Factors Influencing Tree Phenology in Taï National Park,Côte d'Ivoire1

Entrained phenology patterns of tropical trees are expected to be sensitive to short‐term fluctuations in typical rainfall and temperature. We examined 47 mo of data on the flowering, fruiting, and new leaf phenology for 797 trees from 38 species in the Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire. We determined the timing of the phenology cycles in relation to seasonal rainfall, temperature, and solar radiation. Regression analysis was used to examine how variations in rainfall and temperature influenced deviations in the peaks and troughs of phenology cycles. We also investigated whether populations that fruit during periods of community‐wide fruit scarcity were those populations with relatively long‐ or short‐fruiting duration. Flower, fruit, and leaf‐flushing phenophases all exhibited 12‐mo cycles. The broad peak in flowering began with the northward zenithal passing in April and ended with the southward zenithal passing in September. Fruiting peaks occurred in the long dry season, and leaf flushing peaked in the long dry season but continued into the wet season. Deviations from phenology cycles were largely attributable to short‐term fluctuations in rainfall and/or temperature. Fruiting durations of species were related to the mean diameter at breast height. Species with long‐ and short‐fruiting durations contributed equally to fruit abundance during periods of community‐wide fruit scarcity.     

Solar irradiance as the proximate cue for flowering in a tropical moist forest

We compared flowering times predicted by six possible proximate cues involving seasonal changes in rainfall and irradiance and flowering times observed over 30 years of weekly censuses for 19 tree and liana species from Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama. Hypotheses concerning variation in the timing and intensity of rainfall failed to predict flowering times in any species. In contrast, 10 to 12 weeks of consistent high levels of irradiance predicted flowering times well for eight species, and six or seven weeks of rapidly increasing levels of irradiance predicted flowering times well for two species. None of the six possible proximate cues predicted flowering times adequately for the nine remaining species. We conclude that high and increasing levels of irradiance are the proximate cues for flowering in many BCI species. The seasonal movements of the Intertropical Convergence Zone cause strong seasonal changes in cloud cover, atmospheric transmissivity, and irradiance reaching the BCI forest. Inter‐annual variation in the timing of movements of the Intertropical Convergence Zone is the most likely cause of inter‐annual variation in the timing of flowering in these species. Much work remains to be done as the physiological mechanisms linking flowering and irradiance are unknown and the proximate cues for flowering remain to be identified for many other BCI species.     

Solar radiation and ENSO predict fruiting phenology patterns in a 15‐year record from Kibale National Park,Uganda

Fruiting, flowering, and leaf set patterns influence many aspects of tropical forest communities, but there are few long‐term studies examining potential drivers of these patterns, particularly in Africa. We evaluated a 15‐year dataset of tree phenology in Kibale National Park, Uganda, to identify abiotic predictors of fruit phenological patterns and discuss our findings in light of climate change. We quantified fruiting for 326 trees from 43 species and evaluated these patterns in relation to solar radiance, rainfall, and monthly temperature. We used time‐lagged variables based on seasonality in linear regression models to assess the effect of abiotic variables on the proportion of fruiting trees. Annual fruiting varied over 3.8‐fold, and inter‐annual variation in fruiting is associated with the extent of fruiting in the peak period, not variation in time of fruit set. While temperature and rainfall showed positive effects on fruiting, solar radiance in the two‐year period encompassing a given year and the previous year was the strongest predictor of fruiting. As solar irradiance was the strongest predictor of fruiting, the projected increase in rainfall associated with climate change, and coincident increase in cloud cover suggest that climate change will lead to a decrease in fruiting. ENSO in the prior 24‐month period was also significantly associated with annual ripe fruit production, and ENSO is also affected by climate change. Predicting changes in phenology demands understanding inter‐annual variation in fruit dynamics in light of potential abiotic drivers, patterns that will only emerge with long‐term data.     

基于SWMM模型的城市排水区域降雨及地表产流特征

以上海市中心城区典型排水区域为研究对象,基于SWMM模型连续模拟2009—2011年降雨径流,分析区域235场降雨及地表径流特征.结果表明: 该区域发生频率较高的降雨具有雨量小、强度低的特点,雨量为0～10 mm、平均降雨强度为0～5 mm·h^-1、降雨峰值为0～10 mm·h^-1的降雨发生频率最大,分别占所有研究降雨场次的66.4%、88.8%和79.6%,这对于该区域应用低影响开发措施削减小雨量或低强度降雨下的径流和面源污染具有重要意义;径流量总体随着降雨量增大而增大,区域降雨产流临界值不仅与降雨量有关,还与平均降雨强度和降雨历时有关,2 mm以下的降雨基本不产流;2～4 mm的降雨如降雨强度在1.6 mm·h^-1以下,产流量不到1 mm,当降雨量在4 mm以上、平均降雨强度大于1.6 mm·h^-1时,区域基本产流.基于SWMM径流模拟结果,建立适合该区域的径流量与降雨因子的回归方程,其调整R²均大于0.97,能较好反映该区域径流量与降雨因子的关系.研究结果可为该区域更好地规划低影响开发措施和削减排水系统溢流污染提供计算基础,并为类似区域的径流研究提供参考.     

滇中菜区小菜蛾种群消长动态及其影响因子

【目的】掌握区域小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)田间种群发生消长规律及温度、降雨和种植制度模式对种群的影响。【方法】2009—2014年,采用性诱剂监测和田间系统调查方法连续6年对滇中菜区——通海县小菜蛾田间种群数量开展成虫和幼虫田间种群数量的研究,分析当地月平均气温、月降雨量和种植模式因素对小菜蛾种群数量的相关性。【结果】(1)通海小菜蛾成虫种群消长年度间波动差异明显,全年呈现1个大的虫峰期为2—11月份,年度间出现小的2~3个虫峰。2012年种群数量较高,高峰期提前到4月份,与2013年高峰期的7—8月份差异明显,2010年和2011年田间种群数量是历年较少年份,种群高峰期的虫量少于百头/盆(卡)/月;(2)小菜蛾幼虫种群全年有2~3个危害峰期,3—6月是发生主峰期,9—11月是弱峰期;与成虫高峰期比较,幼虫田间种群,高峰期推迟20~30 d左右,全年的波动消长情况基本一致;(3)小菜蛾成虫与温度显著相关r=0.442,与降雨量成正相关r=0.283,但相关程度弱;幼虫种群与温度显著相关r=0.530,相关程度显著,与降雨没有相关性r=0.125,相关程度微弱;幼虫种群与成虫有相关性r=0.253,但相关程度微弱。【结论】滇中菜区常年成片种植十字花科蔬菜,一年4造、周年复种的种植制度对小菜蛾的种群发生有促进作用,区域模式相对稳定是造成小菜蛾种群周年活动频繁危害严重的主要原因之一。     

黄土高原半湿润区刺槐树干液流对人工截留降雨输入及环境因子的响应

随着全球气候变化加剧, 局部地区温度上升和降水量改变将对区域植被的分布与生长产生重要影响。在黄土高原半湿润及半干旱地区植被恢复中, 刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)是大面积种植的人工林树种。为探究该树种蒸腾耗水特征对降水量改变及水分条件差异的响应, 于2015年4月起, 在地处黄土高原半湿润区的陕西省永寿县槐平林场, 于35年生刺槐人工林样地中布设了人工截留降雨试验, 减少了47.5%的降雨输入。处理当年生长季内, 截留降雨处理区0-100 cm土层的平均土壤含水量相对于对照区(23.76%)有明显降低(22.59%)。采用Granier热扩散探针对截留降雨处理区和对照区的样树树干液流动态进行连续监测, 并同步监测主要气象环境因子(太阳辐射、空气温度和湿度)和林地土壤含水量, 分析了截留降雨处理区与对照区树干液流通量密度动态特征及其对环境因子的响应。结果表明: 截留降雨输入处理降低了刺槐树干液流通量密度, 截留降雨处理期间典型天气的平均液流通量密度(1.64 mL·m ^-2·s ^-1)不仅低于同组样树在处理前一年同期的水平(2.42 mL·m ^-2·s ^-1), 而且远低于试验期间对照区样树的平均水平(3.38 mL·m ^-2·s ^-1); 同时, 截留降雨处理还降低了刺槐液流通量密度对气象因子变化的敏感性, 截留降雨处理区样树液流通量密度响应空气水汽压亏缺的拟合方程参数值与对照区样树差异显著。分析可知, 降水量水平不仅影响土壤水分状况, 而且影响刺槐对气象环境因子响应的敏感性, 降水量减少导致的土壤含水量整体降低会使得该区域刺槐蒸腾耗水量下降, 显示其对环境因子的适应性, 但最终会导致生产力的大幅度降低。     

气候变化背景下松嫩平原玉米灌溉需水量估算及预测

开展农作物需水规律研究对于干旱半干旱区域旱作物节水灌溉和水分管理实践具有重要意义。以松嫩平原玉米为研究对象,研究玉米生育期需水量规律及灌溉需水量。结果表明:(1)历史时期和未来气候变化情景下,松嫩平原玉米全生育期和L~(mid)时段灌溉需水量等值线沿西南—东北方向递减,其中全生育期和L~(mid)时段2000s灌溉需水量临界等势线(灌溉需水量为0的等势线)分别比1970s北移70.2km和53.4km,全生育期和L~(mid)时段2040s灌溉需水量临界等势线分别比2010s北移30.9km和55.2km。(2)历史时期和气候变化情景下玉米全生育期灌溉需水量随年代呈波动增加趋势,其中前者以29.1mm/(10a)速度增加,后者以17.5mm/(10a)速度增加。(3)未来温度和降雨量变化对玉米需水量的贡献率为波动上升趋势,与1970s相比,2000s温度和降雨量变化对玉米需水量的贡献率为22.1%,增加6.8亿m~3灌溉水量;2040s温度和降雨量变化对玉米需水量的贡献率为38.3%,增加12.6亿m~3灌溉水量。     

降雨和汇流对黑土区坡面土壤侵蚀的影响试验研究

东北黑土区上坡汇流对坡面土壤侵蚀有重要影响,因此辨析降雨和汇流对黑土区坡面土壤侵蚀的影响对农田土壤侵蚀防治有重要意义。通过设计不同降雨强度和汇流速率以及二者组合的模拟降雨及上方汇流试验,分析了降雨和汇流对黑土坡面侵蚀的影响及其贡献。试验处理包括两个降雨强度(50 mm/h和100 mm/h)、两个汇流速率(50 mm/h和100 mm/h,即:10 L/min和20 L/min)、以及4种不同降雨强度和汇流速率的组合((50+50)mm/h、(50+100)mm/h、(100+50)mm/h和(100+100)mm/h)。结果表明,在50 mm/h和100 mm/h上方汇流引起的坡面侵蚀量仅分别是50 mm/h和100 mm/h降雨引起坡面侵蚀量的1.9%和0.6%;当降雨强度和坡上方汇流速率分别由50 mm/h增加至100 mm/h时,降雨试验处理下的坡面侵蚀量增加6.1倍,汇流试验处理下的坡面侵蚀量增加3.2倍,说明降雨对坡面土壤侵蚀的影响显著大于汇流的作用。在降雨和汇流组合试验中,总供水强度(降雨强度+汇流速率)为150 mm/h时,降雨强度为100 mm/h和汇流速率为50 mm/h组合试验的坡面侵蚀量是降雨强度为50 mm/h和汇流速率为100 mm/h组合试验坡面侵蚀量的7.9倍。在相同汇流条件下,降雨强度由50 mm/h增加到100 mm/h时,降雨强度的增加对坡面侵蚀量的贡献率为89.6%-99.5%;而在相同降雨条件下,坡面汇流速率由50 mm/h增加100 mm/h时,汇流速率的增加对坡面侵蚀量的贡献率为17.2%-78.7%,说明在东北黑土区防治坡面汇流对坡面土壤侵蚀影响也尤为重要。     

Seed yield of soybeans with daytime or continuous elevation of carbon dioxide under field conditions

Some studies of responses of plants to elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide (EC) added CO₂ only in the daytime, while others supplied CO₂ continuously. I tested whether these two methods of EC treatments produced differences in the seed yield of soybeans. Tests were conducted for four growing seasons, using open top chambers, with soybeans rooted in the ground in field plots. One third of the chambers were flushed with air at the current ambient [CO₂] (AC), one third had [CO₂] 350 μmol mol⁻¹ above ambient during the daytime (EC_d), while one third had [CO₂] 350 μmol mol⁻¹ above ambient for 24 h per day (EC_dn). EC_dn increased seed yield by an average of 62 % over the four years compared with the AC treatment, while EC_d increased seed yield by 34 %. Higher seed yield for EC_dn compared with EC_d occurred each year. In comparing years, the relative yield disadvantage of EC_d decreased with increasing overall seed yield. On days with high water vapor pressure deficits, soybean canopies with EC_d had smaller midday extinction coefficients for photosynthetically active radiation than canopies with EC_dn, because of a more vertical leaf orientation. Hence the seed yield of soybean at EC varied depending on whether EC was also provided at night, with much greater yield stimulation for EC_dn than for EC_d in some years.     

The impact of altered precipitation on spatial stratification and activity-densities of springtails (Collembola) and spiders (Araneae)

Abstract.  1. A field experiment was conducted to determine how short-term changes in moisture can alter activity-densities of spiders and springtails.
2. In a Kentucky forest 10 unfenced 4-m² plots were divided into two rainfall treatments. A clear roof over five plots excluded rainfall to simulate severe drought conditions ( drought treatment). Water was sprayed on the five uncovered plots at a rate equal to two times the long-term mean in order to establish the high-rainfall treatment. Activity-densities of Collembola and spiders were measured using pitfall traps designed to sample the top, middle, and bottom layers of leaf litter. The experiment ran from 20 July to 23 September 2001.
3. Overall (i.e. litter layers pooled) activity-density (mean number trapped each sampling date) of Collembola was ≈ 60% lower in drought plots than in plots receiving increased precipitation. Surprisingly, overall spider activity-density was ≈ 1.6 times greater in the drought plots.
4. Differences in rainfall affected the spatial stratification of Collembola and spiders in strikingly different ways. Activity-densities of neither group differed between drought and high-rainfall treatments in the bottom litter layer. Collembola activity-density was three times greater in the top and middle litter layers in high-rainfall plots than in drought plots. In contrast, spider activity-density did not differ between treatments in the top layer, but activity-density was decreased by 50% in the middle layer of high-rainfall plots compared with drought plots.
5. Three Collembola families (Sminthuridae, Tomoceridae, and Entomobryidae) accounted for most of the Collembola pattern. The spider response was due to altered activity-density of one family of wandering spider, the Gnaphosidae.