汶川地震对大熊猫主食竹——拐棍竹竹笋生长发育的影响

为了了解汶川地震对大熊猫主食竹生长发育的影响,2009年10月—2011年4月,在地震重灾区四川龙溪-虹口国家级自然保护区内设置150个样方,就地震强度、中度、轻度干扰对大熊猫主食竹拐棍竹(Fargesia robusta)竹笋生长发育的影响进行了研究。研究结果显示:(1)发笋物候上,地震强度干扰的发笋时间(Julian时间)较中度和轻度干扰显著推迟,而发笋期不受影响。(2)发笋量和当年生幼竹数是拐棍竹更新生长的数量指标。地震强度和中度干扰样方的发笋量都显著高于轻度干扰,而发笋量在强度和中度干扰间差异不显著;地震强度干扰样方的当年生幼竹数显著高于中度和轻度干扰,中度和轻度干扰样方间差异不显著。这说明地震的强度和中度干扰都有利于拐棍竹竹笋和当年生幼竹数量的更新。(3)基径和株高是拐棍竹更新生长的质量指标。强度干扰下拐棍竹的基径和株高都显著小于中度和轻度干扰,中度干扰样方的基径与轻度干扰差异不显著,但株高显著矮于轻度干扰样方。表明强度干扰下拐棍竹的质量最差,中度干扰的基径已基本得到恢复,但株高仍受到抑制。(4)地震不同干扰等级拐棍竹退笋原因划分为:外力机械损伤、动物取食、生长停止、其他4种。对地震不同干扰等级拐棍竹退笋原因比率的分析发现,强度干扰样方因外力机械损伤和生长停止退笋的比率显著高于中度和轻度干扰样方,而因动物取食退笋的比率显著低于中度和轻度干扰样方。证明强度干扰样方的竹笋更容易受到外力机械损伤和生长停止退笋,而中度和轻度干扰的竹笋更倾向于动物取食致退,揭示了拐棍竹的生长是与震后不同程度的干扰相适应的。     

不同经营类型毛竹林土壤活性有机碳的差异

以起始于1984年的长期不同经营类型毛竹林为研究对象,探讨了秋季毛竹林集约经营后土壤有机碳库的变化。结果表明:(1)集约经营后0—10 cm土层毛竹林土壤总有机碳、易氧化碳、水溶性有机碳和轻组有机质含量分别下降了8.64%,14.11%,8.29%,29.70%(0—20 cm),差异均达到显著水平。(2)两种毛竹林土壤各种碳的剖面特征均随土层深度的增加而呈下降趋势,但下降幅度不同。集约经营在一定程度上影响了毛竹土壤易氧化碳、水溶性有机碳的剖面特征。(3)土壤各活性有机碳之间,土壤总有机碳、易氧化碳、水溶性有机碳与土壤全氮、水解氮、速效K、Ca、Mg之间相关性均达到显著或极显著水平(水溶性有机碳与速效磷相关性不显著),轻组有机质含量除与速效钙极显著相关外,与其它土壤养分之间相关性均不显著。(4)集约经营降低了土壤易氧化碳碳素有效率、水溶性有机碳碳素有效率及土壤碳库活度,并在土壤剖面部分土层达到显著水平。因此,集约经营的毛竹林,通过配施恰当比例的有机无机肥,结合土壤垦复、除草、合理的竹株留养和采伐等综合竹林经营技术,以达到改善土壤质量和实现毛竹林可持续经营的目的。     

湖南会同林区毛竹林地的土壤呼吸

采用CID-301PS光合分析仪(配带土壤呼吸室),对湖南会同林区毛竹林地土壤呼吸进行测定,结果表明,毛竹林地土壤总呼吸速率、异养呼吸速率、自养呼吸速率及凋落物呼吸速率的年平均值分别为2.13、1.44、0.69μmolCO2·m-2·s-1和0.31μmolCO2·m-2·s-1,并呈现明显的季节变化规律和日变化规律,季节变化曲线呈单峰型,表现为1～7月份随着气温、地温的升高呈上升的趋势,在8月达年呼吸速率的最大值,分别达4.95、3.01、1.94μmolCO2·m-2·s-1和0.80 μmolCO2·m-2·s-1,此后随温度的降低而呈逐渐递减的趋势,直到翌年的1月份或2月份,分别为0.76、0.70、 0.06μmolCO2·m-2·s-1 和 0.05μmolCO2·m-2·s-1.日变化曲线图表现为单峰形态,一般也是随着温度的升高而加大,随着温度的降低而减小.6:00～14:00,随着土壤温度的升高而增加,一般在16:00～18:00出现最高峰,此后,一直递减,直到次日4:00～8:00.由此计算出毛竹林地土壤年释放CO2量为33.94 t·hm-2·a-1,其中,林地异养呼吸、自养呼吸和凋落物呼吸分别占总呼吸的59.5%、28.3%和12.2%.     

Mining of SSR markers from Expressed Sequence Tags of bamboo species

With the ever increasing number of Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) from various sequencing projects, ESTs have become valuable and first-hand source of in-silico mining of simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers. We examined a total of 3419 EST sequences from three bamboo species, namely, Phyllostachys edulis, Bambusa oldhamii and Dendrocalamus sinicus for the presence of di- to hexa- microsatellites. The frequency of SSR containing ESTs varied from 5.36% in B. oldhamii to 13.05% in P. edulis. No SSRs were found in D. sinicus. Tri-nucleotide repeats (49.34%) were most frequent in P. edulis, while not much comparable difference in repeats was found in B. oldhamii. Flanking primer pairs were also designed in-silico for the sequences containing SSRs and their position on the genome hypothesized using similarity searching. SSRs located in open reading frame (ORF) were given functional annotation using Gene Ontology. Polymorphic SSRs were also detected using new pipeline- polySSR. Polymorphism level was very low (2.43%) and the position of the polymorphic SSRs was determined. The development of SSRs and the study of polymorphism will help in the further study of intra- and inter- gene flow, genetic structure, variability, linkage mapping and evolutionary relationships in bamboo.     

Group Composition, Home Range Size, and Diet of Three Sympatric Bamboo Lemur Species (Genus Hapalemur) in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar

This is the first long-term, simultaneous, comparative study of three bamboo lemur species (Hapalemur griseus, H. aureus, and H. simus) at a site in southeastern-central Madagascar where they occur in sympatry. At Talatakely, Ranomafana National Park, the three Hapalemur spp. share overlapping home ranges. Hapalemur griseus has flexible group sizes, varying from three to nine individuals (n = 6). The home range of Hapalemur griseus averages 15 ha (n = 2). Hapalemur aureus forms family groups of 4 individuals (n = 3); they have a home range on average of 26 ha (n = 2). The single group of Hapalemur simus is composed of one or three adult males, two adult females, and their offspring; they occupy a home range of 62 ha. The three species of Hapalemur are year-round bamboo specialists: >88% of their diets consist of bamboo and grass in the Family Poaceae. Contrary to earlier findings, all three Hapalemur spp. consume the cynogenic parts—young leaf bases, young pseudopetioles, and young shoots—of the giant bamboo, Cathariostachys madagascariensis. They rely heavily on this plant, which comprises 72–95% of their diets. Hapalemur griseus and H. aureus consume similar proportions of bamboo vs. nonbamboo plants, though they differ in the species of bamboo they prefer. Hapalemur simus has the most distinct diet of the three bamboo lemurs. They exploit the young shoots of Cathariostachys madagascariensis during the austral summer rainy season, between November and April. From June to November, Hapalemur simus shifts its diet to eating the mature culm pith of Cathariostachys madagascariensis; the proportion of pith represented in their diet reaches a maximum of 89% in October. Seasonal availability of food resources, feeding competition, and factors related to body size may provide clues to the understanding of diet selection among the three sympatric Hapalemur spp.     

Silica accumulation in long-lived leaves of Sasa veitchii (Carrière) Rehder (Poaceae-Bambusoideae)

Silica accumulation in long-lived leaves of Sasa veitchii was investigated using the molybdenum blue method. In general, silica accumulation was rapid during spring and summer, and slow during winter. The leaves continuously accumulate silica throughout their life. The significance of these observations is discussed in relation to two hypotheses for silica accumulation in plants: (1) that silica accumulation is a result of water consumption by the plant: and (2) that silica is actively accumulated to protect the plant. The results of the present study support the former hypothesis.     

In vitro protocols and field performance of elites of an important bamboo Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Nees et Arn. Ex Munro*

Seedling raised elites of Dendrocalamus hamiltoniiNees et Arn. Ex Munro were chosen as the source of nodal explants from precocious branches. While axillary bud break was accomplished in hormone free 1/2MS medium containing sucrose (3%, w/v), BA supplementation was required for shoot proliferation. A variety of hormonal combinations induced rooting in clumps of shoots. Somatic embryogenesis was also obtained in callus cultures raised in 2,4-D supplemented MS medium and plantlets derived from somatic embryos were hardened for field transfer. Comparative growth performances of plants raised from nodal cuttings of field-grown plants, those from single node cuttings of precocious branches and from somatic embryos indicated that growth performance of the tissue culture raised plants was relatively better than those from nodal cuttings. Improved protocols for efficient micropropagation are visualized to provide an impetus to raising of bamboo nurseries of elite genotypes in bamboo growing areas of western Himalayas.     

云南12种食用竹笋营养成分研究

对云南省12种食用竹笋营养成分的系统分析测定,并与10种常用蔬菜进行比较,结果显示:12种竹笋的粗蛋白质含量为1.73～3.09g/100g·FW,粗脂肪、总糖、可溶性糖、粗纤维、灰分含量分别为0.15～0.26g/100g·FW、0.29～1.07g/100g·FW、0.21～0.84g/100g·FW、0.90～1.43g/100g·FW和0.68～1.23g/100g·FW;含17～18种氨基酸、多种矿物元素和维生素,且含量丰富,是营养价值较高的蔬菜之一,具有较好的营养保健作用。营养成分的含量在种间存在差异。     

竹笋禾夜蛾生物学特性及其防治

竹笋禾夜蛾是福建省竹林的主要害虫,该虫在福建一年发生1代,以卵越冬,翌年2月中旬开始孵化,幼虫6龄,幼虫期51—80天,蛹期17—29天。每雌一生产卵84—467粒．成虫寿命6—17天。该虫的综合防治应以林业防治为主,9月份开始林地除草灭虫;3月初以化学农药喷杂革治虫,4月初出笋后对笋喷药2次;成虫羽化盛期点灯诱蛾等坊治措施,可以有效地控制虫害。