棕黑锦蛇卵的孵化观察

从１９７５－１９９０年，观察了棕黑锦蛇卵在室内的孵化。共获东北三省（黑龙江、吉林、辽宁）棕黑锦蛇５１条，其中雌蛇２６条。收集卵８３枚，在室温下孵化，孵化期为４５－６２天。仔蛇第一次蜕皮后即可饮水捕食。投饲乳鼠（每只重２．５－３．５克）咬住猎物不松口，并缠绕挤压，然后寻其头部吞食，如食物丰富，仔蛇易成活。     

赤峰锦蛇ELAPHE ANOMALA为一有效种（蛇目）

本物种为Ｂｏｕｌｅｎｇｅｒ１９１６年第１次报道,标本采自中国赤峰,长期以来一直被作为棕黑锦蛇的一个亚种。作者经过三十余年的调查和饲养研究,发现其形态特征和地理分布均与棕黑锦蛇Ｅｌａｐｈｅ ｓｃｈｒｅｎｃｋｉｉ（Ｓｔｒａｕｃｈ）有明显的不同。因此,确认其为一独立有效种。     

棕黑锦蛇的研究概况及保护问题

本文对棕黑锦蛇（Elaphe schrenckii）进行分类学等研究,棕黑锦蛇被认为包含两个亚种：指名亚种（Elaphe s.schrenckii）和赤峰亚种（Elaphe s.anomala）,但也有学者将后者提升为种,即赤峰锦蛇（Elaphe anomala）.有关该种分类问题,仍需要进一步综合考虑形态学和分子系统学分类研究.作为我国东北和华北地区体形最大的蛇种,棕黑锦蛇具有重要的生态和经济价值,但目前对其生物学特性和生态学研究极为有限,人工驯养繁育技术不成熟,过度利用导致野外种群遭到严重破坏.建议加强棕黑锦蛇生态学和人工繁育技术的研究,为有效保护和可持续利用提供科学依据.     

人工养殖条件下三种锦蛇的粪便微生物多样性

采用高通量测序技术,分析比较了实验室人工饲养的王锦蛇(Elaphecarinata)、棕黑锦蛇(E.schrenckii)和赤峰锦蛇(E. anomala)3种锦蛇粪便样本的微生物多样性。结果显示,在送检的粪便样本中,Shannon多样性指数(P 0.05)和Simpson多样性指数(P 0.05)在王锦蛇和棕黑锦蛇之间有显著性差异,赤峰锦蛇与前两者均没有差异;ace与chao1指数在3种锦蛇之间没有显著性差异。共检测出8个菌门,厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)是3种锦蛇共享菌门。在属水平上3种锦蛇的优势菌群明显不同,志贺氏菌属(Shigella)、梭状芽胞杆菌属(Clostridium_sensu_stricto_11)及拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)分别是王锦蛇、棕黑锦蛇和赤峰锦蛇粪便样本中相对丰度最高的菌属。3种锦蛇粪便微生物多样性存在着明显的差异,但其是否可以作为区分这3种锦蛇的依据还需要进一步研究。     

养殖条件下3种锦蛇甲状腺相关激素和生长的比较研究

为深入了解人工饲养条件下棕黑锦蛇(Elaphe schrenckii)、赤峰锦蛇(E.anomala)和王锦蛇(E.carinata)生长情况及与甲状腺相关激素的关系,本研究在蛇类非冬眠时期的5月、7月和9月,以尾静脉采血获得3种锦蛇的血清,检测其血清中促甲状腺激素释放激素(TRH)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)和甲状腺素(T4)含量,并记录观察期间3种蛇的体重和体长的增长以及进食量。检测结果,王锦蛇的促甲状腺激素释放激素(TRH)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)和甲状腺素(T4)含量均低于其他2种锦蛇,3种锦蛇促甲状腺激素释放激素(TRH)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)含量最高值均出现在7月份;除了赤峰锦蛇外,棕黑锦蛇和王锦蛇的甲状腺素(T4)含量最高值也出现在7月份,与蛇类快速生长的时间相一致。另外,棕黑锦蛇甲状腺素(T4)含量与进食量的相关系数高于赤峰锦蛇和王锦蛇,而其饲料的转化率也高于后两者,其间存在的关系还需要深入研究。由上述结果可以看出,3种锦蛇促甲状腺激素释放激素(TRH)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)和甲状腺素(T4)含量和变化趋势有着明显的差别,且血清甲状腺素(T4)含量与蛇的进食量、生长和饲料转化率之间有密切的关系。     

山溪鲵消化系统和呼吸系统的解剖

对山溪鲵的消化系统和呼吸系统进行解剖观察,结果表明,山溪鲵的犁骨齿排列方式变异较大,有呈′‵型、ˋˊ型、--型和⌒⌒型;消化道可以分为口腔、咽、食道、胃、十二指肠、回肠和直肠;消化腺有肝脏和胰腺,肝脏前方约80%完整不分叶,后方约20%分为三叶;喉部没有软骨,气管直接连接两肺,无支气管.     

养殖条件下3种锦蛇血细胞比较研究

为了掌握蛇在养殖状态下的血液学参数,对人工孵化繁育的棕黑锦蛇Elaphe schrenckii、赤峰锦蛇E.anomala和王锦蛇E.carinata进行了比较研究。观测的参数包括血细胞形态和大小、红细胞计数、白细胞计数和白细胞分类计数,以及血栓细胞计数。结果表明:3种蛇血细胞的形态、大小和数量各有不同,种间差异有统计学意义;其中王锦蛇的红细胞表面积和体积最大,数量最多;白细胞中淋巴细胞所占比例均为最高;除王锦蛇为嗜酸性粒细胞数量仅次于淋巴细胞外,其余2种蛇嗜中性粒细胞的数量在白细胞总数中所占比例仅次于淋巴细胞。特别的是王锦蛇的嗜酸性颗粒细胞和血栓细胞均高于其他2种锦蛇的2倍以上,而嗜中性颗粒细胞却只有其他2种锦蛇的一半。     

棕黑锦蛇Elaphe schrenckii（Strauch）生态初步观察（图版Ⅶ）

棕黑锦蛇Elaphe schrenckii是东北最大形的蛇类,本文结合野外考察工作和室内饲养观察,着重介绍了其栖息地、繁殖习性、摄食行为等生态问题。     

棕黑锦蛇Elaphe schreckii(Strauch)生态初步观察(图版Ⅶ)

棕黑锦蛇Elaphe schreckii是东北最大形的蛇类,本文结合野外考察工作和室内饲养观察,着重介绍了其栖息地、繁殖习性、摄食行为等生态问题.     

四眼斑龟消化、呼吸系统的解剖

解剖测量了 8只成年四眼斑龟的消化系统和呼吸系统 ,结果表明 :消化管总长 ( 6 0 4 3± 99.2 )mm ,为背甲长的 3 75～ 5 77倍。舌不能伸缩 ;食管扩展性强 ;胃呈囊状 ,被肝叶覆盖 ;小肠较长 ,为消化的主要场所 ,约占消化道总长的 4 8% ;盲肠不发达。肝较大 ,重约 ( 14 12± 8 2 4 )g ,分左、中、右三叶 ,占体重的 6 %左右 ,绿色胆囊位于右叶小肝内 ;胰腺长条形 ,分布于十二指肠肠系膜内。肺长囊形 ,内壁有复杂的间隔 ,把内腔分隔成蜂窝状小室 ,紧贴在背甲的内表面 ,位于肩带和腰带之间 ;气管较长 ,由 6 5～ 85个软骨环连接而成 ;支气管较短 ,由 30～ 4 0个软骨环连接而成     

The structure of the gas bladder of the spotted gar,Lepisosteus oculatus

We report here on the macroscopic, light microscopic, and electron microscopic structure of the gas bladder (GB) of the spotted gar, Lepisosteus oculatus. The GB opens into the pharynx, dorsal to the opening of the oesophagus, through a longitudinal slit bordered by two glottal ridges. Caudal to the ridges, the GB is an elongated sac divided into a central duct and right and left lobes. The lobes are formed by a cranio‐caudal sequence of large air spaces that open into the central duct. The structure of the GB is that of a membranous sac supported by a system of septa arising from the walls of a central duct. The septa contain variable amounts of striated and smooth muscle might function to maintain the bladder shape and in providing contractile capabilities. The presence of muscle cells, nerves, and neuroepithelial cells in the wall of the GB strongly suggests that GB function is tightly regulated. The central duct and the apical surface of the thickest septa are covered by mucociliated epithelium. Most of the rest of the inner bladder surface is covered by a respiratory epithelium which contains goblet cells and a single type of pneumocyte. These two cell types produce surfactant. The respiratory barrier contains thick areas with fibrillar material and cell prolongations, and thin areas that only contain basement membrane material between the capillary wall and the respiratory epithelium. Lungs and GBs share many anatomical and histological features. There appears to be no clear criterion for structural distinction between these two types of respiratory organs. J. Morphol. 276:90–101, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

爪鲵消化系统的解剖学和组织学初步研究（图版Ⅵ，下）

本文报道了爪鲵消化系统的形态学和组织学结构特点。爪鲵口腔底部具有肌肉质的舌,食管很短,胃是呈纺锤形的长囊,胃壁较厚,粘膜厚,胃腺发达。消化管肌层皆为平滑肌,环肌明显多于纵肌。肝脏较大,分左、中、右三叶;有胆囊;胰腺长带状,胰管与胆管汇合后与小肠最前部的十二指肠相连。     

爪鲵消化系统的解剖学和组织学初步研究

本文报道了爪鲵消化系统的形态学和组织学结构特点。爪鲵口腔底部具有肌肉质的舌,食管很短,胃是呈纺锤形的长囊,胃壁较厚,粘膜厚,胃腺发达。消化管肌层皆为平滑肌,环肌明显多于纵肌。肝脏较大,分左、中、右三叶;有胆囊;胰腺长带状,胰管与胆管汇合后与小肠最前部的十二指肠相连。     

刺螫库蠓成虫内部器官系统组织学观察

【目的】刺螫库蠓Culicoides punctatus是一种重要媒介蠓虫,是施马伦贝格病毒(Schmallenberg virus, SBV)的主要传播载体。通过石蜡切片和苏木素 伊红染色技术观察刺螫库蠓成虫内部器官系统的组织结构。【方法】利用网扫法、灯诱法采集刺螫库蠓成虫,除足和翅外置于Duboscq-Brasil固定液中常温固定,然后经过逐级脱水、二甲苯透明、石蜡包埋、连续切片以及苏木素-伊红染色等过程制成玻片,利用光学显微镜进行观察和拍照。【结果】刺螫库蠓成虫消化系统不存在性别差异,由消化道及唾液腺组成。中枢神经系统由脑和腹神经索组成。脑可划分为前脑、中脑和后脑3个功能区。复眼和触角是刺螫库蠓主要的感觉器官。腹神经索可分为咽下神经节、胸神经节和腹神经节。呼吸系统主要由气管组成,气管遍布全身,无肺组织,胸部具有2对气门,分别位于中胸和后胸;腹支囊组织呈泡状,着色不明显。生殖系统包括内生殖器官和外生殖器官,其中雌性内生殖器官包括卵巢、输卵管、受精囊及生殖附腺,雄性内生殖器官包括精巢、输精管、射精管及生殖附腺。【结论】本研究明确了刺螫库蠓成虫的消化系统、神经系统、呼吸系统、生殖系统以及感觉器官的结构特征,为库蠓的发育研究提供了更为直接、准确的证据,有助于提高蠓媒监测、预报及防制的全面性和精确性。     

Mesenchymal control of branching pattern in the fetal mouse lung

The effect of mesenchyme on specialization of respiratory epithelium in the fetal mouse was tested in organ cultures. Heterologous combinations were made between respiratory and non-respiratory lung epithelia and the corresponding mesenchymes. Isolated terminal respiratory buds of fetal mouse lungs were recombined with mesenchyme from chick lung parabronchi, mouse trachea or from the avascular, non-respiratory air sacs of chick lungs. Isolated non-branching chick air sacs were combined with mouse terminal bud mesenchyme or mesenchyme from the respiratory branches of chick lungs. Air sac epithelia branched in a pattern characteristic of the chick lung when combined with chick respiratory mesenchyme and in a pattern characteristic of mouse lung when combined with mouse terminal bud mesenchyme. Mouse terminal bud epithelia did not branch with either mouse tracheal mesenchyme or chick air sac mesenchyme but branched in a chick pattern with chick parabronchial mesenchyme. Electron microscopic examination of the cultures showed that all chick air sac epithelial cultures failed to produce surfactant (lamellar bodies) even when they branched. Control cultures of mouse terminal buds contained large numbers of lamellar bodies; mesenchyme which suppressed branching reduced the number of lamellar bodies to only a few in a small proportion of the cells. Culture medium supplemented with growth factors and hormones increased the number of lamellar bodies in heterologous mouse combinations but did not bring the number to control levels. Supplemented medium had no effect on lamellar body production by chick air sac epithelium. The results indicate that branching pattern is determined by the mesenchyme surrounding the epithelial primordium. However, the capacity to synthesize surfactant is determined by the source of the epithelium; mesenchyme may control the degree of expression but not the absolute presence or absence of the differentiated condition.     

Heterochrony and Early Left-Right Asymmetry in the Development of the Cardiorespiratory System of Snakes

Snake lungs show a remarkable diversity of organ asymmetries. The right lung is always fully developed, while the left lung is either absent, vestigial, or well-developed (but smaller than the right). A ‘tracheal lung’ is present in some taxa. These asymmetries are reflected in the pulmonary arteries. Lung asymmetry is known to appear at early stages of development in Thamnophis radix and Natrix natrix. Unfortunately, there is no developmental data on snakes with a well-developed or absent left lung. We examine the adult and developmental morphology of the lung and pulmonary arteries in the snakes Python curtus breitensteini, Pantherophis guttata guttata, Elaphe obsoleta spiloides, Calloselasma rhodostoma and Causus rhombeatus using gross dissection, MicroCT scanning and 3D reconstruction. We find that the right and tracheal lung develop similarly in these species. By contrast, the left lung either: (1) fails to develop; (2) elongates more slowly and aborts early without (2a) or with (2b) subsequent development of faveoli; (3) or develops normally. A right pulmonary artery always develops, but the left develops only if the left lung develops. No pulmonary artery develops in relation to the tracheal lung. We conclude that heterochrony in lung bud development contributes to lung asymmetry in several snake taxa. Secondly, the development of the pulmonary arteries is asymmetric at early stages, possibly because the splanchnic plexus fails to develop when the left lung is reduced. Finally, some changes in the topography of the pulmonary arteries are consequent on ontogenetic displacement of the heart down the body. Our findings show that the left-right asymmetry in the cardiorespiratory system of snakes is expressed early in development and may become phenotypically expressed through heterochronic shifts in growth, and changes in axial relations of organs and vessels. We propose a step-wise model for reduction of the left lung during snake evolution.     

The Cochlear Duct of Lizards and Snakes

The gross morphology of the cochlear ducts of approximatelyhalf (150) of the living genera of lizards and a third (130)of the living genera of snakes have been studied. The differencesin the structure of the cochlear duct are related to both theacoustical capacities and the taxonomic relationships of certainlizards and snakes. The cochlear duct of lizards consists offairly well joined lagenar and limbic portions. By contrast,the cochlear duct of snakes consists of a lagenar sac somewhatconstricted from the limbus. Each family of lizards has a morphologicallycharacteristic cochlear duct, but taxonomic relationships areindicated by certain anatomical similarities. The cochlear ductof snakes is more primitive than that of lizards, and, unlikelizards, does not exhibit marked specializations of its variousparts. Differences in morphology of the cochlear duct in snakesare much more related to habitat than family. The limbus andpapilla basilaris of snakes regardless of family, are most elongatedin bin rowing species, are only moderately elongated or ovoidin terrestrial species, and are small or reduced in certainarboreal and aquatic species.     

中华大蟾蜍多种组织内5-羟色胺免疫染色细胞的分布

用过氧化物酶-抗过氧化物酶(PAP)法,对中华大蟾蜍消化道(冬眠期与非冬眠期),脑及其他组织的5-HT分布进行了研究。5-HT免疫染色细胞位于脑干中缝核区和间脑的第Ⅲ脑室腹侧的室管膜细胞区。阳性神经元呈圆形或卵圆形,细胞常有突起与其他阳性细胞突起相连,上述部位中还有一些阳性神经纤维。消化道的免疫染色细胞密度在胃幽门、胃体和胃贲门处最高,食道和十二指肠次之,大肠和小肠最低。非冬眠期蟾蜍消化道内免疫染色细胞密度明显高于冬眠期的(P<0.05)。阳性细胞位于粘膜上皮或腺上皮细胞间,细胞有一个或一个以上呈阳性反应的突起,有的突起伸入肠腔面或腺腔面,有的穿过基膜到达固有层,表明这些细胞兼有内、外分泌的功能。在甲状旁腺的主细胞间,肺呼吸性细支气管上皮和肺泡管上皮细胞间都有5-HT免疫染色细胞,细胞呈立方形、圆形、卵圆形或不规则形,常有几个细胞成簇分布。     

The endolymphatic duct and sac of the rat: a histological,ultrastructural, and immunocytochemical investigation

A study of the ultrastructure, vascularization, and innervation of the endolymphatic duct and sac of the rat has been performed by means of light- and electron-microscopic and immunocytochemical methods. Two different types of epithelial cells have been identified: the ribosome-rich cell and the mitochondria-rich cell. These two cell types make up the epithelium of the complete endolymphatic duct and sac, although differences in their quantitative distribution exist. The morphology of the ribosome-rich cells varies between the different parts of the endolymphatic duct and sac; the morphology of the mitochondria-rich cells remains constant. According to the epithelial composition, vascularization, and structural organization of the lamina propria, both duct and sac are subdivided into three different parts. A graphic reconstruction of the vascular network supplying the endolymphatic duct and sac shows that the vascular pattern varies among the different parts. In addition, the capillaries of the duct are of the continuous type, whereas those supplying the sac are of the fenestrated type. Nerve fibers do not occur within the epithelium of the endolymphatic duct and sac. A few nerve fibers regularly occur in the subepithelial compartment close to the blood vessels; these fibers have been demonstrated in whole-mount preparations by the application of the neuronal marker protein gene product 9.5. Single beaded fibers immunoreactive to substance P and calcitonin-gene related peptide are observed within the same compartment. Dopamine--hydroxylase-immunoreactive axons are restricted to the walls of arterioles. Morphological differences between the different portions of the endolymphatic duct and sac are discussed with regard to possible roles in fluid absorption and immunocompetence.Abbreviations CGRP Calcitonin gene-related peptide - DSP distal sac portion - DH dopamine--hydroxylase - ED endolymphatic duct - ES endolymphatic sac - EDP enlarged duct portion - IR immunoreactive - ISP intermediate sac portion - LIS lateral intercellular space - NDP narrow duct portion - PMA posterior meningeal artery - PVA posterior vestibular artery - PGP 9.5 protein gene product 9.5 - PSP proximal sac portion - SP substance P - TDP transitional duct portion - VVA vem of vestibular aqueduct     

Cryptic forcible insemination: male snakes exploit female physiology, anatomy, and behavior to obtain coercive matings

Whether males can inseminate uncooperative females is a central determinant of mating system evolution that profoundly affects the interpretation of phenomena such as multiple mating by females, mate choice, reproductive seasonality, and courtship tactics. Forcible insemination is usually inferred from direct physical battles between the sexes and has been dismissed on intuitive grounds for many kinds of animals. For example, snakes have elongate flexible bodies (making it difficult for a male to restrain a female physically), males are typically smaller than females, and copulation requires female cloacal gaping to enable intromission. Male garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) do not display any overt aggression during courtship and simply lie over the female and exhibit rhythmic pulsating caudocephalic waves of muscular contraction; previous studies have interpreted this behavior as a mechanism for eliciting female receptivity. In contrast, we show that male garter snakes forcibly inseminate females. They do so by taking advantage of specific features of snake physiology, respiratory anatomy, and antipredator behavior. The snake lung extends along most of the body, with the large posterior section (the saccular lung) lacking any respiratory exchange surface. Rhythmic caudocephalic waves by courting male garter snakes push anoxic air from the saccular lung forward and across the respiratory surfaces such that females cannot obtain oxygen. Their stress response involves cloacal gaping, which functions in other contexts to repel predators by extruding feces and musk but in this situation permits male intromission. Thus, superficially benign courtship behaviors may involve cryptic coercion even in species for which intuition dismisses any possibility of forcible insemination.