纳米杀虫剂及其在农业害虫防治中的应用

纳米技术在农业领域的应用受到极大关注,期望该技术可提高农药和肥料的利用率,提升应用效果。近年来,纳米技术在农业害虫防控方面取得了许多进展,为绿色农业、现代化农业、智能农业的发展奠定了基础。本文综述了纳米杀虫剂的应用优势和增效途径的研究现状。纳米杀虫剂的优势源于：纳米载体可能损伤害虫体壁造成失水或扰乱害虫的正常生理功能;功能化的纳米载体可实现靶向递药而提高药物利用率;纳米载体上功能基团的引入及其尺度效应,提高了杀虫剂在植物表面的粘附性及被植物吸收的性能;可运载核酸农药进入植物,进而调控植物或害虫的目标基因的表达。纳米杀虫剂虽表现出诸多优势,但仍有问题亟待研究：(1)植物吸收纳米杀虫剂依赖于颗粒尺度和载体种类,应根据应用场景选择适合的尺度和载体,在提高农药利用率的同时降低农药残留;(2)应结合纳米杀虫剂在自然环境中的降解、转移和富集行为及因载体差异而产生的影响,综合评价纳米杀虫剂的环境风险;(3)目前,大多数纳米杀虫剂的制备工艺过于复杂和精细而不适合工业化生产;(4)应制定纳米杀虫剂制剂的标准及环境风险评价准则,为农药登记提供依据。此外,纳米传感器在农业害虫监测中的应用也值得关注。     

Age- and gender-dependent obesity in individuals with 16p11.2 deletion

Recurrent genomic imbalances at 16p11.2 are genetic risk factors of variable penetrance for developmental delay and autism.Recently,16p11.2 (chr16:29.5 Mb-30.1 Mb) deletion has also been detected in individuals with early-onset severe obesity.The penetrance of 16p11.2deletion as a genetic risk factor for obesity is unknown.We evaluated the growth and body mass characteristics of 28 individuals with 16p11.2(chr16:29.5 Mb-30.1 Mb) deletion originally ascertained for their developmental disorders by reviewing their medical records.We found that nine individuals could be classilied as obese and six as overweight.These individuals generally had early feeding and growth difficulties,and started to gain excessive weight around 5-6 years of age.Thirteen out of the 18 deletion carriers aged 5 years and older (72％) were overweight or obese,whereas only two of 10 deletion carriers (20％) younger than five were overweight or obese.Males exhibited more severe obesity than females.Thus,the obesity phenotype of 16p11.2 deletion carriers is of juvenile onset,exhibited an age.and gender-dependent penetrance.16p11.2 deletion appears to predispose individuals to juvenile onset obesity and in this case are similar to the well-described Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS).Early detection of this deletion will provide opportunity to prevent obesity.     

全氟辛酸的污染状况及环境行为研究进展

作为一种新型的持久性有机环境污染物,全氟辛酸（PFOA）及其盐类所造成的全球性生态系统污染已成事实,并成为持久性有机污染物研究的又一个新热点.动物实验表明, PFOA能引起肝脏、生殖、发育、遗传和免疫等毒性.美国国家环保局科学顾问委员会有关报告将PFOA描述为“可能的（likely）致癌物”,美国国家环保局已制订了有关计划促使生产企业主动削减PFOA物质在产品中含量, 以削减PFOA及其母体物质在环境中的排放.此外,欧美等发达国家也正在推进PFOA及其相关物质的风险评价研究,并积极寻求较为安全的替代产品.本文简要概述了PFOA的理化特性、环境来源及其在环境中的迁移转化、归宿及污染现状,并展望了今后PFOA的研究趋势.     

Fast Fourier transform-based support vector machine for subcellular localization prediction using different substitution models

There are approximately 109 proteins in a cell. A hotspot in bioinformatics is how to identify a protein＇s subcellular localization, if its sequence is known. In this paper, a method using fast Fourier transform-based support vector machine is developed to predict the subcellular localization of proteins from their physicochemical properties and structural parameters. The prediction accuracies reached 83% in prokaryotic organisms and 84% in eukaryotic organisms with the substitution model of the c-p-v matrix （c, composition; p, polarity; and v, molecular volume）. The overall prediction accuracy was also evaluated using the ＂leave-one-out＂ jackknife procedure. The influence of the substitution model on prediction accuracy has also been discussed in the work. The source code of the new program is available on request from the authors.     

Use of arrays to investigate the contribution of ATP-binding cassette transporters to drug resistance in cancer chemotherapy and prediction of chemosensitivity

Multidrug resistance （MDR） is a major problem in cancer chemotherapy. One of the best known mechanisms of MDR is the elevated expression of ATP-binding cassette （ABC） transporters. While some members of human ABC transporters have been shown to cause drug resistance with elevated expression, it is not yet known whether the over-expression of other members could also contribute to drug resistance in many model cancer cell lines and clinics. The recent development ofmicroarrays and quantitative PCR arrays for expression profiling analysis of ABC transporters has helped address these issues. In this article, various arrays with limited or full list of ABC transporter genes and their use in identifying ABC transporter genes in drug resistance and chemo-sensitivity prediction will be reviewed.     

大黑鳃金龟“三查三定”测报办法的探讨

<正> 大黑鳃金龟 Holotrichia oblita Falder-mann在山东省多为二年发生1代,以成虫和幼虫隔年交替越冬,是农作物的重要地下害虫。由于该成虫趋光性弱,飞翔力不强,夜晚扑灯量很少,尤其是早春气温低,利用黑光灯诱集较为     

应用死端排除法考虑分子对接中的侧链柔性

假设分子对接面的紧密堆积类似于蛋白质内部的紧密堆积,因此用于蛋白质内部的侧链构象预测方法,如死端排除法,可应用于分子对接面内的侧链构象预测。应用９个晶体结构对这一假设进行检验,结果表明假设基本正确。对２个蛋白酶与抑制剂的应用比较成功。９个配体中的７个有正确的均方根差的趋势。还发现受体结构的柔性较小,说明由于对接面的紧密堆积产生的侧链构象变化很小。根据这些结果,提出一个新的分子对接流程图,即在刚体对接后加入对接面中氨基酸残基的侧链构象预测。对一个蛋白酶与抑制剂的复合结构的应用表明对接中的正确解的信号与噪音比相对错误解增加了。     

基因表达水平与同义密码子使用关系的初步研究

提出一个预测基因表达水平和同义密码子使用的自洽信息聚类方法。将同义密码子分成最适密码子、非最适密码子和稀有密码子,认为三者的使用频率是调控基因表达水平的主要因素。基于这一观点,对Ｅｃｏｌｉ和Ｙｅａｓｔ两类生物的基因表达水平和密码子的使用,用自洽信息聚类方法进行了预测。发现高低表达基因明显分开,基因表达水平被分为四级;甚高表达基因（ＶＨ）、高表达基因（Ｈ）、较低表达基因（ＬＭ）和低表达基因（ＬＬ）;     

关闭基因的酶

美国《科学》杂志,对2005年科技领域将要发生的六件大事进行了预测。自体吞噬(Autophagy)的研究会获大进展今年,自体吞噬(Autophagy)已成为细胞生物学家热衷谈论的话题。在自体吞噬中,细胞分解细胞质分子和部分细胞膜,以在紧迫或饥饿期间提供营养物。在若干年的研究未获进展后,科学家们现在