不同生态恢复措施对草地样带食物消费的影响——以锡林郭勒盟为例

生态工程的实施对区域居民生产生活产生了重要影响。以锡林郭勒草地样带为例,利用2017年8月—2018年7月农牧户食物跟踪调查数据、农牧户问卷调查数据、生态恢复措施数据,结合土地利用数据和社会经济数据等,重点分析了不同生态恢复措施对锡林郭勒草地样带农牧户食物消费的影响。研究结果显示:(1)锡林郭勒草地样带生态恢复措施沿样带自北向南实施力度逐渐变弱,草地恢复措施由以草畜平衡、休牧和禁牧为主向休牧和围栏封育为主转变,草地恢复措施中对人类活动的限制也随之由弱变强;(2)沿草地样带自北向南居民食物消费形成了三种模式,在食物消费数量和消费结构上呈显出由牧区特征向农区特征的转变,即人均食物消费量沿样带递减,食物消费由肉蛋奶和蔬菜水果为主向粮食和蔬菜水果为主转变;(3)食物消费模式受到草地供给、收入及其结构、文化习俗和职业分布等生态、经济和社会多方面因素的影响。研究为实现区域生态、经济和社会的协调发展相关政策的制定提供参考。     

荒漠草地土壤微生物生物量和微生物熵对沙漠化的响应

采用空间序列代替时间演替的方法,分析宁夏中北部盐池县荒漠草地不同沙漠化阶段(荒漠草地、固定沙地、半固定沙地和流动沙地)土壤微生物生物量(SMB)和微生物熵(qMB)的变化特征及其影响因子.结果表明:从荒漠草地到流动沙地,土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷分别降低46.1%、80.8%和30.0%.随着荒漠草地沙漠化程度的加剧,土壤微生物熵碳(qMBC)、土壤微生物熵氮(qMBN)、土壤微生物熵磷(qMBP)均表现为荒漠草地>固定沙地>半固定沙地>流动沙地,而土壤-微生物化学计量不平衡性(C∶Nimb、C∶Pimb、N∶Pimb)基本呈增加趋势.土壤微生物生物量氮与C∶Nimb呈显著正相关,与N∶Pimb呈显著负相关;土壤微生物生物量磷与C∶Pimb呈显著正相关.冗余分析(RDA)显示,土壤生态化学计量(C∶N、C∶P)对微生物熵碳的负效应最明显.荒漠草地沙漠化显著影响土壤微生物生物量和微生物熵.     

内蒙古草原不同基因组大小植物对氮水添加的响应

被子植物基因组大小的种间差异巨大,约为2400倍.基因组大小与植物从细胞核到个体水平的一系列性状密切相关,进而影响植物对环境变化的响应.作为水分和养分共同限制的生态系统,内蒙古草原植物群落对氮素、水分有效性变化的响应具有明显的种间差异,这种差异可能与种间基因组大小不同有关.本研究利用流式细胞术测定了内蒙古典型草原水分、氮素添加实验平台植物的基因组大小,研究了不同基因组大小植物地上净初级生产力(ANPP)和物种丰富度对水分、氮素添加及其交互作用的响应.结果表明:基因组大小显著影响了不同植物ANPP对水分的响应,小基因组植物ANPP对氮水添加响应更敏感,加水和氮水共同添加显著增加了小基因组植物ANPP,而大基因组植物ANPP对所有处理响应均不显著.加氮对大小基因组植物ANPP都无显著影响.大小基因组植物的物种丰富度对氮水添加的响应也均不显著.基因组大小影响内蒙古草原不同植物ANPP对水分增加的响应.作为植物细胞核水平上十分稳定且种间差异巨大的物种性状,将基因组大小引入生态学研究将对全球变化背景下生态系统结构与功能变化研究起到重要作用.     

草原生态系统生产力对降水格局响应的研究进展

全球变化背景下降水格局发生了显著改变,主要表现在年降水量、降水季节分配以及降水事件特征(单次降水事件雨量大小、两次降水之间的间隔时长和一年中降水事件的次数等)等几个方面,降水格局的改变将显著影响陆地生态系统功能,尤其是对生产力的影响.草原生态系统是对降水格局改变最敏感的生态系统之一,因此有必要了解草原生态系统生产力对降水格局响应的研究现状及存在的问题.本文首先综述了草原生态系统生产力对降水格局各个特征响应的国内外研究进展,进而从长期观测、控制试验、模型模拟3方面综述了目前降水格局对生产力影响的研究方法,最后从理论研究、研究方法两个方面提出了目前研究存在的问题以及未来的研究方向.本文将为预测草原生态系统如何响应未来气候变化以及在气候变化情景下进行草原生态系统管理提供重要科学依据.     

氮磷添加对昆仑山北坡高山草地N2O排放的影响

氮(N)、磷(P)等养分添加是提高草地生态系统生产力的重要策略, 但其对土壤氧化亚氮(N₂O)排放的影响尚不明确。该研究以南疆昆仑山北坡高山草地为研究对象, 设置氮添加、磷添加、氮磷交互以及不施肥(CK) 4个处理, 采用静态箱-气象色谱法连续监测2017年生长季草地的N₂O排放, 研究不同氮、磷添加处理下的N₂O排放特征, 并利用Pearson相关分析对影响N₂O排放的主要环境因子进行定性识别及定量解析。结果表明: 氮添加处理与氮磷交互处理在施肥后约3周引起显著的N₂O排放峰, 分别为42.3和15.4 g N·hm ^-2·d ^-1。与其他处理相比, 氮添加处理生长季N₂O排放通量显著增加了1.8-3.2倍, 而磷添加以及氮磷交互处理与CK之间没有显著差异。Pearson相关分析结果表明: N₂O排放与微生物生物量碳呈负相关关系, 与溶解性有机碳含量、pH值呈正相关关系, 而与其他环境因子关系不显著。以上结果表明, 与单施氮肥相比, 在该地区草场采用氮磷混施可显著减少N₂O的排放。     

退化高寒草地土壤真菌群落与土壤环境因子间相互关系

【目的】为探究祁连山高寒草地退化过程中土壤真菌群落分布特征与土壤环境因子间的相互关系。【方法】利用Illumina Miseq PE250高通量测序技术对轻度、中度和重度退化草地土壤真菌群落结构变化及其多样性进行分析,并对土壤真菌群落与土壤环境因子的相互关系进行冗余分析(RDA)。【结果】随着退化程度加剧,土壤pH呈现出升高趋势,电导率呈现出先升高后降低趋势,土壤含水量、有机碳、全氮、全磷和全钾含量均逐渐降低。高通量测序共得到750575条有效序列和5788个OTUs;各试验点样地中真菌群落Chao1指数和Shannon-Wiener指数变化各异。在门分类水平上,子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)、接合菌门(Zygomycota)、球囊菌门(Glomeromycota)和壶菌门(Chytridiomycota)是各草地土壤的优势类群。RDA分析表明,土壤速效钾、全氮、速效氮和有机碳是祁连山不同退化高寒草地土壤真菌群落分布的主要驱动因子。【结论】祁连山不同退化高寒草地土壤真菌群落间差异明显,土壤环境因子是影响土壤真菌群落分布的重要因素。     

Landscape-scale greater prairie-chicken–habitat relations and the Conservation Reserve Program

Both the abundance of greater prairie-chickens (Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus) and the area of grassland enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) in northwestern Minnesota, USA, have recently declined. Although wildlife conservation is a stated objective of the CRP, the impact of the CRP on greater prairie-chicken populations has not been quantified. To address that information need, we evaluated the association between greater-prairie chicken lek density (leks/km²), the number of males at leks (males/lek), and CRP enrollments in the context of landscape structure and composition in northwestern Minnesota. Using data from standardized prairie-chicken surveys and land cover in 17 41-km² survey blocks during 2004–2016, we used a mixed-effect model and a layered approach in an information-theoretic framework at multiple spatial scales to identify covariates related to prairie-chicken abundance. At the landscape scale, lek density was best explained by the amount of CRP grassland and wetland, grassland and wetland with long-term conservation goals (state, federal, and The Nature Conservancy owned); other wetlands managed with variable or no continuity in conservation goals; the contiguity of grasslands; and the number of patches of grasslands and wetlands in each survey block each year. Increasing the amount of CRP grassland in 41-km² survey blocks by 1 km² (2.4%) resulted in a corresponding increase of 6% in lek density. At the lek scale, the number of males per lek was best explained by the amount of CRP grassland and other grassland, CRP wetland and other wetland, forests, developed areas, shrubland, and the contiguity of CRP grassland. Increasing the amount of CRP grassland in the 2-km breeding-cycle habitat radius around a lek by 25% (3 km²) corresponded to a 5% increase in males per lek. Our results suggest that both increasing the quantity of grassland CRP and wetland CRP enrollments and aggregating CRP grassland enrollments may increase greater prairie-chicken abundance. © 2019 The Wildlife Society.     

Trait–performance relationships of grassland plant species differ between common garden and field conditions

The way functional traits affect growth of plant species may be highly context‐specific. We asked which combinations of trait values are advantageous under field conditions in managed grasslands as compared to conditions without competition and land‐use. In a two‐year field experiment, we recorded the performance of 93 species transplanted into German grassland communities differing in land‐use intensity and into a common garden, where species grew unaffected by land‐use under favorable conditions regarding soil, water, and space. The plants’ performance was characterized by two independent dimensions (relative growth rates (RGR) of height and leaf length vs. aboveground biomass and survival) that were differently related to the eight focal key traits in our study (leaf dry matter content (LDMC), specific leaf area (SLA), height, leaf anatomy, leaf persistence, leaf distribution, vegetative reproduction, and physical defense). We applied multivariate procrustes analyses to test for the correspondence of the optimal trait–performance relationships between field and common garden conditions. RGRs were species‐specific and species ranks of RGRs in the field, and the common garden were significantly correlated. Different traits explained the performance in the field and the common garden; for example, leaf anatomy traits explained species performance only in the field, whereas plant height was found to be only important in the common garden. The ability to reproduce vegetatively, having leaves that are summer‐persistent and with high leaf dry matter content (LDMC) were traits of major importance under both settings, albeit the magnitude of their influence differed slightly between the field and the common garden experiment. All optimal models included interactions between traits, pointing out the necessity to analyze traits in combination. The differences between field and common garden clearly demonstrate context dependency of trait‐based growth models, which results in limited transferability of favorable trait combinations between different environmental settings.     

Direct and indirect effects of land‐use intensification on ant communities in temperate grasslands

Land‐use intensification is a major driver of local species extinction and homogenization. Temperate grasslands, managed at low intensities over centuries harbored a high species diversity, which is increasingly threatened by the management intensification over the last decades. This includes key taxa like ants. However, the underlying mechanisms leading to a decrease in ant abundance and species richness as well as changes in functional community composition are not well understood. We sampled ants on 110 grassland plots in three regions in Germany. The sampled grasslands are used as meadows or pastures, being mown, grazed or fertilized at different intensities. We analyzed the effect of the different aspects of land use on ant species richness, functional trait spaces, and community composition by using a multimodel inference approach and structural equation models. Overall, we found 31 ant species belonging to 8 genera, mostly open habitat specialists. Ant species richness, functional trait space of communities, and abundance of nests decreased with increasing land‐use intensity. The land‐use practice most harmful to ants was mowing, followed by heavy grazing by cattle. Fertilization did not strongly affect ant species richness. Grazing by sheep increased the ant species richness. The effect of mowing differed between species and was strongly negative for Formica species while Myrmica and common Lasius species were less affected. Rare species occurred mainly in plots managed at low intensity. Our results show that mowing less often or later in the season would retain a higher ant species richness—similarly to most other grassland taxa. The transformation from (sheep) pastures to intensively managed meadows and especially mowing directly affects ants via the destruction of nests and indirectly via loss of grassland heterogeneity (reduced plant species richness) and increased soil moisture by shading of fast‐growing plant species.     

Differentiations of determinants for the community compositions of bacteria,fungi, and nitrogen fixers in various steppes

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