气候变化对松嫩平原水稻灌溉需水量的影响

以水稻为研究对象,选取松嫩平原20个国家气象台站和国家气象中心提供的格点气象数据,采用作物系数法和Mc Cloud模型及P-M模型估算水稻需水量,应用水量平衡模型估算水稻灌溉需水量,分析水稻生育期内需水量变化规律.结果表明:历史时期和气候变化情景下,松嫩平原水稻全生育期和生育中期(Lmid时段)灌溉需水量等值线沿西南-东北方向递减,同一灌溉需水量等值线北移.历史时期和气候变化情景下水稻全生育期灌溉需水量随年代呈波动增加趋势,其中前者以44.2 mm·10 a-1速度增加,后者以19.9 mm·10 a-1速度增加.历史时期和气候变化情景下Lmid时段水稻灌溉需水量随年代均呈波动增加趋势,其中前者显著增加,后者增加不显著.气候变化情景对水稻需水量的贡献率为波动上升,与1970s相比,2000s气候变化对水稻需水量的贡献率为23.6%,增加14.8×108m3灌溉水量;2040s气候变化对水稻需水量的贡献率为34.4%,增加21.2×108m3灌溉水量.     

未来气候变化对河南省冬小麦需水量和缺水量的影响预估

采用美国农业部土壤保持局推荐的方法计算有效降水量,应用Penman-Monteith模型和作物系数法计算需水量,在对河南省1981—2010年冬小麦生育期内有效降水量、需水量和缺水量分析的基础上,结合《排放情景特别报告》的两种排放情景A2(强调经济发展)和B2(强调可持续发展)预估的未来气候情景,探讨了未来气候情景下河南省冬小麦的有效降水量、需水量和缺水量的时空演变规律及其主要气候影响因素.结果表明: 从整体上看,相对于基准时段(1981—2010年),A2和B2情景下,不同时段冬小麦全生育期的有效降水量、需水量和缺水量均表现出增加趋势,有效降水量均以2030s时段增加最多,分别增加33.5%和39.2%;需水量均以2010s时段增加最多,分别增加22.5%和17.5%,年代间呈现明显递减趋势;缺水量在A2情景下以2010s时段增加(23.6%)最多,B2情景下以2020s时段增加(13.0%)最多.偏相关分析表明,A2和B2情景下,太阳总辐射是影响河南省冬小麦需水量和缺水量变化的主要气候因素.由于地理环境和气候条件的差异,不同时段河南省冬小麦全生育期有效降水量、需水量和缺水量的距平百分率在空间分布上具有差异.未来河南省水资源可能更趋于短缺.     

气候变化对华北冬小麦生育期和灌溉需水量的影响

利用华北4个气象站点1981—2010年冬小麦的生育期数据和气象资料,研究了华北平原典型区域冬小麦在气候变化条件下的生育期及各生育阶段灌溉需水量。结果表明:(1)过去30a来,华北地区冬小麦播种期和出苗期均有推迟趋势,且高纬度站点的变化趋势明显,其他生育期则呈提前趋势,而冬小麦全生育期表现为缩短;(2)华北冬小麦灌溉需水量在空间上从北到南、自东向西逐渐递减趋势;在时间上,东西部地区灌溉需水量变化趋势相反,东部地区呈逐渐增加趋势,而西部地区呈减小趋势;(3)冬小麦生育阶段的灌溉需水量变化不相同,播种—出苗、拔节—抽穗和抽穗—乳熟期灌溉需水量表现为减少趋势,而出苗—拔节和乳熟—成熟期则表现为增加趋势。就冬小麦整个生育期而言,华北西部地区灌溉需水量(北京密云站和石家庄栾城站)有减少趋势,分别减少6.72mm/10a和8.3mm/10a;而华北东部地区(天津宝坻站和邢台南宫站)的趋势正好相反,分别增加2.6mm/10a和7.08mm/10a。6个生育阶段灌溉需水量的年际波动程度依次为:播种—出苗期乳熟—成熟期抽穗—乳熟期拔节—抽穗期出苗—拔节期播种—成熟期;(4)气象要素对灌溉需水量的影响较复杂,其中灌溉需水量同有效降水量、相对湿度呈负相关,且相关关系极显著,与生育期长度存在微负相关关系,与日照时数、平均温度和风速呈显著正相关。同时,影响各生育阶段灌溉需水量的气象要素也存在差异,主要包括有效降水量、相对湿度和风速等。     

云南省烤烟需水量及灌溉需求指数的时空特征

基于云南省124个农业气象站点1977—2010年逐日气象数据,采用FAO推荐的Penman Monteith公式,计算不同时空条件下云南省烤烟生育期的需水量和灌溉需求指数,分析云南省烤烟需水量和灌溉需求指数的时空特征和变化规律.结果表明： 研究期间,云南省烤烟伸根期、旺长期、成熟期和大田生育期需水量分别为76.73～174.73、247.50～386.64、180.28～258.14和528.18～764.08 mm,以旺长期需水量最高;平均灌溉需求指数分别为-0.02、0.38、0.17和0.26,伸根期有效降雨量可以满足烤烟需求.云南省烤烟需水量呈逐年减少趋势,各生育期需水量气候变化趋势分别为-12.42、-21.46、-7.17和-47.15 mm·(10 a)^-1.各生育期及大田生育期灌溉需求指数最小的地区为德宏,最大的为迪庆;大田生育期灌溉需求指数是负值的3个地区为德宏、西双版纳和普洱.参考作物蒸散量、需水量和有效降水量随纬度的升高而减少,而灌溉需水量和灌溉需求指数却随纬度的升高而加强;有效降水量随海拔的升高而减少,灌溉需水量和灌溉需求指数随海拔的升高而增加.     

1967-2017年甘肃省玉米需水量与缺水量时空分布特征

基于1967-2017年甘肃省28个气象站点的逐日气象数据,采用联合国粮食与农业组织（FAO,Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations）推荐的作物系数法计算了玉米各生育阶段和全生育期的需水量,结合美国农业部土壤保持局（SCS,Soil Conservation Service）推荐的方法计算了玉米全生育期的有效降水量,进而得到需水量。并利用线性倾向估计、Mann-Kendall检验和空间插值法对甘肃省玉米需水量和缺水量的年际变化趋势和空间分布特征进行分析。结果表明：1967-2017年甘肃省玉米全生育期平均降水量、平均有效降水量、平均需水量和平均缺水量分别为210.43、113.21、545.95 mm和421.00 mm;在时间上,51年来,甘肃省玉米全生育期内的降水量和有效降水量整体上呈明显的下降趋势,而需水量和缺水量整体上没有明显的变化趋势,属于正常波动;在空间上,玉米全生育期的降水量和有效降水量整体上由东南向西北减少,而需水量和缺水量整体上由东南向西北增加。28个站点中,51年来只有甘南和岷县站点的有效降水量能满足玉米生长初期的需水要求,其他站点在任何生长阶段均不能满足玉米需水要求,需要进行人工灌溉。     

河北省典型区主要作物有效降雨量和需水量特征

对作物全生育期内有效降雨量及需水规律的研究是进行合理灌溉及水资源优化配置的重要依据。以河北省鸡泽县为典型区域,利用FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith公式和分段单值平均作物系数法对冬小麦、夏玉米和棉花的有效降雨量及需水规律进行计算,并通过M-K检验法分析近60 a来鸡泽县有效降雨量及作物需水量序列的趋势变化及突变现象。结果表明:近60 a鸡泽县冬小麦在生育中期需水量最大,为210.2 mm,有效降雨量均集中在生育中期,缺水量以13.2 mm/10 a的速率呈显著性减少趋势;夏玉米在初始生长期需水量最大,为157.7 mm,有效降雨量集中在生育中期,缺水量以7.0 mm/10 a的速率呈不显著减少趋势;棉花在快速发育期需水量最大,为227.9 mm,有效降雨量集中在生育中期,缺水量以22.3 mm/10 a的速率呈显著性减少趋势。在一定程度上对河北省对农田灌溉用水效率和效益以及保障农作物科学高效生产具有重要的指导意义。     

基于不同保护目标的河道内生态需水量分析——以琉璃河湿地为例

为探索不同阶段保护目标下的河道内生态需水量,以北京市房山区琉璃河为研究区域,基于琉璃河湿地工程的特殊性,在同一工程项目中不同阶段创新应用环境需水量和生态需水量两种方法,分别计算在截污工程完成前满足水质要求的河道内环境需水量和截污工程完成后满足以生态修复及维系为目标的河道内生态需水量。结果表明:(1)在考虑景观娱乐水量的情况下,二者一次生态需水量均为196.78万m~3;(2)以消纳污水为目标的河道内,在考虑河道稀释及自净能力的情况下,利用水环境容量法计算净化需水量为30.39万m~3/d,景观娱乐需水量为180.43万m~3,河道内的土壤储水量为16.136万m~3,水体年蒸发量为78.03万m~3,日均0.21万m~3,水体渗透量21.69万m~3,日均渗漏量0.03万m~3;(3)以生态修复及维系为目标的河道中,河道内的水生生物栖息地需水量为71.73万m~3。(4)在截污工作未完成之前,琉璃河内需每日注入30.39万m~3/d的湿地出水以保持水质。在不同保护目标下,如何依据河流实际情况,满足不同的需求,完善生态需水的计算方法,维持生态系统的稳定健康,将是未来关注的重点。     

基于Maxent模型的不同气候变化情景下我国草地螟越冬区预测

草地螟(Loxostege sticticalis L.)是我国华北、东北和西北地区农牧业生产的重大害虫,其每年暴发成灾的程度及造成的经济损失与越冬虫源基数或面积密切相关,但我国草地螟主要越冬区的变化规律至今尚未见报道。为了阐明全球气候变化条件下我国草地螟越冬区的变化规律,以1951—2000年我国草地螟越冬场所及面积为基础,结合政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)第五次评估报告发布的BCC-CSM1.1气候模式数据,采用最大熵(Maxent)模型预测了4种气候变化(RCP 2.6,4.5,6.0和8.5)情景下2050s及2070s我国草地螟越冬区的变化情况。研究结果:1)训练数据集和测试数据集的受试者工作特征曲线下的面积(AUC)分别为0.989和0.987,表明模型的模拟精度很好。2)经Jackknife方法检验,降雨量变化方差bio_15是最重要的变量,最湿月份降雨量bio_13次之,最后为10月份降水量prec_10及年温变化范围bio_7。这些环境变量对模型的贡献率均超过10%,是模型构建最重要的环境变量。3)在各种气候变化情景下,到2050s及2070s我国草地螟的越冬区面积和位置相对于当前都有不同程度的扩大和北移。其中高适宜越冬区面积为当前的1.41—2.94倍,其质心位置向北移动78.79—226.97 km。这些结果表明,我国未来草地螟越冬场所将会扩大和北移。     

基于SWAT模型的乌鲁木齐河上游土地利用和气候变化对径流的影响

选用SWAT分布式水文模型,定量分析了乌鲁木齐河流域土地利用与气候变化对径流的影响,采用情景分析方法设置3类情景,对变化环境下的流域径流进行了预测。以R~2、NSE和PBIAS等3个参数评价了模拟的拟合度,不确定性。结果表明:1)在模型校准期和验证期R~2分别为0.89和0.75,NSE分别为0.84和0.74,PBIAS在18%—23%范围内,说明SWAT模型在乌鲁木齐河上游径流模拟中具有较好的适用性;2)综合型情景模拟分析得出,研究区气候变化对径流的影响强度大于土地利用变化的影响强度。土地利用和气候共同引起流域年均径流量减少1.41 m~3/s,土地利用变化引起年均径流量减少0.04 m~3/s,气候变化引起年均径流量减少1.37 m~3/s;3)极端土地利用情景模拟分析得出,草地情景的年均径流增加0.1 m~3/s,林地情景的年均径流量减少0.58 m~3/s;4)气候变化情景模拟分析得出,流域径流量与降水变化呈正相关关系,与气温变化呈负相关关系。降水量增加10%和20%时,年均径流量增加3.05 m~3/s和4.02 m~3/s。当降水量减少10%和20%时,年均径流量减少0.93 m~3/s和2.25 m~3/s。气温升高1℃和2℃时,年均径流量减少2.71 m~3/s和3.02 m~3/s。在气候变化环境下,需要重视降水和气温的预测,应通过优化土地结构来减缓气候变化的水文效应。     

东北地区高温对玉米生产的影响及对策

极端高温是制约东北农作区玉米生产的主要气象灾害之一.本文通过研究气候变暖背景下玉米不同生育时期内日最高温度大于30℃的积温(AT)和日最高温度大于30℃的天数(AD)的时空变化特征,分析了极端高温对东北农作区不同地区玉米生产的影响,并探讨了应对高温的对策.结果表明:1961—2010年,东北农作区玉米生育期内温度显著升高,开花期(花前花后20 d)最高温度明显大于其他生育时期,玉米全生育期、营养生长期(播种到开花前11 d)、花期和生育后期(开花后11 d到收获)4个时期日最高温度的气候趋向率分别为0.16、0.14、0.06和0.23℃·10 a-1.近50年东北农作区玉米全生育期AT明显增加,西南部地区的AT明显高于其他区域,营养生长期AT的增加趋势明显大于其他两个时期.玉米全生育期AD明显增加,高值区也主要集中在西南部地区,生育后期的AD的增加趋势大于其他两个生育时期.东北农作区玉米生育期内极端高温显著影响玉米生产,其中营养生长期的极端高温对玉米产量的不利影响十分显著,松辽平原地区玉米生产的高温风险明显大于其他地区.优化作物布局,培育耐高温品种,调整玉米生产管理措施,构建防灾减灾玉米生产体系是东北农作区玉米生产应对高温风险的有效措施.     

The implication of irrigation in climate change impact assessment: a European‐wide study

This study evaluates the impacts of projected climate change on irrigation requirements and yields of six crops (winter wheat, winter barley, rapeseed, grain maize, potato, and sugar beet) in Europe. Furthermore, the uncertainty deriving from consideration of irrigation, CO₂ effects on crop growth and transpiration, and different climate change scenarios in climate change impact assessments is quantified. Net irrigation requirement (NIR) and yields of the six crops were simulated for a baseline (1982–2006) and three SRES scenarios (B1, B2 and A1B, 2040–2064) under rainfed and irrigated conditions, using a process‐based crop model, SIMPLACE . We found that projected climate change decreased NIR of the three winter crops in northern Europe (up to 81 mm), but increased NIR of all the six crops in the Mediterranean regions (up to 182 mm yr^?1). Climate change increased yields of the three winter crops and sugar beet in middle and northern regions (up to 36%), but decreased their yields in Mediterranean countries (up to 81%). Consideration of CO₂ effects can alter the direction of change in NIR for irrigated crops in the south and of yields for C3 crops in central and northern Europe. Constraining the model to rainfed conditions for spring crops led to a negative bias in simulating climate change impacts on yields (up to 44%), which was proportional to the irrigation ratio of the simulation unit. Impacts on NIR and yields were generally consistent across the three SRES scenarios for the majority of regions in Europe. We conclude that due to the magnitude of irrigation and CO₂ effects, they should both be considered in the simulation of climate change impacts on crop production and water availability, particularly for crops and regions with a high proportion of irrigated crop area.     

嫩江流域湿地生态需水量分析与预估

探讨了嫩江流域湿地生态需水量的计算方法,并对流域内不同降水频率下湿地生态需水量进行了计算。在此基础上,选择CMIP全球气候模式下RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5等3种排放情景,预测2030年、2050年和2100年嫩江流域湿地生态需水量的变化趋势。研究结果表明:不同降水频率下的流域湿地生态需水量分别为丰水年70.284亿m3,平水年118.696亿m3,枯水年169.343亿m3,反映了其与气候条件的相关性。3种排放情景下湿地生态需水量变化受到最高、最低气温和降水量变化的共同影响,其中RCP2.6情景下需水量呈先增加后减少的趋势;RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下需水量整体呈增加趋势,到2100年分别达到147.337亿m3和132.659亿m3。气候变化条件下,如何协调水资源需求间的矛盾,维持湿地生态系统健康稳定,将是未来研究关注的重点。     

黄淮平原冬小麦灌溉需水量的影响因素与不同年型特征

以黄淮平原区80个气象站点46～54年的降水资料和10个站点100 cm深度的土壤湿度资料为基础,运用麦田水分平衡原理,分析了冬小麦灌溉需水量与冬小麦需水量、生育期降水量和土壤底墒水的关系,并就不同气候年型分析了冬小麦灌溉需水量的变化特征.结果表明:黄淮平原冬小麦灌溉需水量等值线基本呈纬向分布,自南向北逐渐增大.正常年零值线位于许昌、扶沟、柘城,鹿邑、亳州、萧县至徐州一带,此线附近冬小麦需水量和供水量基本平衡,可以不进行灌溉或进行少量灌溉;此线以北则必须进行灌溉,其灌溉量愈向北愈大,依次为60～100和100～190 mm,要分别灌1～2水和2水;此线以南,可不进行灌溉.丰水年零值线北移约0.5～1.0个纬度,全区灌溉面积和灌溉量明显减小.欠水年零值线南移约1.0～1.5个纬度,灌溉面积和灌溉量显著增大.

Abstract：

By using the last 46-54 years precipitation data from 80 meteorological stations and the 0-100 cm soil water content data at 10 stations in the Huanghuai Plain, the relationships be-tween the irrigation water requirement and water requirement by winter wheat, and between the precipitation in winter wheat growth season and the soil water content at planting time were ana-lyzed, based on the principles of farmland water balance. In the meantime, the characteristics of irrigation water requirement by winter wheat in different climatic years were studied. In the study area, the isoline of irrigation water requirement by winter wheat was basically in latitudinal distri-bution, with the requirement increased gradually from .south to north. In normal years, the zero isoline was located in Xuchang-Fugou-Zhecheng-Luyi-Bozhou-Xiaoxian-Xuzhou. Along this line, the water requirement by winter wheat was in balance with water supply, and no or less irrigation was required. However, in the north of this line, irrigation should be made, with the irrigation a-mount increased northward, being about 60-100 mm and 100-190 mm and irrigating 1-2 times or 2 times. In the south of this line, no irrigation was required. In the years of plentiful precipita-tion, the zero isoline moved northward by 0. 5-1.0 latitude, and the irrigation area and irrigation amount decreased obviously; while in the years of short precipitation, the zero isoline moved south-ward by 1.0-1.5 latitude, and the irrigation area and irrigation amount increased obviously.     

Future wood productivity of Pinus radiata in New Zealand under expected climatic changes

The physiologically based growth model CenW was used to simulate wood‐productivity responses of Pinus radiata forests to climate change in New Zealand. The model was tested under current climatic conditions against a comprehensive set of observations from growth plots located throughout the country. Climate change simulations were based on monthly climate change fields of 12 GCMs forced by the SRES B1, A1B and A2 emission scenarios for 2040 and 2090. Simulations used either constant or increasing CO₂ concentrations corresponding to the different emission scenarios. With constant CO₂, there were only slight growth responses to climate change across the country as a whole. More specifically, there were slight growth reductions in the warmer north but gains in the cooler south, especially at higher altitudes. For sites where P. radiata is currently grown, and across the full suite of GCMs and emission scenarios, changes in wood productivity averaged +3% for both 2040 and 2090. When increasing CO₂ concentration was also included, responses of wood productivity were generally positive, with average increases of 19% by 2040 and 37% by 2090. These responses varied regionally, ranging from relatively minor changes in the north of the country to very significant increases in the south, where the beneficial effect of increasing CO₂ combined with the beneficial effect of increasing temperatures. These relatively large responses to CO₂ depend on maintenance of the current adequate fertility levels in most commercial plantations. Productivity enhancements came at the expense of some soil‐carbon losses. Average losses for the country were simulated to average 3.5% under constant CO₂ and 1.5% with increasing CO₂ concentration. Again, there were regional differences, with larger losses for regions with lesser growth enhancements, and lesser reductions in regions where greater productivity enhancements could partly balance the effect of faster decomposition activity.     

气候振荡背景下宁夏枸杞地理分区变迁研究

宁夏枸杞在中国北方广泛分布,重建宁夏枸杞的历史地理分布格局,确定其环境分布限制,为其种质资源保护和植物形成与进化趋势研究提供理论依据。该研究以宁夏枸杞(Lycium barbarum)为代表,采用MaxEnt模型对该物种228例野生有效分布点和19个环境变量进行评估,以明确影响其分布的相关环境因子;并对末次间冰期以来不同时期的地理分布格局进行建模分析,以揭示在气候变暖条件下宁夏枸杞适宜分布区的变化趋势,预测未来(2050s和2070s)在RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP6.0三种CO₂排放情景下宁夏枸杞的潜在地理分布变化。结果表明：(1)温度对宁夏枸杞的分布至关重要,其中最冷季度平均温度是影响该物种分布最重要的气候因子。(2)所建模型对宁夏枸杞的适宜分布区的模拟结果与当今实际分布一致,但分布区域比实际分布区域大。(3)宁夏枸杞的适宜分布区面积在末次冰盛期进行了收缩,而在末次间冰期分布区面积明显扩大(最大为4.23×10⁶ km²),并呈现出向北推进和向南退缩的趋势。(4)在未来3种气候情景下宁夏枸杞的适宜分布区面积均趋于缩小;随着气候变暖的加剧,宁夏枸杞适宜分布区将向高纬度和高海拔地区迁移,且生境破碎化现象比现在更加严重。(5)在RCP2.6 2070s情景下,宁夏枸杞质心向西迁移108.66 km;在RCP6.0 2070s情景下,宁夏枸杞质心向东北迁移30.23 km。研究认为,宁夏枸杞的分布格局对气候变化具有强烈响应,随着气候变暖,宁夏枸杞的适宜分布区将向高纬度和高海拔地区迁移。     

Growth, carbon-isotope discrimination, and drought-associated mortality across a Pinus ponderosa elevational transect

Drought‐ and insect‐associated tree mortality at low‐elevation ecotones is a widespread phenomenon but the underlying mechanisms are uncertain. Enhanced growth sensitivity to climate is widely observed among trees that die, indicating that a predisposing physiological mechanism(s) underlies tree mortality. We tested three, linked hypotheses regarding mortality using a ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) elevation transect that experienced low‐elevation mortality following prolonged drought. The hypotheses were: (1) mortality was associated with greater growth sensitivity to climate, (2) mortality was associated with greater sensitivity of gas exchange to climate, and (3) growth and gas exchange were correlated. Support for all three hypotheses would indicate that mortality results at least in part from gas exchange constraints. We assessed growth using basal area increment normalized by tree basal area [basal area increment (BAI)/basal area (BA)] to account for differences in tree size. Whole‐crown gas exchange was indexed via estimates of the CO₂ partial pressure difference between leaf and atmosphere (p_a?p_c) derived from tree ring carbon isotope ratios (δ¹³C), corrected for temporal trends in atmospheric CO₂ and δ¹³C and elevation trends in pressure. Trees that survived the drought exhibited strong correlations among and between BAI, BAI/BA, p_a?p_c, and climate. In contrast, trees that died exhibited greater growth sensitivity to climate than trees that survived, no sensitivity of p_a?p_c to climate, and a steep relationship between p_a?p_c and BAI/BA. The p_a?p_c results are consistent with predictions from a theoretical hydraulic model, suggesting trees that died had a limited buffer between mean water availability during their lifespan and water availability during drought – i.e., chronic water stress. It appears that chronic water stress predisposed low‐elevation trees to mortality during drought via constrained gas exchange. Continued intensification of drought in mid‐latitude regions may drive increased mortality and ecotone shifts in temperate forests and woodlands.