向光性弯曲;3)拟南芥(Arabidopsisthaliana)和水稻(Oryza sativa)等植物的根系具有负向光性的特性,根的负向光性倾斜生长角度为负向光性生长和向重性生长相互作用的矢量和;4)生长素的胞间运输依赖于生长素载体,生长素载体的不对称分布和动态运动是生长素极性运输和向性运动的分子基础.     

丛枝菌根真菌摩西球囊霉对铜胁迫下白术幼苗光合特性及抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用盆栽试验,添加不同浓度(0、200、400 mg·kg~(-1))铜(Cu),研究接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)对白术(Atractylodes macrocephala)幼苗生长、光合特性、膜脂过氧化程度及抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,Cu胁迫使白术幼苗生长和叶片光合系统受到明显抑制,膜脂过氧化水平升高,抗氧化酶活性降低;接种摩西球囊霉后发现其能够较好地侵染白术根系,接种摩西球囊霉的白术幼苗在不同浓度Cu胁迫下,均表现为叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量增加,叶片净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)显著升高,胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)显著下降,质膜相对透性(MRP)及膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性较对照显著增加,植株生长量和体内Cu积累量较对照均有所下降。以上结果说明接种摩西球囊霉可提高Cu胁迫下白术幼苗叶片光合能力和抗氧化能力,降低膜脂过氧化水平,减少白术根系对Cu的吸收,缓解Cu胁迫对白术植株的伤害,提高白术产量和品质。     

Negative phototropism of rice root and its influencing factors

Some characteristics of the rice (Oryza sativa L.) root were found in the experiment of unilaterally irradiating the roots which were planted in water: (i) All the seminal roots, adventitious roots and their branched roots bent away from light, and their curvatures ranged from 25℃ to 60℃. The curvature of adventitious root of the higher node was often larger than that of the lower node, and even larger than that of the seminal root. (ii) The negative phototropic bending of the rice root was mainly due to the larger growth increment of root-tip cells of the irradiated side compared with that of the shaded side, (iii) Root cap was the site of light perception. If root cap was shaded while the root was irradiated the root showed no negative phototropism, and the root lost the characteristic of negative phototropism when root cap was divested. Rice root could resume the characteristic of negative phototropism when the new root cap grew up, if the original cells of root cap were well protected while root ca     

Negative phototropism of rice root and its influencing factors

Some characteristics of the rice (Oryza sativa L.) root were found in the experiment of unilaterally irradiating the roots which were planted in water: (i) All the seminal roots, adventitious roots and their branched roots bent away from light, and their curvatures ranged from 25° to 60°. The curvature of adventitious root of the higher node was often larger than that of the lower node, and even larger than that of the seminal root, (ii) The negative phototropic bending of the rice root was mainly due to the larger growth increment of root-tip cells of the irradiated side compared with that of the shaded side, (iii) Root cap was the site of light perception. If root cap was shaded while the root was irradiated the root showed no negative phototropism, and the root lost the characteristic of negative phototropism when root cap was divested. Rice root could resume the characteristic of negative phototropism when the new root cap grew up, if the original cells of root cap were well protected while root cap was divested, (iv) The growth increment and curvature of rice root were both influenced by light intensity. Within the range of 0–100 μmol · m² -s⁻¹, the increasing of light intensity resulted in the decreasing of the growth increment and the increasing of the curvature of rice root, (v) The growth increment and the curvature reached the maximum at 30°C with the temperature treatment of 10–40°C. (vi) Blue-violet light could prominently induce the negative phototropism of rice root, while red light had no such effect. (vii) The auxin (IAA) in the solution, as a very prominent influencing factor, inhibited the growth, the negative phototropism and the gravitropism of rice root when the concentration of IAA increased. The response of negative phototropism of rice root disappeared when the concentration of IAA was above 10 mg · L⁻¹     

低温对不同耐寒性橡胶树叶片抗氧化能力的影响

为了探讨低温胁迫对橡胶树耐寒新品种‘湛试327-13’和不耐寒品种‘文昌217’叶片抗氧化能力的影响,以橡胶嫁接苗为材料,模拟8℃/8℃(昼/夜)的低温胁迫,在4d内每天连续测定叶片抗氧化酶活性以及相关的生理参数,再通过激光共聚焦显微镜观察气孔保卫细胞H2O2荧光密度。结果发现:(1)低温胁迫使‘湛试327-13’和‘文昌217’叶片超氧阴离子产生速率、SOD、CAT和POD及APX活性均出现先升后降的趋势,且在整个低温胁迫中,‘湛试327-13’的各抗氧化酶活性均高于‘文昌217’;低温胁迫使‘湛试327-13’的H2O2含量在处理第1天后就达到最大值,‘文昌217’则在第3天才达到最大值。(2)两个品种叶片的H2O2含量和气孔保卫细胞的H2O2荧光强度在低温胁迫后的表现规律与上述指标基本一致。研究表明,‘湛试327-13’叶片超氧阴离子和H2O2快速积累,可能起到能促进抗氧化酶活性的提高,以及降低膜质氧化胁迫程度和TBARS含量的作用;且同时保持了较高的相对含水量和较低的相对电导率,从而提高了其对低温胁迫的耐性。     

植物根负向光性反应

本文介绍植物根的负向光性反应研究现状和进展。     

水稻根的负向光性及其影响因素

用水培法观察水稻根的生长, 发现: (ⅰ) 水稻的种子根和不定根, 以及由这些根上长出的分枝根都有负向光倾斜生长的习性. 稻根的负向光倾斜度一般在25° ~ 60°之间, 通常高节位不定根的负向光倾斜度大于低节位不定根的, 更大于种子根的. (ⅱ) 稻根的负向光倾斜生长是由于根尖受光侧细胞的生长量大于背光侧细胞的生长量所致. (ⅲ) 感受光的部位是根冠. 对根冠遮光而给根其他部分照光时根的生长不表现出负向光性; 剥除根冠而保留根尖分生区和伸长区时根会失去负向光性; 剥除根冠而保留根冠原始细胞时稻根在新根冠长出时会恢复背光生长的习性. (ⅳ) 稻根的生长量和负向光倾斜度受光强影响, 在0~100 mmol/(m²·s)的范围内, 根的生长量随光强的提高而减少, 根负向光性角度随光强的提高而增大. (ⅴ) 在10℃ ~ 40℃的温度处理中, 30℃时稻根生长量和负向光性角度最大. (ⅵ) 蓝紫光能显著诱导稻根的负向光性反应, 而红光则无效. (ⅶ) 水培液中的生长素浓度对稻根的生长和向性反应有显著影响. 在0~100 mg/L浓度范围中, 随着生长素浓度的提高对根的伸长生长、负向光性和向重性反应的抑制程度加剧, 当生长素浓度≥10 mg/L时稻根的负向光性反应消失.     

水稻OsPIN1d基因克隆与转化及其在水稻根负向光性中的作用

生长素极性运输输出载体OsPIN1基因家族可能参与调控水稻根负向光性,其中OsPIN1a和OsPIN1b参与水稻根负向光性已得到证实。为了研究OsPIN1d基因与水稻根负向光性形成的关系,依据GenBank数据库中OsPIN1d(Accession number:BR000830)的核苷酸序列,设计特异性引物,通过RT-PCR从水稻根尖的cDNA中扩增出完整的OsPIN1d基因全长。生物信息学分析表明,OsPIN1d的序列全长为1 497bp,编码554个氨基酸,GC含量为64.08%;氨基酸序列多重比对及系统发育树构建表明,OsPIN1d与水稻OsPIN1b、玉米OsPIN4以及拟南芥AtPIN2、OsPIN1c、OsPIN1a和AtPIN1等基因的遗传距离较近。通过构建融合超表达载体pCAMBIA-1301-OsPIN1d∷GFP,转化并获得其转基因水稻,经RT-PCR检测和GUS染色结果显示,外源片段已成功整合到水稻基因组内,并在根部高效表达;受单侧光照射后,转基因水稻种子的根负向光性明显大于野生型,且向光侧OsPIN1d-GFP荧光密度明显弱于背光侧。研究表明,OsPIN1d参与了水稻根负向光性的IAA和NAA的运输,从而促进了根负向光性的形成。     

施氮对水稻植株和颖果发育及稻米品质的影响

以'扬稻6号'和'粳稻941'为材料,在施氮总量相同条件下分别设置低分蘖肥高孕穗肥和高分蘖肥低孕穗肥2个施氮处理,通过盆栽试验研究施氮量和施氮时期对水稻植株生长、颖果发育和稻米品质的影响.结果表明:水稻植株鲜重、干重、分蘖数和株高随分蘖期氮肥用量增加而增加;增加孕穗期氮肥用量比例能显著提高抽穗期水稻剑叶和颖果光合速率、颖壳叶绿素含量、呼吸速率、颖果CAT及SOD活性;增加孕穗期氮肥用量还能提高水稻籽粒出糙率、精米率、整精米率,降低稻米垩白率,改善稻米的碾米品质和营养品质.因此,增加分蘖期施氮比例能促进水稻植株生长,而提高孕穗期施氮量则有利于水稻颖果发育和稻米品质改善.     

我国雷州半岛典型农田大气氮沉降

近一个半世纪以来,粮食和能源需求导致活性氮创造的急剧增加,从而导致各种活性氮的排放及其沉降的增加。氮沉降引起土壤酸化,水体富营养化,及敏感生态系统植物多样性的丧失等不良生态效应。因此定量不同生态系统氮沉降量对于确定该地区生态系统安全及氮循环有重要意义。南方地区氮沉降已有较多研究,主要集中于湿沉降的研究,选取雷州半岛地区典型农田综合研究了大气氮素的干湿沉降。结果表明:大气活性氮浓度NH3、HNO3、NO2、pNH+4和pNO-3浓度分别为5.62、0.88、3.16、3.30、2.02μg N/m3。采用欧洲氮沉降监测网的氮干沉降速率估算了大气氮干沉降量为17.6 kg N hm-2a-1。大气降雨NO-3-N浓度为(0.86±0.36)mg N/L,NH+4-N浓度为(1.11±0.68)mg N/L,大气降雨无机氮含量冬季最高,夏季最低。大气无机氮年湿沉降总量为25.3 kg N/hm2。湿沉降NH+4-N和NO-3-N,干沉降NH3、HNO3、NO2、pNH+4、pNO-3分别占沉降量的30.8%、28.0%、23.7%、5.4%、2.8%、3.9%、5.4%。湿沉降NH+4和干沉降NH3在氮沉降中占主导地位显示氮肥施用导致的NH3挥发对大气活性氮浓度及氮沉降的显著贡献。鉴于研究可观的氮沉降量(总沉降量42.9 kg N hm-2a-1),其向农田的养分的输入不容忽视;氮沉降对该地区水体,自然生态系统的环境影响需要受到重视。