猪卵巢体外保存温度对卵母细胞染色质构型和成熟能力的影响

Most porcine oocytes used in studies on embryo biotechnology and the in vitro production of embryos are currently obtained from the ovaries of slaughtered gilts. The duration and temperature during ovary transportation and handling might, therefore, affect the recovery of culturable COCs, chromatin configuration and developmental competence of oocytes. The effects of ovary storage temperature on chromatin configuration and in vitro maturation of porcine oocytes were examined in this study. Ovaries collected from a slaughterhouse were stored in vitro for 8 h under different temperatures. The results showed that more culturable COCs were isolated from the ovares stored at 39℃ than that from ovaries stored at 31℃ or 20℃ and before storage. Thirty-one centidegree was the best storage temperature in terms of cumulus expansion, nuclear maturation and morphology of the first polar body after in vitro maturation culture. The ability of cumulus expansion was completely lost in COCs derived from ovaries stored at 39℃ for 8 hours. Ovary storage （at both 31℃ and at 20℃ ） increased the proportion of oocytes with the GVc configuration in which chromatin condensed into a single big clump at the nucleolus and the functional significance of this configuration needs further investigations [ Acta Zoologica Sinica 51 （5）： 919 923, 2005].     

细胞核重新编程的研究进展

细胞核重新编程是哺乳动物正常胚胎和克隆胚胎发育的关键性因素,主要表现为表观遗传学上变化。在受精卵形成和发育过程中,基因组的甲基化状态和组蛋白的结合形式均发生改变;在核移植产生的克隆胚胎中,供体细胞核也会经历核膜破裂、早熟染色体凝集等变化,重新获得分化的潜能而发育为正常的克隆动物。同时存在多种因素影响重新编程的进行。现对哺乳动物细胞核重新编程的研究进展进行综述,以期为该领域进一步的探索提供借鉴。     

拟南芥AtUNE12基因的耐盐功能初探

bHLH转录因子家族成员在植物生长发育、生理代谢及非生物胁迫响应过程中起重要作用。本研究选取拟南芥抗逆相关bHLH转录因子家族中AtUNE12基因为研究对象,对其进行耐盐功能初探。首先构建AtUNE12基因的植物过表达载体（pROKⅡ-AtUNE12）,通过农杆菌介导的浸花法转化拟南芥,利用qRT-PCR技术检测获得T₃代AtUNE12过表达转基因植株。在盐胁迫下,分析过表达AtUNE12与野生型拟南芥长势、根长及鲜重;比较过表达AtUNE12与野生型植株的电解质渗透率、失水率、MDA含量、POD与SOD活性及H₂O₂含量,鉴定AtUNE12基因是否具有耐盐能力。结果表明：过表达AtUNE12基因降低了拟南芥植株的失水率、电解质渗透率及MDA含量,保护细胞膜结构的完整性;增强了POD与SOD活性,降低了拟南芥植株内的H₂O₂含量,进而增强拟南芥植株的ROS清除能力,从而提高拟南芥的耐盐能力。     

精原干细胞自我更新和分化的调控

精原干细胞（spermatogonial stem cells,SSCs）是体内自然状态下惟一能将遗传信息传至子代的成体干细胞,它们能通过维持自我更新和分化的稳定从而保证雄性生命过程中精子发生的持续进行。了解SSCs自我更新和分化的调节机制有助于阐明精子发生机理,并为探究其他组织中成体干细胞增殖分化的调节机制提供依据。然而目前对于SSCs自我更新和分化的调控机制所知甚少。SSCs的更新与分化遵循特定模式,受以睾丸支持细胞为主要成分的微环境及各种内分泌因素如胶质细胞源神经营养因子（GDNF）、维生素、Ets转录因子ERM/Etv5等的调控。本文评述了SSCs更新与分化的模式以及上述因素对其更新、分化的调控,探讨了其中可能涉及的信号通路,以期为本领域及其他成体干细胞相关研究提供借鉴。     

诱导多功能干细胞的影响因素

将体细胞诱导为多功能干细胞为人类的再生医学提供了一个全新的研究手段,从而可以不用损坏胚胎就能获得可用于治疗各种特殊疾病的细胞。本文比较了近年来关于生成诱导性多能干细胞(induced pluripotent stem cells,iPS细胞)的诱导方法及重编程效率,总结了这些方法的共同点;另外通过对每个不同试验过程的影响因素进行比较,归纳了影响iPS细胞重编程过程的几个因素。     

组织学与胚胎学中的科技人物和名词(二)

组织学与胚胎学是医学、动物医学、动物科学等专业本科生的一门专业基础课程,其内容涉及许多人名类名词。在教学中,如能适当介绍其来龙去脉,引入相关科技史,对提升课堂教学的趣味性,调动和激发学生的学习兴趣和动力都很有好处。近年来本室整理了相关资料并在多个期班进行了教学实践,取得良好效果。在前文基础上,本文简介了各器官系统组织学及早期胚胎发育涉及的主要科技人物和名词,供相关教学人员参考。     

母源效应蛋白在基因组印记维持中的作用

基因组印记是指生殖细胞发生过程中双亲基因组发生差异表观修饰,使带有亲代印记的等位基因出现父源或母源单等位基因表达。在配子发生和早期胚胎发育过程中,基因组印记甲基化经历一个去除、重建和维持的复杂过程。这个过程中的任何环节被干扰都将导致印记紊乱,造成胚胎发生、胎盘形成及出生后发育异常。近来研究表明,早期胚胎发育过程中一些母源效应蛋白在印记基因表观调控中起重要作用。为了更好地理解这些母源因子对印记基因建立及维持的作用与机制,文章综述了DPPA3、ZFP57、TRIM28和DNMT1等母源效应因子近年来的相关研究进展,并探讨了这些因子对基因组印记的表观调控机制。     

睾丸支持细胞对精原干细胞发育的调节

精原干细胞(spermatogonial stem cells,SSCs)是位于睾丸曲精小管基膜上既能自我更新,又能定向分化的一类原始精原细胞.鉴于其独具的生物学特性,SSCs研究在干细胞生物学、医学、畜牧业等领域均具有重要意义,但目前有关其更新、分化的调控机制仍不清楚.干细胞的发育受其外部特定发育环境及其内在因素的综合调控.最近以睾丸支持细胞为主要结构组分的发育环境对SSCs行为的调控研究备受关注且取得快速进展.综合相关报道,主要就哺乳动物睾丸支持细胞对SSCs更新、分化的调节进行了评述,以期为本领域及其他干细胞研究提供借鉴.     

小鼠精子注入兔卵母细胞受精研究

The methods of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and subzonal injection (SUZI) were used to study heterologous fertilization and embryonic development between the mouse and the rabbit. Results were as follows: 1. The mouse sperm nuclei decondensed and formed pronuclei following microinjection into cytoplasm and perivitelline space (PVS) of rabbit oocytes; 2. The hybrid embryos developed to the stage of 8-cell when cultured in vitro; 3. The karyotype analysis showed a normal complement of rabbit oocyte and mouse sperm chromosomes in the 4-cell hybrid embryos; 4. The ultrastructure of 4-cell hybrid embryos was similar to that of normal 4-cell rabbit embryos; 5. The fertilization rate (32.4%) and cleavage rate (22.2%) when 5-10 mouse spermatozoa were injected were higher than those of injection of a single spermatozoon into PVS of the rabbit oocyte, but the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). The fertilization rate (42.3%) and cleavage rate (30.8%) in rabbit oocytes in vitro matured for 11-12 h were higher than those in the oocytes which were in vitro matured for 24-25 h following microinjection of 1-2 mouse spermatozoa into PVS, but the difference was not significant (P > 0.05).