(R)-专一性羰基还原酶与甲酸脱氢酶基因在大肠杆菌中的共表达

【目的】通过研究(R)-专一性羰基还原酶和甲酸脱氢酶基因在大肠杆菌中的共表达,解决较高底物浓度下不对称转化反应的辅酶限制性问题。【方法】分别以近平滑假丝酵母(Candida parapsilosis CCTCC M203011)和博伊丁假丝酵母(Candida boidinii)基因组为模板,采用PCR方法扩增得到(R)-专一性羰基还原酶基因（rcr）和甲酸脱氢酶基因（fdh）,克隆到共表达载体pETDuetTM-1中进行表达。共表达质粒pETDuet-rcr-fdh转化稀有密码子优化型菌株E. coli Rosetta,获得重组菌E. coli Rosetta/pETDuet-rcr-fdh。【结果】在30℃条件下,经1 mmol/L IPTG诱导表达8 h后,SDS-PAGE结果表明(R)-专一性羰基还原酶和甲酸脱氢酶均有明显的表达,其相对分子质量分别为37 kDa和 40 kDa。以高浓度(6 g/L)2-羟基苯乙酮为底物时,0.1 g重组菌细胞催化产生(R)-苯基乙二醇,产物光学纯度为100% e.e.,产率为85.9%。与无甲酸脱氢酶参与辅酶再生循环的重组菌E. coli Rosetta/pETDuet-rcr相比,产物光学纯度和产率分别提高了1.3和2.7倍。【讨论】该重组菌的构建为基因工程法生物合成(R)-苯基乙二醇的工业应用奠定了基础。     

Leukemia stem cells: the root of chronic myeloid leukemia

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal myeloproliferative disorder characterized by a chromosome translocation that generates the Bcr-Abl oncogene encoding a constitutive kinase activity. Despite remarkable success in controlling CML at chronic phase by Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), a significant proportion of CML patients treated with TKIs develop drug resistance due to the inability of TKIs to kill leukemia stem cells (LSCs) that are responsible for initiation, drug resistance, and relapse of CML. Therefore, there is an urgent need for more potent and safer therapies against leukemia stem cells for curing CML. A number of LSCassociated targets and corresponding signaling pathways, including CaMKII-γ, a critical molecular switch for co-activating multiple LSC-associated signaling pathways, have been identified over the past decades and various small inhibitors targeting LSC are also under development. Increasing evidence shows that leukemia stem cells are the root of CML and targeting LSC may offer a curable treatment option for CML patients. This review summarizes the molecular biology of LSC and itsassociated targets, and the potential clinical application in chronic myeloid leukemia.     

重组钝齿棒杆菌全细胞转化生产L-瓜氨酸条件优化

实现了精氨酸脱亚胺酶(ADI)首次在钝齿棒杆菌Corynebacterium crenatum SYPA 5-5中的高效表达。通过Ni-NTA亲和层析纯化得到纯化ADI,经SDS-PAGE测定其分子量约为46.8 k Da,酶学性质研究发现ADI的最适催化温度为37℃,最适pH为6.5,ADI在最佳催化条件下作用于L-精氨酸的米氏常数为12.18 mmol/L,最大反应速率为0.36μmol/(min·mL)。优化了重组菌全细胞转化产L-瓜氨酸的工艺条件,在最优条件下可一次转化300 g/L L-精氨酸,转化速率达8 g/(L·h)。进行重组菌5 L罐发酵并进行罐上全细胞转化300 g/L L-精氨酸,一批菌体可进行多次转化,累计产量达1 900 g以上。     

Crystal structure of a carbonyl reductase from Candida parapsilosis with anti-Prelog stereospecificity

A novel short-chain (S)-1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol dehydrogenase (SCR) from Candida parapsilosis exhibits coenzyme specificity for NADPH over NADH. It catalyzes an anti-Prelog type reaction to reduce 2-hydroxyacetophenone into (S)-1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol. The coding gene was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and the purified protein was crystallized. The crystal structure of the apo-form was solved to 2.7 Å resolution. This protein forms a homo-tetramer with a broken 2-2-2 symmetry. The overall fold of each SCR subunit is similar to that of the known structures of other homologous alcohol dehydrogenases, although the latter usually form tetramers with perfect 2-2-2 symmetries. Additionally, in the apo-SCR structure, the entrance of the NADPH pocket is blocked by a surface loop. In order to understand the structure–function relationship of SCR, we carried out a number of mutagenesis–enzymatic analyses based on the new structural information. First, mutations of the putative catalytic Ser-Tyr-Lys triad confirmed their functional role. Second, truncation of an N-terminal 31-residue peptide indicated its role in oligomerization, but not in catalytic activity. Similarly, a V270D point mutation rendered the SCR as a dimer, rather than a tetramer, without affecting the enzymatic activity. Moreover, the S67D/H68D double-point mutation inside the coenzyme-binding pocket resulted in a nearly 10-fold increase and a 20-fold decrease in the k_cat/K_M value when NADH and NADPH were used as cofactors, respectively, with k_cat remaining essentially the same. This latter result provides a new example of a protein engineering approach to modify the coenzyme specificity in SCR and short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases in general.     

红皮云杉林的植被分类及其环境解释

红皮云杉林(Picea koraiensis Forest Alliance)是以红皮云杉为群落共优势种的森林植被类型, 具有结构复杂及物种多样性高等特点。在遵从《中国植被志》研编规范的基础上, 提出了红皮云杉林新的分类系统, 包括5个群丛组8个群丛, 分别归属于常绿针叶林、落叶与常绿针叶混交林和针叶与阔叶混交林3个植被型。群丛组分类主要基于群落层片分化, 以及乔木层的共优势种和特征种的差异, 并以常绿针叶树层片重要值的66%为阈值划分常绿针叶林和针叶与阔叶混交林。在群丛分类中, 通过双向指示种分析筛选特征种, 综合考虑群落生境和群落演替阶段等因素确定分类方案。该分类方案是《中国植被志》研编规范的一个应用示例, 对植被分类工作的借鉴意义表现在4个方面。(1) 作为植被分类的重要凭证, 样方数据质量控制是植被分类工作的重要环节; 其中, 物种的准确鉴定对确保植被分类方案的合理性至关重要。(2) 对于乔木层物种组成丰富、优势种不明显的群落, 群落层片分化和特征种是植被类型划分的重要依据。(3) 以特定物种组合为共建种所组成的多个植被类型可归属为不同的植被型。(4) 森林采伐等人类活动可能对植被与环境的关系形成干扰。因此, 在植被分类中应考虑群落的干扰历史和演替阶段等因素。     

Cell-specific regulation of APOBEC3F by interferons

Human cytidine deaminase APOBEC3F(A3F)has broad anti-viral activity against hepatitis Bvirus and retroviruses including human immunodeficiency virus type 1.However,its regulation in viralnatural target cells such CD4~ T lymphocytes,macrophages,and primary liver cells has not been wellstudied.Here we showed that A3F was up-regulated by interferon(IFN)-α in primary hepatocytes andmultiple liver cell lines as well as macrophages.Although the IFN-α signaling pathway was active in Tlymphoid cells and induction of other IFN stimulated genes such as PKR was detected,A3F and APOBEC3G(A3G)were not induced by IFN-α in these cells.Thus,additional factors other than known IFN-stimulatedgenes also regulated IFN-α-induced A3F expression distinctly.A3F and A3G expression levels in primaryhepatocytes,especially after IFN-α stimulation,were comparable to those in CD4~ T lymphocytes in someindividuals.Significant variations of A3F and A3G expression in primary hepatocytes from various subjectswere observed.Individual variations in A3F and/or A3G regulation and expression might influence the clinicaloutcomes of hepatitis B infection.     

A simple, rapid, and sensitive integrated protein microarray for simultaneous detection of multiple antigens and antibodies of five human hepatitis viruses (HBV, HCV, HDV, HEV, and HGV)

Protein microarrays for parallel detection of multiple viral antigens and antibodies have not yet been described in the field of human hepatitis virus infections. Here, we describe a simple, rapid and sensitive integrated protein microarray with three different reaction models. The integrated protein microarray could simultaneously determine in human sera two viral antigens (HBsAg, HBeAg) and seven viral antibodies (HBsAb, HBcAb, HBeAb, HCVAb, HDVAb, HEVAb, HGVAb) of human hepatitis viruses within 20 min. The results of the protein microarray were assessed directly by the naked eye but can also be analyzed by a quantitative detector. The detection limit of this protein microarray was 0.1 ng/ml for HBsAg. Overall, >85% concordance was observed between the integrated protein microarrays and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for above hepatitis viral antigen and antibody detections in human sera. This integrated protein microarray can be easily optimized for clinical use and epidemiological screening for multiple hepatitis virus infections.     

ABC转运蛋白SgnA/B促进纳他霉素胞外转运与高产

纳他霉素是一种天然、广谱、高效的多烯大环内酯类还原性抗真菌剂,广泛应用于食品真菌污染的防治和临床真菌感染的治疗。纳他霉素胞外转运效率可能是限制褐黄孢链霉菌(Streptomyces gilvosporeus)发酵高产纳他霉素的重要因素。通过生物信息学及分子对接技术分析纳他霉素胞外转运蛋白SgnA/B,发现SgnA和SgnB两个异源二聚体组成的ABC转运蛋白是内向开口构象的转运蛋白,且2个结合位点与纳他霉素结合能力有强弱差异,更有利于纳他霉素的胞外转运。本研究以纳他霉素生产菌株——褐黄孢链霉菌F607为出发菌株,构建了sgnA/B基因超表达菌株F-EX,以分析sgn A/B基因超表达对纳他霉素合成及胞外转运的影响。研究发现,纳他霉素对数合成期的F-EX菌株不仅提高了纳他霉素胞外/胞内比,其120 h发酵总产量也提高了12.5%,达到7.38 g/L。最后,通过转录组测序发现,sgnA/B基因超表达除提高纳他霉素胞外转运效率外,还影响了与多种氨基酸、丙酸盐、糖、五碳化合物代谢和TCA循环相关基因的表达。研究表明,强化纳他霉素胞外转运有利于纳他霉素的合成,是提高褐黄孢链霉菌纳他霉素产量的有效...     

森林生态系统碳循环对全球氮沉降的响应

森林土壤和植被储存着全球陆地生态系统大约46%的碳,在全球碳平衡中起着非常重要的作用。过去几十年来,森林生态系统的碳循环和碳吸存受到了全球氮沉降的深刻影响,因为氮沉降改变了陆地生态系统的生产力和生物量积累。以欧洲和北美温带森林区域开展的研究为基础,综述了氮沉降对植物光合作用、土壤呼吸、土壤DOM及林木生长的影响特征和机理,探讨了森林生态系统碳动态对氮沉降响应的不确定性因素。热带森林C、N循环与大部分温带森林不同,人为输入的氮对热带生态系统过程的影响也可能不同,因此指出了在热带地区开展碳氮循环耦合研究的必要性和紧迫性。     

Shp2, a novel oncogenic tyrosine phosphatase and potential therapeutic target for human leukemia

Shp2, encoded by the PTPNll gene in human, is a ubiquitously expressed protein tyrosine phosphatase that contains two N-terminal Src homology 2 （SH2） domains （N-SH2, C-SH2, respectively）, a catalytic protein-tyrosine phosphatase （PTP） domain, and a C-terminal tail with tyrosyl phosphorylation sites and a prolyl-rich motif [1]. The progress of our understanding of biological functions of Shp2 has clearly shown that Shp2 plays an important role not only in biology of normal hematopoietic cells and other mammalian cells, but also in the development of leukemia and other tumors. Most recently, PTPNll gene has been firmly established as the first proto-oncogene that encodes a protein tyrosine phosphatase [1-3]. In the hematopoietic system, most if not all function of Shp2 is to act as a positive component that is essential for proliferation and/or survival of hematopoietic cells through regulation of signaling pathways involving Erk, Akt and STATS [ 1-4]. Over the past few years, a number of disease-associated Shp2 mutants have been identified in human leukemia and other malignancies [1, 3, 4]. Recently, studies from our laboratories and others strongly suggest that dysregulation of wild-type Shp2 enzyme may be involved in the pathogenesis of adult leukemia [4-7]. These findings not only provide new insights into the role of Shp2 in leukemogenesis and other tumors, but also suggest new therapeutic targets for anti-leukemia drugs.