Yangtze Dams Increasingly Threaten the Survival of the Chinese Sturgeon

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施氏鲟的核型及DNA含量研究

采用体内注射小牛血清、肾组织细胞短期培养、常见空气干燥法制备了施氏鲟(Acipenser schrencki Brandt)的染色体,并进行了核型分析。施氏鲟二倍体的染色体为238±8条,其核型为78m+12sm+28st,t+120±mc,NF :328±。以外周血红细胞为样本,鸡的红细胞为对照,用美国产的FACStar Plus流式细胞仪测定了施氏鲟二倍体细胞核的DNA含量, 其DNA含量为鸡的5.06倍,绝对含量为11.73±0.68pg/N。 Abstract:Metaphase chromosome specimens of Amur Sturgeon,injected with fetalcalf serum,were prepared from short-term culture of kidney cells with air-drying technique.Its diploid chromosome number is 2n=238±8.Karyotype consists of 78m+12sm+28st,t+120±mc,NF:328±.Diploid nucleus DNA content was measured from the peripheral erythrocytes,using flow cytometer(FACStar Pus,made in USA)and erythrocytes of chick(Gallus sp)as internal standard.DNA content of the fish is 11.73±0.68pg/N and the ratio to that of chickens is 5.06.     

Serum levels of testosterone, 11‐ketotestosterone and oestradiol‐17β in three species of sturgeon during gonadal development and final maturation induced by hormonal treatment

Changes in serum concentrations of two androgens, testosterone (T) and 11‐ketotestosterone (11KT), and oestradiol‐17β(E2) in male and female giant sturgeon Huso huso , Russian sturgeon Acipenser gueldenstaedtii and stellate sturgeon Acipenser stellatus were studied at different stages of gonadal maturity and after final maturation induced by hormonal treatment. Both male and female fish displayed a distinct increase in serum steroid concentrations during gonadal development. 11KT levels were significantly higher in males than females, with a positive correlation detected between 11KT and T concentrations. In maturing males and females, higher values of both 11KT and T were observed in stellate sturgeon compared to giant and Russian sturgeons. Vitellogenesis and high E2 levels were correlated in maturing sturgeon females.     

Quantifying Fish Swimming Behavior in Response to Acute Exposure of Aqueous Copper Using Computer Assisted Video and Digital Image Analysis

Behavioral responses of aquatic organisms to environmental contaminants can be precursors of other effects such as survival, growth, or reproduction. However, these responses may be subtle, and measurement can be challenging. Using juvenile white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) with copper exposures, this paper illustrates techniques used for quantifying behavioral responses using computer assisted video and digital image analysis. In previous studies severe impairments in swimming behavior were observed among early life stage white sturgeon during acute and chronic exposures to copper. Sturgeon behavior was rapidly impaired and to the extent that survival in the field would be jeopardized, as fish would be swept downstream, or readily captured by predators. The objectives of this investigation were to illustrate protocols to quantify swimming activity during a series of acute copper exposures to determine time to effect during early lifestage development, and to understand the significance of these responses relative to survival of these vulnerable early lifestage fish. With mortality being on a time continuum, determining when copper first affects swimming ability helps us to understand the implications for population level effects. The techniques used are readily adaptable to experimental designs with other organisms and stressors.     

Immune responses of great sturgeon Huso huso to Aeromonas hydrophila bacterin

The immunocompetent cell population, lysozyme activity, chemiluminescence response and antibody titre were assessed in great sturgeon Huso huso after intraperitoneal immunization with formalin-inactivated whole cells of Aeromonas hydrophila . Generally an increase was seen in indices of immunocomptent cell counts of immunized fish compared to the control group. The neutrophil count was higher in immunized fish from day 29. Lysozyme activity in liver and spleen samples of immunized fish was initially significantly higher than unimmunized fish, but was not different in serum and kidney. Antibody titre and respiratory burst in immunized fish were mainly significantly higher than unimmunized fish.     

西伯利亚鲟致病性嗜水气单胞菌外膜蛋白及其抗原性分析

采用十二烷基肌氨酸钠(Sarkosyl)法提取西伯利亚鲟嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)外膜蛋白,电泳显示所提取的主要外膜蛋白分子量为26～120 kDa;为比较该菌株与气单胞菌菌属其他细菌外膜蛋白组分及抗原性异同,以致病性豚鼠气单胞菌(A.caviae)、温和气单胞菌(A.sobria)和无致病力的嗜水气单胞菌为对照,电泳图谱显示4种气单胞菌外膜蛋白的分子量主要集中在26～120 kDa之间;利用抗西伯利亚鲟嗜水气单胞菌血清的免疫印迹试验表明该菌株外膜蛋白中分子量为75 kDa、52 kDa、43 kDa、40 kDa、34 kDa、28 kDa的蛋白条带呈现阳性反应,其他3种气单胞菌外膜蛋白中均有与该抗血清反应的条带,且分子量为28 kDa、34 kDa的反应条带为4株菌共有;43 kDa与75 kDa反应条带为部分菌株共有.为进一步筛选和研究致病性气单胞菌的共同保护抗原提供参考.     

河流鱼类产卵场紊动能计算与分析

通过对鱼类产卵场地形分析,认为水流能量损失是鱼类产卵场形成的重要原因之一,这种能量损失主要是由于特殊河道地貌形成的水流紊动而产生的.在此基础上探索性地推导了考虑这种河道水流能量损失的明渠非恒定流方程.以中华鲟为例,对产卵场河段进行了三维水流数值模拟,计算了产卵河段紊动能的分布,探讨了中华鲟产卵行为与水流紊动之间的关系,结果表明产卵区因紊动产生的能量损失明显大于非产卵区.以期为保护中华鲟和其他鱼类产卵场水力学环境提供参考.     

棕黑锦蛇消化系统和呼吸系统的解剖

目的解剖观察东北体型最大的棕黑锦蛇。了解其消化系统和呼吸系统的基本形态结构及特点。方法采自辽宁东部丹东市和桓仁县棕黑锦蛇共6条,其中雌性3条,雄性3条。采用福尔马林固定后．沿腹面正中线部位将皮肤从泄殖孔剪至颏部。对消化和呼吸系统进行观察和测量。结果消化系统和呼吸系统的基本形态结构与其它蛇类相似。但也有其特点：上颌的两侧左右各有两排细小的牙齿,胰管在十二指肠壁外与胆总管汇合共同开口于十二指肠。呼吸系统主要由气管和肺构成。气管位于食管腹面,末端连接正常的右肺,末端一侧则连接着退化的左肺。右肺长囊状,明显分为呼吸部和气囊部。左肺很小,呈卵圆形囊状。结论由于生活习性和生存环境的不同,各蛇种在漫长的进化过程中也表现形态结构方面的不同。     

东北虎种群的时空动态及其原因分析

作者通过对广泛的历史资料的综合分析, 研究了东北虎(Panthera tigris altaica)种群在近一个多世纪以来的时空动态及其原因, 并从景观生态学和可持续性科学的角度对东北虎的保护提出了建议。东北虎是俄罗斯远东、中国东北、蒙古东部以及朝鲜的关键种。近百年以来的多种人为干扰因素使该种群从一个世纪前的近3,000只的历史最高纪录减少到目前约500只的低水平。现存种群主要分布在俄罗斯远东地区Sikhote山脉的一个大生境区域和两个靠近中俄边境孤立的小生境斑块, 少数个体零星分布在中国境内几个小而孤立的生境斑块中。威胁东北虎种群生存的两个最主要因素是捕猎、生境丧失和破碎化。此外, 食物匮乏、战争等因素也对东北虎的生存和繁衍有一定程度的影响。我们建议建立长期监测平台; 禁止盗猎并限制在东北虎潜在栖息地采伐、狩猎以及修筑道路等人类活动; 建立相互连通的保护区域, 特别是建立中国与俄罗斯间跨国界的生态廊道。这些保护措施应该以景观生态学和可持续性科学为指导, 实现空间资源的合理配置和土地利用格局的优化, 同时考虑东北虎种群的生存和当地经济、社会发展的需求, 从而促进实现区域可持续发展的最终目标。