氢氧化细菌SDW-16的分离鉴定及促生特性

利用气体循环培养体系从沙打旺根际土壤分离得到1株氢氧化细菌SDW-16(GenBank登录号:KF835389),16S rDNA序列分析和生理生化特征鉴定其为荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)。菌株对植物促生机制的初步研究表明菌株SDW-16除具有铁载体分泌能力外,还具有产IAA和ACC脱氨酶活性,其中产IAA量为(21.62±0.30)μg/mL,ACC脱氨酶活力高达(8 372.17±805.43) nmol/(mg·h)。菌株SDW-16具有多项促生能力且均高于其他菌株,说明菌株SDW-16有较高的促生特性,同时也初步证明了氢氧化细菌的促生机制。     

Integrating Batteries in the Future Swiss Electricity Supply System: A Consequential Environmental Assessment

Stationary batteries are projected to play a role in the electricity system of Switzerland after 2030. By enabling the integration of surplus production from intermittent renewables, energy storage units displace electricity production from different sources and potentially create environmental benefits. Nevertheless, batteries can also cause substantial environmental impacts during their manufacturing process and through the extraction of raw materials. A prospective consequential life cycle assessment (LCA) of lithium metal polymer and lithium‐ion stationary batteries is undertaken to quantify potential environmental benefits and drawbacks. Projections are integrated into the LCA model: Energy scenarios are used to obtain marginal electricity supply mixes, and projections about the battery performances and the recycling process are sourced from the literature. The roles of key parameters and methodological choices in the results are systematically investigated. The results demonstrate that the displacement of marginal electricity sources determines the environmental implications of using batteries. In the reference scenario representing current policy, the displaced electricity mix is dominated by natural gas combined cycle units. In this scenario, the use of batteries generates environmental benefits in 12 of the 16 impact categories assessed. Nevertheless, there is a significant reduction in achievable environmental benefits when batteries are integrated into the power supply system in a low‐carbon scenario because the marginal electricity production, displaced using batteries, already has a reduced environmental impact. The direct impacts of batteries mainly originate from upstream manufacturing processes, which consume electricity and mining activities related to the extraction of materials such as copper and bauxite.     

Assessment of grain quality in terms of functional group response to elevated [CO2], water,and nitrogen using a meta‐analysis: Grain protein,zinc, and iron under future climate

The increasing [CO₂] in the atmosphere increases crop productivity. However, grain quality of cereals and pulses are substantially decreased and consequently compromise human health. Meta‐analysis techniques were employed to investigate the effect of elevated [CO₂] (e[CO₂]) on protein, zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) concentrations of major food crops (542 experimental observations from 135 studies) including wheat, rice, soybean, field peas, and corn considering different levels of water and nitrogen (N). Each crop, except soybean, had decreased protein, Zn, and Fe concentrations when grown at e[CO₂] concentration (≥550 μmol/mol) compared to ambient [CO₂] (a[CO₂]) concentration (≤380 μmol/mol). Grain protein, Zn, and Fe concentrations were reduced under e[CO₂]; however, the responses of protein, Zn, and Fe concentrations to e[CO₂] were modified by water stress and N. There was an increase in Fe concentration in soybean under medium N and wet conditions but nonsignificant. The reductions in protein concentrations for wheat and rice were ~5%–10%, and the reductions in Zn and Fe concentrations were ~3%–12%. For soybean, there was a small and nonsignificant increase of 0.37% in its protein concentration under medium N and dry water, while Zn and Fe concentrations were reduced by ~2%–5%. The protein concentration of field peas decreased by 1.7%, and the reductions in Zn and Fe concentrations were ~4%–10%. The reductions in protein, Zn, and Fe concentrations of corn were ~5%–10%. Bias in the dataset was assessed using a regression test and rank correlation. The analysis indicated that there are medium levels of bias within published meta‐analysis studies of crops responses to free‐air [CO₂] enrichment (FACE). However, the integration of the influence of reporting bias did not affect the significance or the direction of the [CO₂] effects.     

长潭水库铁锰含量与环境因子的季节性变化相关性分析及铁锰氧化菌群的富集培养

【背景】目前对水库水体污染原因的研究往往专注于水体的富营养化、pH值、溶解氧、氨氮、菌落总数指标的变化,而重金属含量与环境因子的季节性变化相关性分析研究较少,同时对于典型季节原位微生物种群的多样性差异研究尚未见报道。【目的】研究浙江省台州市长潭水库底部水中正二价金属离子(二价锰离子Mn²⁺;二价铁离子Fe²⁺)浓度与不同环境因子的季节性变化规律,并对其相关性进行分析;富集平水期(2月)和丰水期(8月)水库底部水体中功能微生物菌群,分析其种类和丰度的差异。【方法】分别检测12个月的水库水Mn²⁺和Fe²⁺浓度及多种环境因子(水体溶解氧浓度、pH值、总磷浓度、浊度、水库环境温度及降水量),过滤并富集培养水库底部水体的功能微生物菌群,对其16S rRNA基因V3-V4区测序并分析其菌群结构。【结果】长潭水库水中Mn²⁺和Fe²⁺浓度呈季节性变化,每年的春夏交替季节水体中铁锰含量从零开始慢慢升高,至夏秋高温季节水体中Mn²⁺和Fe²⁺浓度达到最高值,然后慢慢降低,至秋末冬初检测不到含量。在检测的多种环境因子中,水体溶解氧浓度、水库环境温度及降水量呈明显的季节性规律变化。Mn²⁺和Fe²⁺浓度与温度、降水量和浊度有正相关性,与溶解氧浓度、pH值和总磷浓度有负相关性,其中在正负相关性分析中两种金属离子的浓度与溶解氧浓度的相关性最强,其次是环境温度及降水量。丰水期和平水期中富集获得的功能微生物菌群的种类和丰度差异很大,从属水平上分类,丰水期时菌群只包含不动杆菌(Acinetobacter)和鲑色沉积物杆状菌(Sediminibacterium)这2个属的菌株,含量各占约50%;平水期时菌群则主要由杆菌属(Bacillariophyta) (47.62%)和Limnohabitans(9.52%)等9个属的菌株构成。富集获得的平水期和丰水期的两个可培养的菌群均具有去除水库水中Mn²⁺的功能,去除率分别约为35.9%和11.4%。【结论】长潭水库底部水体中Mn²⁺和Fe²⁺浓度与不同环境因子均呈季节性规律变化,它们之间呈现不同的正负相关性,丰水期和平水期的功能微生物菌群结构差异很大。本研究为利用微生物进行重金属污染水体的治理储备了微生物资源,为实现国家“美丽乡村”的建设目标提供一定的参考价值。     

鸭疫里默氏杆菌铁离子代谢机制研究进展

铁离子是大多数细菌生存所必需的一种营养物质,但过多的铁离子会通过芬顿反应产生的活性氧对细菌造成损伤。因此,细菌通过摄取、调控、螯合、外排等机制维持体内铁离子的稳态。鸭疫里默氏杆菌(Riemerella anatipestifer)是一种最新被归类于威克斯菌科里氏杆菌属的革兰氏阴性菌。该菌主要感染禽类,参与该菌的铁离子代谢基因具有特别之处。本文对鸭疫里默氏杆菌铁离子代谢机制研究进展进行了系统总结和阐述,包括该菌的TonB系统、TonB依赖性受体、Fur蛋白及Dps蛋白等在铁离子转运、调控、螯合中的功能,以及以上蛋白在鸭疫里默氏杆菌致病中的作用,以期更全面地理解鸭疫里默氏杆菌铁代谢机制,并为进一步深入研究该菌铁离子代谢提供理论依据和参考。     

油藏嗜热菌与膨润土的相互作用及其对储层防膨的意义

[目的]本文从胜利油田沾3区块的高温油藏的原油采出液中分离得到一株嗜热菌,通过其与膨润土的相互作用,尝试探讨油藏微生物作为油藏储层中水敏性矿物（如蒙皂石）改性剂的可能性。[意义]研究结果将在降低水敏矿物的膨胀性能,为解决水驱采油中遇到的水敏效应的瓶颈问题提供微生物的新途径。[结果]所得菌株为革兰氏阳性菌,呈杆状,具芽孢,兼性厌氧,鉴定为Geobacillus icigianus SL-1。菌株SL-1在厌氧条件下能够还原蒙皂石的结构铁。扫描电镜（SEM）结果显示,无菌对照体系中,蒙皂石呈不规则薄片状。而经微生物作用后,除薄片状蒙皂石外,另有板状次生矿物的生成。进一步能谱（EDS）分析表明,与薄片状蒙皂石相比,板状矿物含有较高的Al/Si比值,且含有明显的K⁺信号。XRD结果显示,经过微生物作用后,固相物质中蒙皂石的百分比下降至47.7%,伊利石百分比上升至29.1%,而无菌对照组中蒙皂石的百分含量则为70.4%,伊利石的百分比则为19.8%。XRD物相分析和EDS结果均证实经过微生物作用后,部分蒙皂石转化成了伊利石。膨胀性能的分析进一步揭示菌株SL-1作用后,矿物膨胀性较初始矿物显著降低,缩膨率达到25.9%。以上结果为油藏储层防膨提供了重要的实验依据。     

O2 sensitivity and H2 production activity of hydrogenases—A review

Hydrogenases are metalloproteins capable of catalyzing the interconversion between molecular hydrogen and protons and electrons. The iron–sulfur clusters within the enzyme enable rapid relay of electrons which are either consumed or generated at the active site. Their unparalleled catalytic efficiency has attracted attention, especially for potential use in H₂ production and/or fuel cell technologies. However, there are limitations to using hydrogenases, especially due to their high O₂ sensitivity. The subclass, called [FeFe] hydrogenases, are particularly more vulnerable to O₂ but proficient in H₂ production. In this review, we provide an overview of mechanistic and protein engineering studies focused on understanding and enhancing O₂ tolerance of the enzyme. The emphasis is on ongoing studies that attempt to overcome O₂ sensitivity of the enzyme while it catalyzes H₂ production in an aerobic environment. We also discuss pioneering attempts to utilize the enzyme in biological H₂ production and other industrial processes, as well as our own perspective on future applications.     

Kinetics of Cr(VI) Removal by Iron Filings in Some Soils

In this research, kinetics of Cr(VI) reduction by iron filings was investigated through a batch study in seven different soils. Chromate reduction experiments were carried out for initial Cr(VI) concentrations ranging from 20 to 100 mgkg^?1 and iron filings dosage of 0 to 5% w/w. The experimental data were analyzed using various kinetic models including zero-order, pseudo first-order, power function, Elovich, and diffusion parabolic. Results showed that the Cr(VI) reduction efficiency in the presence of all studied soils increased with increasing iron filings dosage and decreased with increasing the initial Cr(VI) concentration. The reaction rates considerably depended on pH and were higher in acidic soils. The diffusion parabolic model was the best kinetic model as evidenced by the highest determination coefficient (r²) and the lowest standard error of the estimate (SE). The rate-limiting step(s) may be transport of chromate anions across a liquid film at the interface of soil-liquid, transport in liquid-filled macropores of iron filings aggregates, or diffusion in micropores and along the particle's surface.     

Lignin decomposition is sustained under fluctuating redox conditions in humid tropical forest soils

Lignin mineralization represents a critical flux in the terrestrial carbon (C) cycle, yet little is known about mechanisms and environmental factors controlling lignin breakdown in mineral soils. Hypoxia is thought to suppress lignin decomposition, yet potential effects of oxygen (O₂) variability in surface soils have not been explored. Here, we tested the impact of redox fluctuations on lignin breakdown in humid tropical forest soils during ten‐week laboratory incubations. We used synthetic lignins labeled with ¹³C in either of two positions (aromatic methoxyl or propyl side chain C_β) to provide highly sensitive and specific measures of lignin mineralization seldom employed in soils. Four‐day redox fluctuations increased the percent contribution of methoxyl C to soil respiration relative to static aerobic conditions, and cumulative methoxyl‐C mineralization was statistically equivalent under static aerobic and fluctuating redox conditions despite lower soil respiration in the latter treatment. Contributions of the less labile lignin C_β to soil respiration were equivalent in the static aerobic and fluctuating redox treatments during periods of O₂ exposure, and tended to decline during periods of O₂ limitation, resulting in lower cumulative C_β mineralization in the fluctuating treatment relative to the static aerobic treatment. However, cumulative mineralization of both the C_β‐ and methoxyl‐labeled lignins nearly doubled in the fluctuating treatment relative to the static aerobic treatment when total lignin mineralization was normalized to total O₂ exposure. Oxygen fluctuations are thought to be suboptimal for canonical lignin‐degrading microorganisms. However, O₂ fluctuations drove substantial Fe reduction and oxidation, and reactive oxygen species generated during abiotic Fe oxidation might explain the elevated contribution of lignin to C mineralization. Iron redox cycling provides a potential mechanism for lignin depletion in soil organic matter. Couplings between soil moisture, redox fluctuations, and lignin breakdown provide a potential link between climate variability and the biochemical composition of soil organic matter.     

Structures of Arg‐ and Gln‐type bacterial cysteine dioxygenase homologs

In some bacteria, cysteine is converted to cysteine sulfinic acid by cysteine dioxygenases (CDO) that are only ～15–30% identical in sequence to mammalian CDOs. Among bacterial proteins having this range of sequence similarity to mammalian CDO are some that conserve an active site Arg residue (“Arg‐type” enzymes) and some having a Gln substituted for this Arg (“Gln‐type” enzymes). Here, we describe a structure from each of these enzyme types by analyzing structures originally solved by structural genomics groups but not published: a Bacillus subtilis “Arg‐type” enzyme that has cysteine dioxygenase activity (BsCDO), and a Ralstonia eutropha “Gln‐type” CDO homolog of uncharacterized activity (ReCDOhom). The BsCDO active site is well conserved with mammalian CDO, and a cysteine complex captured in the active site confirms that the cysteine binding mode is also similar. The ReCDOhom structure reveals a new active site Arg residue that is hydrogen bonding to an iron‐bound diatomic molecule we have interpreted as dioxygen. Notably, the Arg position is not compatible with the mode of Cys binding seen in both rat CDO and BsCDO. As sequence alignments show that this newly discovered active site Arg is well conserved among “Gln‐type” CDO enzymes, we conclude that the “Gln‐type” CDO homologs are not authentic CDOs but will have substrate specificity more similar to 3‐mercaptopropionate dioxygenases.