微生物降解3,5,6-三氯-2-吡啶醇的研究进展

随着高毒性有机磷杀虫剂的限制和禁止使用,近年来以毒死蜱为代表的低毒性有机磷杀虫剂的市场份额有所增加。然而,毒死蜱的使用也导致了环境中3,5,6-三氯-2-吡啶醇(TCP)的产生,因为TCP是毒死蜱和甲基毒死蜱在环境中降解的主要中间代谢产物。它具有较高的水溶性和迁移性,容易进入深层土壤及水体环境,从而引起广泛的污染。释放到环境中的TCP不仅可以抑制TCP及其母体化合物毒死蜱和甲基毒死蜱的生物降解,而且也能抑制其他有机污染物的生物降解,从而进一步加重环境中TCP以及其他有机污染物的累积残留,影响环境系统的自我修复功能。本文概述了TCP及其母体化合物的结构、TCP的生态毒性、TCP降解菌的多样性及其微生物降解的最新研究进展,为毒死蜱和TCP污染地区进行经济可行的生物修复提供参考。     

小地老虎及粘虫幼虫对灭幼脲表现自然耐药力的体壁结构和生化基础

小地老虎Agrotis ypsilon rottem.幼虫对灭幼脲具有一定的自然耐药力。本文以粘虫Mythimna separata(Walker)作为敏感性虫种与之进行比较,实验结果表明,灭幼脲对两种试虫的室内毒力相差4倍左右,引起差异的原因,在体壁结构方面主要在于:(1)小地老虎幼虫的表皮层较粘虫的厚4.2倍左右;(2)上表皮不是匀质结构,依靠少数蜡道与体表沟通;(3)几丁质片层内的孔道数较少,仅及粘虫的1/4。由此构成了表皮对疏水性的灭幼脲表现抗穿透的性能。小地老虎幼虫体壁还含有较强的生化防卫体系,灭幼脲对多功能氧化酶、芳基酰胺酶有明显激活效应,这两种酶都是灭幼脲的降解酶。由此认为,小地老虎幼虫对灭幼脲所表现的自然耐药力,是由体壁的抗穿透性能以及由灭幼脲所激活的适应酶所造成。     

微生物法去除水中氯苯类化合物的研究进展

氯苯类化合物是水环境污染中的主要污染物之一, 本文主要介绍了目前国内外微生物法处理水中氯苯类化合物的最新研究成果, 包括氯苯类化合物的微生物好氧降解、厌氧降解、共代谢、生物活性炭以及生物处理工艺等, 并展望了该领域今后的研究方向。     

微生物法去除水中氯苯类化合物的研究进展

氯苯类化合物是水环境污染中的主要污染物之一,本文主要介绍了目前国内外微生物法处理水中氯苯类化合物的最新研究成果,包括氯苯类化合物的微生物好氧降解、厌氧降解,共代谢、生物活性炭以及生物处理工艺等,并展望了该领域今后的研究方向.     

微生物降解4-羟基苯甲酸的研究进展

4-羟基苯甲酸(4HBA)是在自然界中广泛存在的芳香族化合物,也是很多天然产物和人工合成化合物的中间代谢产物。4HBA的代谢途径有原儿茶酸开环途径、脱碳酸途径和厌氧微生物的苯甲酰-CoA还原途径,以及尚未完全阐明的龙胆酸开环途径。从4HBA转化为龙胆酸的过程包含NIH重排反应步骤,本综述重点介绍NIH重排反应的研究进展并初步介绍了涉及4HBA降解过程中的酶。在本综述中,结合我们的研究工作介绍了一个嗜热Bacillus sp.B1菌株降解4HBA等芳香族化合物的代谢途径,最后对4HBA降解过程中的NIH重排反应研究进行了展望。     

灭幼脲Ⅲ号对马尾松林昆虫群落多样性的影响研究

１９９５年７月至１９９６年６月在湘中丘陵区马尾松林内用灭幼脲Ⅲ号作的喷药试验结果表明,灭幼脲Ⅲ号不仅直接影响鳞翅目昆虫的物种组成主多样性水平,而且对膜翅目昆虫（主要是蚂蚁）和蜘蛛的物种组成及多样性水平有间接影响。在时间过程中,施药区鳞翅目和直翅目昆虫的多样性水平有一定程度的下降,但下降程度不如对照区大,膜翅目和蜘蛛的多样性水平则有较大程度的上升,因此林内昆虫群落趋于相对稳定。由于药剂对蚜虫种群无影     

多环芳烃微生物降解基因的研究进展

多环芳烃(PAHs)是环境中普遍存在的一类有机污染物,微生物的降解是PAHs去除的主要途径。近年来,有关PAHs微生物降解途径和代谢产物的研究已有很多报道。小分子PAHs一般可以直接被微生物降解,而大分子PAHs则需要微生物以共代谢的方式降解。在过去20年中,微生物降解PAHs的基因相继被发现,各种基因在调控PAHs降解过程中的功能也越来越清晰。本文概述了PAHs微生物降解基因方面的研究进展,详细介绍了微生物对萘、菲的降解基因,最后对PAHs微生物降解基因的应用前景进行了展望。     

杀虫剂灭幼脲类的研究简报

不久以前,Wellinga等报道了一类新的昆虫生长调节剂,取代苯基苯甲酰基脲类,简称灭幼脲类,具有阻止蜕皮的生物活性。昆虫的幼虫食下后,体内几丁质合成功能受到严重障碍,不能正常地形成新表皮,幼虫蜕皮变态受阻而死亡。在这类化合物中,药效较好的两个品种是1-(4-氯苯基)-3-(2,6-二氟苯甲酰基)脲——灭幼脲1号,国外商品名称为Dimilin、difluben zuron、TH6040及pH6040;1-(4-氯苯基)-3-(2,6-二氯苯甲酰基)脲——灭幼脲2号,国外称TH6038、pH6038,结构式如下:     

深渊来源Citricoccus sp.strain NyZ702的分离培养及其降解4-羟基苯甲酸的特性

【背景】深渊沉积物中存在丰富的微生物细胞和活跃的微生物碳周转,因此,分离培养微生物资源对于认识深渊中的物质循环、能量代谢具有重要意义。芳香化合物在环境中广泛存在,基于组学分析揭示了深渊中具有潜在的芳香化合物代谢菌株,然而深渊来源的芳香化合物降解微生物纯培养和相关的代谢机理研究仍然缺乏。【目的】从马里亚纳海沟沉积物样本中分离培养具有降解芳香化合物能力的微生物,对其代谢途径、中间产物和降解酶活力进行初步鉴定。【方法】以4-羟基苯甲酸为唯一碳源对马里亚纳海沟沉积物样本中的降解菌株进行分离培养,结合形态观察、16S rRNA基因扩增与序列分析对菌株进行鉴定,通过底物生长实验验证其降解能力,通过高效液相色谱和超高效液相色谱-飞行时间质谱联用仪初步鉴定全细胞生物转化中间产物,利用紫外分光光度计测定其粗酶液催化4-羟基苯甲酸的活力,进而推测菌株降解4-羟基苯甲酸的代谢途径。【结果】从深渊沉积物中分离培养获得一株好氧细菌,16SrRNA基因序列分析显示该菌株隶属于柠檬球菌属(Citricoccus),命名为Citricoccus sp. strain NyZ702。该菌株在LB固体培养基上经30°C培养4 d后呈柠檬黄色、不透明、表面光滑、边缘整齐、凸出于培养基表面、直径约为1-2 mm的圆形菌落。扫描电镜表明菌体呈球形,直径为0.4-0.6μm,无鞭毛结构。该菌株为耐盐菌,最适生长盐浓度范围为2%-8%(质量体积分数)。该菌株可利用4-羟基苯甲酸为唯一碳源进行生长,可转化4-羟基苯甲酸至中间产物原儿茶酸,推测该菌株通过原儿茶酸途径降解4-羟基苯甲酸。菌株NyZ702的粗酶液具有4-羟基苯甲酸单加氧酶活力,对4-羟基苯甲酸的催化反应需要还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(NADPH)作为辅因子。【结论】从深渊沉积物样本分离得到一株4-羟基苯甲酸降解菌Citricoccus sp. strain NyZ702,该菌株以原儿茶酸为中间代谢产物降解4-羟基苯甲酸,丰富了深渊来源的微生物菌种资源,为深渊中的芳香化合物降解研究提供了一定的理论基础。     

新农药克幼脲对小菜蛾和菜青虫的生物活性及防治效果试验

室内测定苯甲酰基苯脲类化舍物克幼脲对菜青虫、小菜蛾的致死中浓度分别为9．89ppm和28．44ppm。试验表明,该药剂药效迟缓,但持效期长,可显降低小菜蛾低龄幼虫的有效转化宰。克幼脲与其他化学农药具有良好的相溶性,混剂速灭脲1号,4号的速效性,持效期均优于单剂。     

Biodegradation and metabolites of 2-methylquinoline by acclimated activated sludge under aerobic and denitrifying conditions

2-Methylquinoline is a common organic contaminant in environment. Its degradation in wastewater treatment system has not been fully explored. In this study, batch experiments were conducted to investigate the biodegradation of 2-methylquinoline by activated sludge under both aerobic and denitrifying conditions. The results showed that 2-methylquinoline was degraded under both conditions, but the degradation under aerobic condition was significantly faster than that under denitrifying condition. Total organic carbon (TOC) residues were detected in the final effluent under both conditions, indicating the formation of recalcitrant metabolites. Further analysis identified 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-methylquinoline, N,N-diethyl-benzenamine, and 4-ethyl-benzenamine as common metabolites under both conditions. 4-Butyl-benzenamine and 2,6-diethyl-benzenamine were additional metabolites under the aerobic condition, whereas 2-methyl-4-quinolinol was exclusive to the denitrifying condition. Most of these metabolites were further degraded during the treatment process. 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-2-methylquinoline, however, remained in the final effluent under both conditions, implying its persistence in the environment. It can be concluded that 2-methylquinoline undergoes the similar degradation pathway under both treatment conditions.     

好氧条件下Sphingomonassp.XJ1降解DBP途径的研究

在三角瓶中采用Sphingomonas sp.XJ1对邻苯二甲酸丁酯(DBP)进行好氧降解,以考察DBP的降解途径。分别对降解16h、32h和40h的DBP样品进行代谢产物分析,可判定保留时间为4.79min和5.11min所对应的代谢产物分别为原儿茶酸和邻苯二甲酸。由此可知,菌株Sphingomonas sp.XJ1对DBP的降解遵循DBP好氧生物降解途径的一般途径。即在菌株XJ1的作用下,DBP首先水解为MBP,继而水解为PA,经由PCA最终完全降解为CO2和H2O。     

好氧条件下Sphingomonas sp．XJ1降解DBP途径的研究

在三角瓶中采用Sphingomonas sp．XJ1对邻苯二甲酸丁酯（DBP）进行好氧降解,以考察DBP的降解途径。分别对降解16h、32h和40h的DBP样品进行代谢产物分析,可判定保留时间为4．79min和5．11min所对应的代谢产物分别为原儿茶酸和邻苯二甲酸。由此可知,菌株Sphingomonassp．XJ1对DBP的降解遵循DBP好氧生物降解途径的一般途径。即在菌株XJI的作用下,DBP首先水解为MBP,继而水解为PA,经由PCA最终完全降解为CO2和H2O。     

Adaptation of Pseudomonas sp. strain 7-6 to quaternary ammonium compounds and their degradation via dual pathways

Pseudomonas sp. strain 7-6, isolated from active sludge obtained from a wastewater facility, utilized a quaternary ammonium surfactant, n-dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride (DTAC), as its sole carbon, nitrogen, and energy source. When initially grown in the presence of 10 mM DTAC medium, the isolate was unable to degrade DTAC. The strain was cultivated in gradually increasing concentrations of the surfactant until continuous exposure led to high tolerance and biodegradation of the compound. Based on the identification of five metabolites by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, two possible pathways for DTAC metabolism were proposed. In pathway 1, DTAC is converted to lauric acid via n-dodecanal with the release of trimethylamine; in pathway 2, DTAC is converted to lauric acid via n-dodecyldimethylamine and then n-dodecanal with the release of dimethylamine. Among the identified metabolites, the strain precultivated on DTAC medium could utilize n-dodecanal and lauric acid as sole carbon sources and trimethylamine and dimethylamine as sole nitrogen sources, but it could not efficiently utilize n-dodecyldimethylamine. These results indicated pathway 1 is the main pathway for the degradation of DTAC.     

Inhibition of Endocannabinoid Metabolism by the Metabolites of Ibuprofen and Flurbiprofen

Background

In addition to their effects upon prostaglandin synthesis, the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ibuprofen and flurbiprofen inhibit the metabolism of the endocannabinoids 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and anandamide (AEA) by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), respectively. Here, we investigated whether these effects upon endocannabinoid metabolism are shared by the main metabolites of ibuprofen and flurbiprofen.

Methodology/Principal Findings

COX activities were measured via changes in oxygen consumption due to oxygenation of arachidonic acid (for COX-1) and arachidonic acid and 2-AG (for COX-2). FAAH activity was quantified by measuring hydrolysis of tritium labelled AEA in rat brain homogenates. The ability of ibuprofen and flurbiprofen to inhibit COX-2-catalysed oxygenation of 2-AG at lower concentrations than the oxygenation of arachidonic acid was seen with 4′-hydroxyflurbiprofen and possibly also 3′-hydroxyibuprofen, albeit at lower potencies than the parent compounds. All ibuprofen and flurbiprofen metabolites retained the ability to inhibit FAAH in a pH-dependent manner, although the potency was lower than seen with the parent compounds.

Conclusions/Significance

It is concluded that the primary metabolites of ibuprofen and flurbiprofen retain some of the properties of the parent compound with respect to inhibition of endocannabinoid metabolism. However, these effects are unlikely to contribute to the actions of the parent compounds in vivo.     

Biodegradability of chlorinated solvents and related chlorinated aliphatic compounds

The biodegradability of chlorinated methanes, chlorinated ethanes, chlorinated ethenes, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), chlorinated acetic acids, chlorinated propanoids and chlorinated butadienes was evaluated based on literature data. Evidence for the biodegradation of compounds in all of the compound categories evaluated has been reported. A broad range of chlorinated aliphatic structures are susceptible to biodegradation under a variety of physiological and redox conditions. Microbial biodegradation of a wide variety of chlorinated aliphatic compounds was shown to occur under five physiological conditions. However, any given physiological condition could only act upon a subset of the chlorinated compounds. Firstly, chlorinated compounds are used as an electron donor and carbon source under aerobic conditions. Secondly, chlorinated compounds are cometabolized under aerobic conditions while the microorganisms are growing (or otherwise already have grown) on another primary substrate. Thirdly, chlorinated compounds are also degraded under anaerobic conditions in which they are utilized as an electron donor and carbon source. Fourthly, chlorinated compounds can serve as an electron acceptor to support respiration of anaerobic microorganisms utilizing simple electron donating substrates. Lastly chlorinated compounds are subject to anaerobic cometabolism becoming biotransformed while the microorganisms grow on other primary substrate or electron acceptor. The literature survey demonstrates that, in many cases, chlorinated compounds are completely mineralised to benign end products. Additionally, biodegradation can occur rapidly. Growth rates exceeding 1 d^-1 were observed for many compounds. Most compound categories include chlorinated structures that are used to support microbial growth. Growth can be due to the use of the chlorinated compound as an electron donor or alternatively to the use of the chlorinated compound as an electron acceptor (halorespiration). Biodegradation linked to growth is important, since under such conditions, rates of degradation will increase as the microbial population (biocatalyst) increases. Combinations of redox conditions are favorable for the biodegradation of highly chlorinated structures that are recalcitrant to degradation under aerobic conditions. However, under anaerobic conditions, highly chlorinated structures are partially dehalogenated to lower chlorinated counterparts. The lower chlorinated compounds are subsequently more readily mineralized under aerobic conditions.     

The metabolism of [14C]-tMdiaziiroii in callus tissues of Phaseolus lunatus

The metabolism of [¹⁴C]-thidiazuron (N-phenyl-N'-l,2,3-tbiadiazol-5-ylurea), a compound with extremely high cytokinin activity, was examined in callus cultures of Phaseolus lunatus L. cv . Kingston. No appreciable metabolism of the compound was detected in short-term studies (up to 48 h). When tissues were grown on medium containing [¹⁴C]-thidiazuron for longer periods (12 to 33 days), several major metabolites were isolated. The array of radioactive metabolites was the same using [¹⁴C]-thidiazuron with the label in the phenyl ring, the urea bridge or the thiadiazol ring, indicating no degradation of the thidiazuron molecule. Enzyme digestion followed by HPLC and TLC analyses was used to identify major metabolites. α-Gtacosidase degraded two of the metabolites to thidiazuron and a third was converted to N-p-hydroxyphenyl-N²-l,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylurea. Limited tests of the O-glycosyl derivatives for cytokinin activity indicated that they are much less active than the parent compound. Bioassays involving hydroxylated derivatives of thidiazuron indicated that the p-hydroxyphenyl derivative was 10000 limes less active than the parent compound, and the oetho - and mete -derivatives had 1000 and 100 times lower activity, respectively, than thidiazuron. These results suggest that thidiazuron itself is the active compound and that metabolism of thidiazuron in Phaseolus tissues only involves modification of the intact structure, yielding metabolites that are less cytokinin-active.     

New metabolites in the degradation of fluorene by Arthrobacter sp. strain F101.

Identification of new metabolites and demonstration of key enzyme activities support and extend the pathways previously reported for fluorene metabolism by Arthrobacter sp. strain F101. Washed-cell suspensions of strain F101 with fluorene accumulated 9-fluorenone, 4-hydroxy-9-fluorenone, 3-hydroxy-1-indanone, 1-indanone, 2-indanone, 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl) propionate, and a compound tentatively identified as a formyl indanone. Incubations with 2-indanone produced 3-isochromanone. The growth yield with fluorene as a sole source of carbon and energy corresponded to an assimilation of about 34% of fluorene carbon. About 7.4% was transformed into 9-fluorenol, 9-fluorenone, and 4-hydroxy-9-fluorenone. Crude extracts from fluorene-induced cells showed 3,4-dihydrocoumarin hydrolase and catechol 2,3-dioxygenase activities. These results and biodegradation experiments with the identified metabolites indicate that metabolism of fluorene by Arthrobacter sp. strain F101 proceeds through three independent pathways. Two productive routes are initiated by dioxygenation at positions 1,2 and 3,4, respectively. meta cleavage followed by an aldolase reaction and loss of C-1 yield the detected indanones. Subsequent biological Baeyer-Villiger reactions produce the aromatic lactones 3,4-dihydrocoumarin and 3-isochromanone. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the former gives 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl) propionate, which could be a substrate for a beta oxidation cycle, to give salicylate. Further oxidation of the latter via catechol and 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde connects with the central metabolism, allowing the utilization of all fluorene carbons. Identification of 4-hydroxy-9-fluorenone is consistent with an alternative pathway initiated by monooxygenation at C-9 to give 9-fluorenol and then 9-fluorenone. Although dioxygenation at 3,4 positions of the ketone apparently occurs, this reaction fails to furnish a subsequent productive oxidation of this compound.     

Changes in mutagenicity of herbicide chlornitrofen during biodegradation

We used the Ames assay to investigate changes in the mutagenicity of chlornitrofen during its aerobic biodegradation. Although a mixed culture of bacteria obtained from river water degraded chlornitrofen and reduced its concentration from 39 to 6 microg/l in 21 days, the indirect mutagenicity of the solution to Salmonella strains TA98, YG1021, and YG1026 increased gradually. This finding suggests that mutagenic metabolites were produced during the aerobic biodegradation. The increase in the mutagenicity was, however, much smaller under aerobic than under anaerobic conditions. The differing sensitivities of our test strains to the functional groups on the mutagens showed that the mutagenic metabolites were indirect frameshift-type mutagens that might have neither nitro nor amino groups.