灭幼脲Ⅲ号在好气水环境中的降解代谢的初步研究

本文研究了新农药灭幼脲Ⅲ号在好气水环境中的降解与代谢。在避光条件下,观察了灭菌组与实验组中灭幼脲Ⅲ号及其主要代谢产物的消长过程,比较了它的化学水解与微生物降解的差异。在室内模拟好气系统中,研究了母体化合物在水体中的残留动态和生物降解半衰期,及其初期主要代谢途径的转化产物,同时分别用高效液相色谱法,紫外吸收光谱扫描,以及特征有机质谱图,对灭幼脲Ⅲ号的两种主要代谢产物进行了定性定量测定。结果表明:灭幼脲Ⅲ号在室内好气环境中较易水解,而且水中微生物的存在能加速它的降解,母体化合物在水体中初期代谢主要途径为分子中的苯甲酰碳与脲氮键首先开裂,生成邻氯苯甲酸(CBA)和对氯苯基脲素(CPU)。     

森林土壤氮转化的微生物功能研究

本文研究了不同林型下土壤(A+6层和A_1层)微生物、土壤酶活性在森林土壤氮转化中的作用。结果表明不同林型下土壤具有不同的固氮作用、反硝化作用、氨化作用和硝化作用速率,即阔叶林>针阔混交林>针叶林。已经证明,固氮作用主要存在于森林土壤的A_1层,反硝化作用主要存在于A_0层。森林土壤存在2种硝化作用过程,即由自养微生物所引起的自养硝化作用过程和异养微生物所引起的异养硝化作用过程。它的存在与林型有关,某些森林土壤中这2种硝化作用过程都存在,如针阔混交林下的A_0层和A_1层。有些林型下土壤,则以异养硝化作用过程为主,如针叶林的A_0层。     

中国大鲵视网膜的光镜和扫描电镜研究

用光镜和扫描电镜观察了大鲵视网膜各类细胞的形态及分布, 对视细胞和节细胞进行计数。视网腊中三个核层及两个网状层分布均匀,无中央凹。每张视网膜的视细胞总数约130000,节细胞约8000,视杆与视锥之比为8.5：1。扫描电镜下,视杆外节表面的小叶间沟清晰;视杆视锥外节均有从内节伸出的20-30条萼状突起;核周体表面亦有20-30条细胞质突起。文中还报道了幼体视细胞的形态及密度。讨论了上述结构的机能。     

Upgrading the genome of an elite japonica rice variety Kongyu 131 for lodging resistance improvement

Developing a new rice variety requires tremendous efforts and years of input. To improve the defect traits of the excellent varieties becomes more cost and time efficient than breeding a completely new variety. Kongyu 131 is a high-performing japonica variety with early maturity, high yield, wide adaptability and cold resistance, but the poor-lodging resistance hinders the industrial production of Kongyu 131 in the Northeastern China. In this study, we attempted to improve the lodging resistance of Kongyu 131 from perspectives of both gene and trait. On the one hand, by QTL analysis and fine mapping we discovered the candidate gene loci. The following CRISPR/Cas9 and transgenic complementation study confirmed that Sd1 dominated the lodging resistance and favourable allele was mined for precise introduction and improvement. On the other hand, the Sd1 allelic variant was identified in Kongyu 131 by sequence alignment, then introduced another excellent allelic variation by backcrossing. Then, the two new resulting Kongyu 131 went through the field evaluation under different environments, planting densities and nitrogen fertilizer conditions. The results showed that the plant height of upgraded Kongyu 131 was 17%–26% lower than Kongyu 131 without penalty in yield. This study demonstrated a precise and targeted way to update the rice genome and upgrade the elite rice varieties by improving only a few gene defects from the perspective of breeding.     

铜对大鳞泥鳅幼鱼的毒性

本文用流水和换水式试验,在水硬度为115mg/L(以CaCO_3计)条件下研究了铜对大鳞泥鳅幼鱼生长和存活的影响。试验从刚孵出的幼鱼开始,流水式试验持续30d,换水式试验历时16d。结果表明,在流水条件下铜对泥鳅幼鱼存活有明显影响的可观察效应浓度最低是41.2μg/L,而无可观察效应浓度则为25.2μg/L。根据对现存量的影响,用换水式试验测得铜的最低可观察效应浓度为38μg/L,无可观察效应浓度是19μg/L。     

乳链菌肽高产菌株AL2的发酵条件研究

对乳链菌肽高产菌株ＡＬ２的发酵条件进行了研究,发现３０℃是产乳链菌肽的最适温度;蔗糖和酵母膏是最佳的碳、氮源,浓度分别为０．５％和１％。发酵培养基起始ｐＨ为６．５;锰离子对乳链菌肽的产生有促进作用,而铜离子却有严重的抑制作用。     

Analysis of nutrient components of food for Asian elephants in the wild and in captivity

Thirty-seven wild plants as food for Asian elephants in the field in Simao, Yunnan province, China and five cultivated plants as food for captive elephants in the Beijing Zoo were collected and analyzed for their main nutrient components. Protein, fat, fiber, dry material, ash as well as major microelements: calcium, kalium, zincum, sodium in the food were analyzed by standard methodology. No significant differences were found between the wild plants taken in the field and forage provided in captivity. However, the calcium content in the forage is significantly less than the average of those in the wild plants. It is suggested that the increase in calcium intake may contribute to the relief of low plasma calcium diseases of elephants in captivity. Translated from Journal of Beijing Normal University (Natural Science), 2006, 42(2): 184–188 [译自: 北京师范大学学报 (自然科学版)]     

α-Tocopherol is an effective Phase II enzyme inducer: protective effects on acrolein-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in human retinal pigment epithelial cells

Vitamin E has long been identified as a major lipid-soluble chain-breaking antioxidant in mammals. α-Tocopherol is a vitamin E component and the major form in the human body. We propose that, besides its direct chain-breaking antioxidant activity, α-tocopherol may exert an indirect antioxidant activity by enhancing the cell's antioxidant system as a Phase II enzyme inducer. We investigated α-tocopherol's inducing effect on Phase II enzymes and its protective effect on acrolein-induced toxicity in a human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell line, ARPE-19. Acrolein, a major component of cigarette smoke and also a product of lipid peroxidation, at 75 μmol/L over 24 h, caused significant loss of ARPE-19 cell viability, increased oxidative damage, decreased antioxidant defense, inactivation of the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway, and mitochondrial dysfunction. ARPE-19 cells have been used as a model of smoking- and age-related macular degeneration. Pretreatment with α-tocopherol activated the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway by increasing Nrf2 expression and inducing its translocation to the nucleus. Consequently, the expression and/or activity of the following Phase II enzymes increased: glutamate cysteine ligase, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1, heme-oxygenase 1, glutathione S-transferase and superoxide dismutase; total antioxidant capacity and glutathione also increased. This antioxidant defense enhancement protected ARPE-19 cells from an acrolein-induced decrease in cell viability, lowered reactive oxygen species and protein oxidation levels, and improved mitochondrial function. These results suggest that α-tocopherol protects ARPE-19 cells from acrolein-induced cellular toxicity, not only as a chain-breaking antioxidant, but also as a Phase II enzyme inducer.