Secondary metabolites from Ganoderma lucidum and Spongiporus leucomallellus

The hydrodistillates and solvent extracts of the fruit bodies of Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) P. Karst. and Spongiporus leucomallellus (Murril) A. David were investigated. The constituents in both oils comprised hydrocarbons, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and fatty acids. Major volatiles of G. lucidum were trans-anethol, R-(-)-linalool, S-(+)-carvone and alpha-bisabolol, while the essential oil of S. leucomallellus contained relatively large amounts of R-(-)-1-octene-3-ol, R-(-)-linalool, 1-hepten-3-one and (Z)-nerolidol. From the n-hexane extract of G. lucidum, the steroid ester ergosta-7,22-diene-3beta-yl pentadecanoate could be identified. From S. leucomallellus two constituents showing structures of 3,4-seco-lanostane type triterpene acids were identified as (+)-23-oxo-3,4-seco-lanosta-4(28),7(8),9(11),24(31)-tetraene-3,26-dicarboxylic acid and (+)-20-hydroxy-23-oxo-3,4-seco-lanosta-4(28),7(8),9(11),24(31)-tetraene3,26-dicarboxylic acid, respectively. Cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of selected compounds were investigated using standard tests.     

Positive interaction between invasive plants: The influence of Pyracantha angustifolia on the recruitment of native and exotic woody species

Abstract: Positive interactions between species are known to play an important role in the dynamics of plant communities, including the enhancement of invasions by exotics. We studied the influence of the invasive shrub Pyracantha angustifolia (Rosaceae) on the recruitment of native and exotic woody species in a secondary shrubland in central Argentina mountains. We recorded woody sapling recruitment and micro‐environmental conditions under the canopies of Pyracantha and the dominant native shrub Condalia montana (Rhamnaceae), and in the absence of shrub cover, considering these situations as three treatments. We found that native and exotic species richness were higher under Pyracantha than under the other treatments. Ligustrum lucidum (Oleaceae), an exotic bird‐dispersed shade‐tolerant tree, was the most abundant species recruiting in the area, and its density was four times higher under the canopy of Pyracantha. This positive interaction may be related to Pyracantha's denser shading, to the mechanical protection of its canopy against ungulates, and/or to the simultaneous fruit ripening of both woody invaders.     

Biological color stripping: A novel technology for removal of dye from cellulose fibers

This research work was carried out to compare the color stripping efficiency of optimized biological method with the chemical stripping, commonly employed in the textile industries. Knitted fabric dyed with Reactive black B dye in 2, 4 and 6% shades strengths was subjected to chemical and biological stripping processes individually. Biological stripping process was found many fold superior to chemical one. It was noted that shade strength does not showed any pronounced effect on the bursting strength of fabric but biological and chemical treatment affect the quality of fabrics in terms of bursting strength/durability of fabric. White rot fungus Ganoderma lucidum IBL-05 showed good potential for decolorization/color stripping of cotton fabric dyed with Reactive black B under optimized set of conditions. The chemical stripping technology is inferior to biological stripping process regarding the quality of fabric and percent color removal from cotton fabric dyed with Reactive black B dye.     

Probiotics-containing yogurts suppress Helicobacter pylori load and modify immune response and intestinal microbiota in the Helicobacter pylori-infected children

Background: The benefits of probiotics to the pediatric Helicobacter pylori infection remain uncertain. We tested whether the H. pylori‐infected children have an altered gut microflora, and whether probiotics‐containing yogurt can restore such change and improve their H. pylori‐related immune cascades. Methods: We prospectively included 38 children with H. pylori infection confirmed by a positive ¹³C‐urea breath test (UBT) and 38 age‐ and sex‐matched noninfected controls. All of them have provided the serum and stool samples before and after 4‐week ingestion of probiotics‐containing yogurt. The serum samples were tested for the TNF‐α, IL‐10, IL‐6, immunoglobulin (Ig) A, G, E, pepsinogens I and II levels. The stool samples were tested for the colony counts of Bifidobacterium spp. and Escherichia coli. The follow‐up UBT indirectly assessed the H. pylori loads after yogurt usage. Results: The H. pylori‐infected children had lower fecal Bifidobacterium spp. count (p = .009), Bifidobacterium spp./E. coli ratio (p = .04), serum IgA titer (p = .04), and pepsinogens I/II ratio (p < .001) than in controls. In the H. pylori‐infected children, 4‐week yogurt ingestion reduced the IL‐6 level (p < .01) and H. pylori loads (p = .046), but elevated the serum IgA and pepsinogen II levels (p < .001). Moreover, yogurt ingestion can improve the childhood fecal Bifidobacterium spp./E. coli ratio (p = .03). Conclusions: The H. pylori‐infected children have a lower Bifidobacterium microflora in gut. The probiotics‐containing yogurt can offer benefits to restore Bifidobacterium spp./E. coli ratio in children and suppress the H. pylori load with increment of serum IgA but with reduction in IL‐6 in H. pylori‐infected children.     

灵芝EIM-40漆酶的分离纯化及酶学性质

采用冻干浓缩、（NH4）2S04盐析、HiTrapphenyl（FF）疏水层析和QSepharose FastFlow离子交换层析对灵芝EIM-40发酵液进行分离纯化,获得纯化漆酶,纯化倍数为14．6,回收率为5．3％。SDS-PAGE银染的结果为单一条带,相对分子质量约为6．53×104。以愈创木酚和2,2-联氮-二（3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸）二铵盐（ABTS）为催化底物进行酶学性质研究,最适pH分别为4．8和4．5,最适温度分别为55和50℃,2种底物在pH4．0。5．0范围内,温度低于50℃时,酶的稳定性都很好。以愈创木酚为底物,Km=645．0umol／L;以ABTS为底物,Km=22．2txmol／L。Cu2＋对该酶起激活作用,Fe2＋、Ca2＋、Ba2＋则完全抑制酶的活性。     

灵芝孢子粉对重症急性胰腺炎大鼠肠道微生态失调的调整作用

目的探讨灵芝孢子粉对重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）导致的肠道微生态失调的调整作用。方法采用胆胰管逆行注射5％牛磺胆酸钠法造成SAP模型;SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、奥曲肽治疗组、灵芝孢子粉治疗组及灵芝孢子粉奥曲肽联合治疗组;于给药7d后处死大鼠,进行肠道菌群、肝脏及胰腺细菌易位检测。结果SAP时出现明显的肠道菌群紊乱,细菌易位。经治疗后发现,灵芝孢子粉能够扶植双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌的生长,使肠杆菌的数量减少,并可控制细菌易位。将灵芝孢子粉与奥曲肽合用作用更佳,与其他治疗组相比差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论灵芝孢子粉可调整SAP时出现的肠道微生态失调,其与奥曲肽联合应用治疗SAP可降低感染率,取得较好的疗效。     

Effects on Tyrosinase Activity by the Extracts of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ganoderma lucidum</Emphasis> and Related Mushrooms

The inhibitory effects on tyrosinase activity by extracts of several mushrooms belonging to Basidiomycetes were evaluated. Among the tested mushrooms (Ganoderma lucidum, Antrodia camphorata, Agaricus brasiliensis, and Cordyceps militaris), G. lucidum exhibited significant inhibition of tyrosinase activity (IC(50) value 0.32 mg/ml), compared to those prepared from other Basidiomycetes. Tyrosinase inhibitors are effective components of skin-lightening compounds and other cosmetics; currently many of the facial mask cosmetics in the market contain Ganoderma extracts in their ingredients. The finding that mushroom extracts contain tyrosinase activity inhibition will contribute to better understanding of how their 'healing' properties in various Chinese traditional herbal on skin care products.     

不同发酵阶段的灵芝菌丝三萜类成分与抗肿瘤作用的相关性研究

本文研究了不同培养方式、不同发酵阶段的菌丝三萜各组分的变化与抗肿瘤作用的关系。结果表明灵芝三萜在菌丝发酵后期才大量产生,菌丝中三萜的种类与子实体相比相对较少,不同生长阶段菌丝中的三萜在组分、相对含量及各组分间的比例都有所变化,其中两个组分峰的增高与其对肿瘤细胞的抑制作用反相关,另有几个组分峰的增高与对肿瘤细胞的抑制作用正相关。本研究确定了生产有效抑制肿瘤细胞生长的三萜组分最佳培养方式和最佳培养时间。     

灵芝多糖对荷瘤小鼠肿瘤免疫系统的影响

目的:观察灵芝多糖对荷瘤小鼠免疫系统的影响.方法:纯系BALB/c小鼠30只,用U14瘤细胞荷瘤建立动物模型,随机平均分为三组:灵芝多糖治疗组、环磷酰胺治疗组、生理盐水对照组.观察灵芝多糖对荷瘤小鼠NK细胞活性、淋巴细胞转化率、TNF-α等免疫指标的影响.结果:灵芝多糖能够显著提高治疗组小鼠的NK细胞活性、淋巴细胞转化率和血清中TNF-α、IL-2的含量.结论:灵芝多糖能够显著提荷瘤小鼠免疫系统的活性.