Purification and stability of peroxidase of African oil palm Elaies guineensis

In the previous work, after screening tropical plants (43 species) for peroxidase activity, high activity has been detected in leaves of some palms and especially African oil palm Elaeis guineensis. This palm is widely cultivated in Colombia and presents a promising source for the industrial production of peroxidase. The initial enzyme isolation included homogenization and extraction of pigments using aqueous two phase polymer system. Initially, traditional system, formed by polyethyleneglycol/K₂HPO₄, was used. The replacement of K₂HPO₄ with (NH₄)₂SO₄ allowed direct application of the salt phase with accumulated peroxidase on a Phenyl-Sepharose column. The final purification was carried out by liquid chromatography on Sephacryl S200 and DEAE-Toyopearl columns. The specific activity of the purified peroxidase measured toward guaiacol was 4300 units per mg of protein. The molecular weight and isoelectric point for palm peroxidase were 57.000 and 3.8, respectively. Palm peroxidase possesses uniquely high thermostability and is more stable in organic solvents than horseradish peroxidase is.     

High abscission rates of damaged expanding leaves: field evidence from seedlings of a Bornean rain forest tree

Herbivore damage is known to cause the premature loss of mature leaves. However, the effects of herbivory on abscission during the early stages of leaf development remain unexplored, even though herbivores frequently prefer unlignified, immature leaves. In a field experiment, we removed 50% of the tissue from leaves at various stages of development on seedlings of Shorea hopeifolia (Dipterocarpaceae), a dominant rain forest tree in Indonesian Borneo. Four weeks following simulated herbivory, >88% of unlignified expanding leaves had been abscised, compared to only 20% of fully expanded, unlignified leaves and 0% of recently lignified, mature leaves. In a separate experiment over 9 wk, simulated herbivory did not increase abscission rates of mature leaves, even when 75% of leaf tissue was removed. Because most (58%) of S. hopeifolia seedlings under natural conditions had lost 1% or less of the tissue from their mature leaves, herbivore damage probably has little effect on the abscission of mature leaves. In contrast, the tendency for damaged expanding leaves to abscise may explain why 49% of S. hopeifolia seedlings had already lost their youngest leaf. If similar patterns occur in other species, herbivore attacks on developing leaves may contribute substantially to both leaf loss and the cumulative impact of herbivory on the growth and survival of whole plants.     

Effect of lanthanum on ion absorption in cucumber seedling leaves

Scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis were used to study the tissular distributions of elements Na, Mg, Cl, K, Ca, Mn, and Fe in leaves of cucumber seedlings in the absence or presence of La³⁺. The results showed that the atomic percentages of Na, Mg, Cl, K, and Ca were basically reduced and those of Mn and Fe were increased in the presence of La³⁺; in addition, at 0.02 mM La³⁺, the reduced or increased degrees were higher than those at 2.0 mM La³⁺. The effects of La³⁺ on ion absorption were similar to those of Ca²⁺, suggesting that the rare earth element lanthanum affects the plant physiological mechanism by regulating the Ca²⁺ level in plant cell.     

The role of calcium ions in freezing injuries of winter oilseed rape leaves. Effects of calcium channel blockers and mimesis by calcium ionophore

Calcium ionophore A23187 allowing for a calcium ion influx from an apoplast to a cytoplasm, mimicked symptoms of the frost-induced injuries in winter oilseed rape leaves, as estimated by the conductivity method. Both calcium ionophore and freezing treatment induced degradation of phosphatidylcholine. On the other hand lanthanum and gadolinum ions as well as verapamil, the inhibitors of calcium ion channels, decreased the degree of the frost-induced injuries. Lanthanum ions prevented the frost-induced degradation of PC. It is proposed that freezing alters the functioning of calcium ion channels which results in calcium ion influx into a cytosol. This in turn may lead to a degradation of cell membranes.     

悬铃木落叶的化学调控

悬铃木落叶的化学调控李恩胡晓倩王义彰朱胜东周守标（安徽师范大学生物系,芜湖２４１０００）ＣｈｅｍｉｃａｌＡｄｊｕｓｔｍｅｎｔａｎｄＣｏｎｔｒｏｌｏｆＤｅｃｉｄｕｏｕｓＬｅａｖｅｓｏｆｔｈｅＰｌａｎｅＴｒｅｅ．ＬｉＥｎ,ＨｕＸｉａｏｑｉａｎ,ＷａｎｇＹ...     

杜仲叶绿原酸的提取，分离和鉴定

杜仲叶绿原酸的提取、分离和鉴定＠戚向阳＠张声华￥华中农业大学食品科学系杜仲叶;绿原酸;提取;鉴定杜仲叶绿原酸的提取、分离和鉴定戚向阳张声华（华中农业大学食品科学系,武汉４３００７０）Ｔｈｅｅｘｔｒａｃｔｉｏｎ,ｉｓｏｌａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｃａｔ...     

箬叶多糖的分离纯化及其理化性质的研究

采用分步提取的方式从中药箬叶中分离得到８种多糖组分：酸性杂多糖ＦＳ、ＦＥ、ＦⅠ,β－Ｄ－葡萄糖醛酸聚糖ＦⅡ和四种半纤维素多糖α－Ｄ－木聚糖ＦⅢ－ａ、ＦⅢ－ｂ、ＦⅣ－ａ及ＦⅣ－ｂ．紫外光谱、红外光谱、凝胶色谱、元素分析等结果表明８种箬叶多糖为纯品．并采用纸层析,气相色谱分析确定其单糖组成．采用高效凝胶渗透色谱ＧＰＣ法测定了４种箬叶多糖ＦＥ、ＦⅠ、ＦⅢ－ａ及ＦⅣ－ａ的重均分子量Ｍｗ、数均分子量Ｍｎ,均为大分子,分子量分布较窄,纯度较高．     

菜心叶片中乙醇酸氧化酶的多种组分

乙醇酸氧化酶（EC．1．1．3．1,GO）是光呼吸中的关键酶,过去对其电泳行为和等电点的报告互不一致。Grodzinski和Col－man（1972）将菠菜、烟草等植物部分纯化的GO酶液在pH8．3的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶中电泳,活性染色后出现两条活性带,两者对FMN的依赖性有一定差异。Kerr和Groves（1975）对豌豆叶片部分纯化的GO酶液进行等电聚焦电泳,表明其pI值大于9．6.Behrends等（1982）将绿色黄瓜子叶的酶液经聚焦层析,发现GO活性分布在pH8．7附近。但Nishimura等（1983）发现在pH8．9的凝胶中南瓜子叶GO不迁移,而在pH4．5的凝胶中则出现一…     

Shoot regeneration from cultured leaves of Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia)

Several experiments were conducted to investigate in vitro regeneration of adventious shoots from cultured leaves of Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia). A protocol was developed and regeneration achieved from six cultivars. Leaves harvested from shoot cultures which had been preconditioned on B5 medium with 5 μM thidiazuron plus 0.25 μM gibberellic acid were placed on regeneration medium of the same composition. Frequency of regeneration per leaf was as high as 23% but cultivar and environmental factors influenced the result. More mature (basal) leaves regenerated more frequently than younger ones from the shoot tip. Leaf orientation during regeneration and photoperiod was not a strong influence but regeneration from leaf pieces was less than from uncut leaves. An alternative regeneration procedure was developed in which first, shoot cultures were grown on the preconditioning medium. Leaves of the intact shoot cultures were then induced to regenerate directly when adventitious shoots formed on leaves of the intact shoot culture leaves without excision. Adventitious shoots from both procedures developed into typical shoot cultures when transferred to shoot culture maintenance medium. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Soret absorption of intermediate(s) in protochlorophyllide to chlorophyllide photoreduction trapped at low temperature

Absorption spectra at ca 100 K from 400 to 750 nm and fluorescence emission spectra at 77 K from 600 to 750 nm were obtained from: 1) etiolated leaves of the H-ordeum vulgare L. (barley) mutant albozonata 2 and SAN 9789-treated Avena sativa L. (oat) with low levels of carotenoids, and 2) preparations of protochlorophyllide holo-chrome from Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Commodore (bean).
This allowed clear resolution for the first time of the Soret bands of the green pigments before and after light-induced accumulation of intermediate(s) in protochlorophyllide to chlorophyllide photoreduction and after conversion of the intermediate(s) to chlorophyllide by warming the samples to 233 K in darkness. Although the intermediate(s) differ(s) in absorption and fluorescence in the red wavelength region from both protochlorophyllide and chlorophyllide, the extinction in the Soret band is not distinguishable from that of chlorophyllide. These observations indicate that the C7-C8 double bond in ring IV of protochlorophyllide has been altered in intermediate(s) accumulated at low temperature in intense light, such that the transition state exhibits the character of a π complex.