铁死亡相关基因ACSL4、TFRC及Hippo通路关键分子YAP在间皮瘤组织中的表达及意义

摘要 目的：分析铁死亡相关基因长链酯酰辅酶A合成酶4（acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member 4,ACSL4）、转铁蛋白受体（transferrin receptor, TFRC）及Hippo通路关键分子Yes相关蛋白（Yes-associated protein,YAP）在间皮瘤组织中的表达水平、相关性及意义,观察YAP活化对间皮瘤细胞系211H侵袭转移能力及铁死亡敏感性的影响。方法：应用组织芯片技术和免疫组化法观察ACSL4、TFRC及YAP在30例间皮瘤组织和10例正常组织中的表达,分析蛋白水平及分布的相关性。GEPIA数据库分析基因ACSL4、TFRC和YAP在间皮瘤组织中的mRNA水平相关性。应用逆转录病毒载体于211H细胞中过表达活化型YAP S127A (serine-127突变为alanine),利用实时荧光定量PCR检测ACSL4及TFRC表达;利用划痕实验和transwell侵袭实验检测211H细胞迁移及侵袭能力;利用erastin刺激及SYTOX Green染色检测铁死亡敏感性。结果：间皮瘤组织中YAP细胞核表达、ACSL4及TFRC阳性表达率显著高于正常组织,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.001,P<0.001,P<0.0001）。经Spearman秩相关检验,ACSL4及TFRC蛋白在间皮瘤中的表达呈正相关(Spearman r=0.61,P=0.0003);YAP在细胞核中的表达与ACSL4表达呈正相关(Spearman r=0.4872,P=0.0063)。GEPIA 数据库分析发现,YAP与ACSL4、ACSL4与TFRC在间皮瘤中的mRNA表达水平均呈正相关（Spearman r=0.33, P=0.0019;Spearman r=0.52,P=0.0000）。表达活化型YAP的211H细胞,ACSL4与TFRC mRNA水平与对照细胞相比均上调;迁移侵袭能力增强;铁死亡敏感性增强。结论：YAP、ACSL4及TFRC在间皮瘤组织中表达具有正相关性;YAP活化促进间皮瘤细胞侵袭转移能力,同时通过ACSL4及TFRC提高细胞对铁死亡诱导的敏感性。YAP、ACSL4及TFRC有望成为预测间皮瘤铁死亡敏感性的潜在生物学标志物。     

MiR-210在黑素瘤细胞铁死亡中的作用和机制研究

摘要 目的：探讨miR-210在黑素瘤细胞铁死亡中的作用及其可能调控机制。方法：通过qRT-PCR实验检测0.5 μM铁死亡诱导剂RSL3刺激前后黑素瘤细胞系A2058和451Lu中miR-210的表达水平变化情况;在0.5 μM铁死亡诱导剂RSL3刺激的同时,给予antagomiR-210处理抑制黑素瘤细胞系A2058和451Lu中miR-210的表达后,通过CCK8法检测细胞存活水平,通过流式细胞术检测细胞内lipid ROS水平;在此基础上,通过生物信息学分析、qRT-PCR实验、免疫印迹实验和萤光素酶报告实验明确miR-210对靶分子TFRC的调控作用;在0.5 μM铁死亡诱导剂RSL3刺激的条件下,给予antagomiR-210处理抑制miR-210的表达,同时使用siRNA沉默TFRC的表达水平,通过CCK8法检测细胞存活水平。结果：1）在0.5 μM RSL3刺激后,黑素瘤细胞系A2058和451Lu中miR-210的表达水平显著升高;2） 在0.5 μM RSL3刺激后,抑制miR-210的表达可加剧黑素瘤细胞系A2058和451Lu的死亡,同时显著增加细胞内lipid ROS水平;3）miR-210可直接结合TFRC mRNA的3''UTR区域,过表达miR-210可以显著抑制TFRC的转录和蛋白表达;4）在0.5 μM RSL3刺激的条件下,沉默TFRC的表达可以显著逆转抑制miR-210对黑素瘤细胞系A2058和451Lu铁死亡的促进作用。结论：miR-210是黑素瘤细胞铁死亡的重要抑制因子,且是通过靶向调控TFRC实现的。     

Transferrin-based radiolabeled probe predicts the sensitivity of human renal cancer cell lines to ferroptosis inducer erastin

Ferroptosis induction has been recognized as a novel cancer therapeutic strategy. To effectively apply ferroptosis-targeting cancer therapy to individual patients, a diagnostic indicator for selecting this therapeutic strategy from a number of molecular targeting drugs is needed. However, to date, methods that can predict the efficacy of ferroptosis-targeting treatment have not been established yet. In this study, we focused on the iron metabolic pathway to develop a nuclear imaging technique for diagnosing the susceptibility of cancer cells to ferroptosis. As a nuclear probe, human transferrin (Tf) was labeled with Gallium-68 (⁶⁸Ga) using 2-(p-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid (NOTA) as a chelator (⁶⁸Ga-NOTA-Tf). Western blot assay and clonogenic survival assay with human renal cancer cell lines A498 and 786-O revealed that the protein expression level of transferrin receptor1 (TfR1) and sensitivity to a ferroptosis inducer, erastin, were correlated. A cellular uptake assay with ⁶⁸Ga-NOTA-Tf revealed that the cancer cells sensitive to erastin highly internalized the ⁶⁸Ga-NOTA-Tf. Furthermore, treatment with the TfR1 inhibitor ferristatin II reduced the cellular uptake of ⁶⁸Ga-NOTA-Tf, indicating that the intracellular uptake of the probe was mediated by TfR1. These results suggest that ⁶⁸Ga-NOTA-Tf can be useful in predicting the sensitivity of cancer cells to ferroptosis inducers.     

Lysosome-associated membrane protein-2 deficiency increases the risk of reactive oxygen species-induced ferroptosis in retinal pigment epithelial cells

Lysosome-associated membrane protein-2 (LAMP2), is a highly glycosylated lysosomal membrane protein involved in chaperone mediated autophagy. Mutations of LAMP2 cause the classic triad of myopathy, cardiomyopathy and encephalopathy of Danon disease (DD). Additionally, retinopathy has also been observed in young DD patients, leading to vision loss. Emerging evidence show LAMP2-deficiency to be involved in oxidative stress (ROS) but the mechanism remains obscure. In the present study, we found that tert-butyl hydroperoxide or antimycin A induced more cell death in LAMP2 knockdown (LAMP2-KD) than in control ARPE-19 cells. Mechanistically, LAMP2-KD reduced the concentration of cytosolic cysteine, resulting in low glutathione (GSH), inferior antioxidant capability and mitochondrial lipid peroxidation. ROS induced RPE cell death through ferroptosis. Inhibition of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4) increased lethality in LAMP2-KD cells compared to controls. Cysteine and glutamine supplementation restored GSH and prevented ROS-induced cell death of LAMP2-KD RPE cells.     

铁死亡：一种新的细胞死亡方式

死亡不仅是所有细胞的最终命运,而且它与细胞分裂、增殖一样,在整个机体的生长、发育中具有不可替代的作用.目前认为,除了坏死外,细胞死亡形式分为程序性细胞死亡(programmedcell death,PCD),包括凋亡(apoptosis)和自噬(autophagy),及非程序性细胞死亡(non-programmedcell death,NPCD),包括副凋亡(paraptosis)、细胞有丝分裂灾难(mitotic catastrophe)和胀亡(oncosis)     

Mitochondria regulation in ferroptosis

Ferroptosis is recognized as a new form of regulated cell death which is initiated by severe lipid peroxidation relying on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and iron overload. This iron-dependent cell death manifests evident morphological, biochemical and genetic differences from other forms of regulated cell death, such as apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis and pyroptosis. Ferroptosis was primarily characterized by condensed mitochondrial membrane densities and smaller volume than normal mitochondria, as well as the diminished or vanished of mitochondria crista and outer membrane ruptured. Mitochondria take the center role in iron metabolism, as well as substance and energy metabolism as it’s the major organelle in iron utilization, catabolic and anabolic pathways. Interference of key regulators of mitochondrial lipid metabolism (e.g., ASCF2 and CS), iron homeostasis (e.g., ferritin, mitoferrin1/2 and NEET proteins), glutamine metabolism and other signaling pathways make a difference to ferroptotic sensitivity. Targeted induction of ferroptosis was also considered as a potential therapeutic strategy to some oxidative stress diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, ischemia-reperfusion injury, traumatic spinal cord injury. However, the pertinence between mitochondria and ferroptosis is still in dispute. Here we systematic elucidate the morphological characteristics and metabolic regulation of mitochondria in the regulation of ferroptosis.     

Close interactions between lncRNAs,lipid metabolism and ferroptosis in cancer

Abnormal lipid metabolism including synthesis, uptake, modification, degradation and transport has been considered a hallmark of malignant tumors and contributes to the supply of substances and energy for rapid cell growth. Meanwhile, abnormal lipid metabolism is also associated with lipid peroxidation, which plays an important role in a newly discovered type of regulated cell death termed ferroptosis. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been proven to be associated with the occurrence and progression of cancer. Growing evidence indicates that lncRNAs are key regulators of abnormal lipid metabolism and ferroptosis in cancer. In this review, we mainly summarized the mechanism by which lncRNAs regulate aberrant lipid metabolism in cancer, illustrated that lipid metabolism can also influence the expression of lncRNAs, and discussed the mechanism by which lncRNAs affect ferroptosis. A comprehensive understanding of the interactions between lncRNAs, lipid metabolism and ferroptosis could help us to develop novel strategies for precise cancer treatment in the future.     

How neurons die in Alzheimer's disease: Implications for neuroinflammation

Despite the long-standing observation of vast neuronal loss in Alzheimer's disease (AD) our understanding of how and when neurons are eliminated is incomplete. While previous investigation has focused on apoptosis, several novel forms of cell death (i.e. necroptosis, parthanatos, ferroptosis, cuproptosis) have emerged that require further investigation. This review aims to collect evidence for different modes of neuronal cell death in AD and to also discuss how these different forms of cell death may impact the neuroinflammatory environment that prevails in the AD brain. Improved understanding of how neurons die may help to delineate disease pathogenesis, provide insights toward treatment, and aid in the development of improved animal models of AD.     

Ether phospholipids govern ferroptosis

Ferroptosis is a cell death modality triggered by excessive lipid peroxidation. Two recent studies(Zou et al.,2020; Cui et al., 2021) not only reveal critical roles of ether-linked phospholipids as an additional source for providing polyunsaturated fatty acid-containing phospholipids in driving ferroptosis but also suggest a context-dependent role of TMEM189-mediated vinyl-ether phospholipid(plasmalogen) synthesis in ferroptosis.