退化高寒草原土壤有机碳时空变化及其与土壤物理性质的关系

利用网格采样法研究了藏北退化高寒草原土壤有机碳变化及与土壤物理性质的关系.结果表明：0～10和11～20 cm土层有机碳含量、有机碳密度及其土层差异均为：轻度退化草地＞正常草地＞中度退化草地＞严重退化草地;有机碳含量、有机碳密度年变化速率则呈相反趋势,且表层土壤有机碳变幅均明显高于其下层土壤.正常草地、轻度退化草地0～10 cm土层有机碳年累积量为0.018和0.003 g·kg.^-1,分别为11～20 cm土层年累积量的6.0和2.0倍;中度、严重退化草地0～10 cm土层年损失量达0.150和0.231 g·kg^-1,分别为11～20 cm土层年损失量的2.3和2.2倍.中度、严重退化草地有机碳年损失总量为正常草地和轻度退化草地年累积总量的38倍,有机碳年损失总量达7.87×10⁵ t C,且具有较大的潜在退化态势.土壤有机碳与5.0～1.0、1.0～0.5和0.5～0.25 mm团聚体含量,土壤有机碳与土壤容重、土壤含水量间均呈极显著或显著正相关.     

Improved abundance prediction from presence–absence data

Aim   Many ecological surveys record only the presence or absence of species in the cells of a rectangular grid. Ecologists have investigated methods for using these data to predict the total abundance of a species from the number of grid cells in which the species is present. Our aim is to improve such predictions by taking account of the spatial pattern of occupied cells, in addition to the number of occupied cells.
Innovation   We extend existing prediction models to include a spatial clustering variable. The extended models can be viewed as combining two macroecological regularities, the abundance–occupancy regularity and a spatial clustering regularity. The models are estimated using data from five tropical forest censuses, including three Panamanian censuses (4, 6 and 50 ha), one Costa Rican census (16 ha) and one Puerto Rican census (16 ha). A serpentine grassland census (8 × 8 m) from northern California is also studied.
Main conclusions   Taking account of the spatial clustering of occupied cells improves abundance prediction from presence–absence data, reducing the mean square error of log-predictions by roughly 54% relative to a benchmark Poisson predictor and by roughly 34% relative to current prediction methods. The results have high statistical significance.     

Linking above- and belowground responses to global change at community and ecosystem scales

Cryptic belowground organisms are difficult to observe and their responses to global changes are not well understood. Nevertheless, there is reason to believe that interactions among above- and belowground communities may mediate ecosystem responses to global change. We used grassland mesocosms to manipulate the abundance of one important group of soil organisms, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, and to study community and ecosystem responses to CO₂ and N enrichment. Responses of plants, AM fungi, phospholipid fatty acids and community-level physiological profiles were measured after two growing seasons. Ecosystem responses were examined by measuring net primary production (NPP), evapotranspiration, total soil organic matter (SOM), and extractable mineral N. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the causal relationships among treatments and response variables. We found that while CO₂ and N tended to directly impact ecosystem functions (evapotranspiration and NPP, respectively), AM fungi indirectly impacted ecosystem functions by influencing the community composition of plants and other root fungi, soil fungi and soil bacteria. We found that the mycotrophic status of the dominant plant species in the mesocosms determined whether the presence of AM fungi increased or decreased NPP. Mycotrophic grasses dominated the mesocosm communities during the first growing season, and the mycorrhizal treatments had the highest NPP. In contrast, nonmycotrophic forbs were dominant during the second growing season and the mycorrhizal treatments had the lowest NPP. The composition of the plant community strongly influenced soil N, and the community composition of soil organisms strongly influenced SOM accumulation in the mesocosms. These results show how linkages between above- and belowground communities can determine ecosystem responses to global change.     

高寒草地土壤温室气体排放对放牧的响应研究进展

高寒草地生态系统具有独特的地理环境和气候特征,对放牧干扰十分敏感,在全球温室气体通量中贡献突出,研究高寒草地放牧对土壤温室气体排放的影响机制具有重要意义。本文总结高寒草地温室气体源/汇特征、不同放牧方式对土壤微环境和微生物群落结构的影响,发现高寒草地主要是CO₂源、CH₄汇、N₂O源。放牧通过家畜选择性采食、践踏和排泄物返还等多重机制作用于地上植物、土壤结构、温度、湿度和养分,进而影响地下微生物及温室气体通量。本文旨在为高寒草地生态系统健康发展和管理及缓解全球气候变化提供科学依据,并对未来研究方向进行展望。     

Inconsistent detection of extinction debts using different methods

The extinction debt, delayed species extinctions following landscape degradation, is a widely discussed concept. But a consensus about the prevalence of extinctions debts is hindered by a multiplicity of methods and a lack of comparisons among habitats. We applied three contrasting species–area relationship methods to test for plant community extinction debts in three habitats which had different degradation histories over the last century: calcareous grassland, heathland and woodland. These methods differ in their data requirements, with the first two using information on past and current habitat area alongside current species richness, whilst the last method also requires data on past species richness. The most data‐intensive, and hence arguably most reliable method, identified extinction debts across all habitats for specialist species, whilst the other methods did not. All methods detected an extinction debt in calcareous grassland, which had undergone the most severe degradation. We conclude that some methods failed to detect an extinction debt, particularly in habitats that have undergone moderate degradation. Data on past species numbers are required for the most reliable method; as such data are rare, extinction debts may be under‐reported.     

草原矿区土壤环境损害基线评估判定的应用研究——以内蒙古草原矿区为例

草原生态环境损害评估鉴定中,土壤基线是重要的评价标准。如何确定土壤基线,寻找适宜的基线判定方法,进而判定草原土壤的受损害程度,已成为草原生态系统损害评估鉴定、生态系统保护及修复工作中的关键。基于科学、务实、准确的原则,对内蒙古2个草原矿区土壤的总有机质（TOM）、N、P、K含量进行采样分析,采用历史数据法、参考点位法和统计点位法来判定土壤基线。结果表明,胜利矿区土壤养分均值与参考点位法基线值差异较小,采矿对胜利矿区土壤养分含量未见直接的影响。宝日希勒矿区土壤中TOM含量均值明显低于3种方法得出的基线值,N、K均值与参考点位法基线值相似,P均值位于3种基线值之间。可见采矿对宝日希勒矿区土壤中TOM的含量造成了直接影响,对N、P、K含量未见直接的影响。最适宜该地区的方法取决于样本质量和评估尺度,建议以参考点位法为主,历史数据法和统计点位法作为验证工具,3种方法共同使用。     

基于物种多样性与生物量关系的草地群落稳定性对全球变暖的响应研究进展

全球变暖背景下物种多样性和生物量的空间变化格局及其对温度升高的响应是生态学研究的热点内容,是探究群落稳定性响应全球变暖的关键。物种分布是多个生态过程相互作用的产物,温度升高通过改变群落关键种的作用影响物种多样性,从而改变群落稳定性。关于草地群落稳定性对全球变暖的响应过程,国内外学者的相关研究存在很大差异。该文作者结合自己研究团队在青藏高原和黄土高原的研究成果,对近年来国内外有关草地群落物种多样性和生物量的空间变化格局及其对温度升高的响应、以及二者的相互作用关系等方面的研究进展进行了综述,并提出了草地群落稳定性对全球变暖响应研究的重点方向。     

长期施肥对黄土高原典型草原群落稳定性的影响及机制研究

施肥是当前草地生态系统最常见的人为干扰方式之一,可导致草地生物多样性和生态系统稳定性发生显著变化。该研究以黄土高原典型草原为研究对象,通过连续8年的氮肥(尿素)野外添加试验,分析不同氮肥处理(分别为0、5、10、20、40和80 g·m^-2)对草地群落稳定性的影响,并分析检验可能影响群落稳定性的四个潜在机制(物种多样性、物种同步性、投资组合效应和优势度),以明确施肥对群落稳定性的影响及其潜在机制,为黄土高原恢复草地的合理利用提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)随着施肥水平的增加,群落稳定性(S)降低,并在施肥处理为20 g·m^-2时开始极显著下降(P<0.01)。(2)施肥极显著降低了物种的丰富度(R)和优势度指数(D)(P<0.01),但物种同步性(B)和均值-方差的比例指数(z)并没有发生显著变化(P>0.05)。(3)物种丰富度(R)与群落稳定性(S)之间呈正相关关系,而优势度指数(D)与群落稳定性(S)不相关。研究认为,在人为施肥干扰下,黄土高原典型草原的物种丰富度下降导致群落稳定性下降,表明物种多样性对维持草地群落稳定具有重要作用。     

黄土区不同恢复年限草地群落生物量及根冠比对氮添加的响应

大气氮沉降增加作为全球变化的主要环境问题之一,已引发人们的广泛关注,持续的氮沉降对草地生态系统的组成、结构和功能产生重要影响。为深入了解草地恢复进程中群落生物量和根冠比对氮沉降的响应,以黄土区3个不同恢复年限（初期12a、中期28a和后期37a）的天然草地为研究对象,通过设置6个氮添加水平,CK （0）、N1（2.34g m^-2a^-1）、N2（4.67g m^-2a^-1）、N3（9.34g m^-2a^-1）、N4（18.68g m^-2a^-1）、N5（37.35g m^-2a^-1）来测定草地群落地上生物量、地下生物量和总生物量,并计算根冠比和氮响应效率（NRE）。结果表明：（1）地上生物量在恢复中期最大,随氮添加梯度增加,地上生物量在恢复初期和恢复后期呈不显著上升趋势,对氮添加表现为非线性的正响应（ΔNRE>0）,在恢复中期呈不显著下降趋势,对氮添加表现为非线性的负响应（ΔNRE<0）。（2）群落地下生物量对氮添加无显著响应,总生物量只有在恢复后期的N4添加水平下,与对照存在显著差异。（3）根冠比在恢复初期时,N3添加水平下显著高于对照和其他氮添加水平,其余恢复年限对氮添加无显著响应。综上所述,通过分析比较黄土区不同恢复年限草地群落的地上、地下及总生物量和根冠比对氮添加的响应。建议对该区域开展试点实验,实行适应性草地管理,如进行两年一次刈割或轻度放牧（2只羊/hm²）,来探寻更科学有效的管理措施,使草地实现系统性恢复,进而满足生态系统容量和社会需求的变化。     

克氏针茅草原土壤生态化学计量特征对放牧强度的响应

生态化学计量学是研究生态系统中各元素间平衡的科学,对于探究土壤有机碳（C）、全氮（N）、全磷（P）元素循环以及土壤养分限制状况具有重要意义。为了解克氏针茅（Stipa kirschnii）草原土壤生态化学计量特征,以内蒙古克氏针茅草原区为研究对象,在不同放牧强度草场进行采样分析。结果表明：随着放牧强度的增加,C、P含量先降低后升高,N含量先升高后降低;土壤C/N先降低后升高、C/P逐渐升高、N/P先升高后降低。C/N随着放牧强度的增加与有机碳相关性逐渐增大、与全氮的相关性逐渐减小;轻牧区的C/P受有机碳作用有所增强;中牧区N/P受全氮作用增强。C/N主要限制因素是有机碳含量,C/P和N/P主要限制因素是全磷含量。不同放牧强度会影响土壤化学计量比与其他物质的关系,也会改变土壤化学计量比各制约因素的强度。