Proteomic profile of the plant‐pathogenic oomycete Phytophthora capsici in response to the fungicide pyrimorph

Pyrimorph is a novel fungicide from the carboxylic acid amide (CAA) family used to control plant‐pathogenic oomycetes such as Phytophthora capsici. The proteomic response of P. capsici to pyrimorph was investigated using the iTRAQ technology to determine the target site of the fungicide and potential biomarker candidates of drug efficacy. A total of 1336 unique proteins were identified from the mycelium of wild‐type P. capsici isolate (Hd3) and two pyrimorph‐resistant mutants (R3‐1 and R3‐2) grown in the presence or absence of pyrimorph. Comparative analysis revealed that the three P. capsici isolates Hd3, R3‐1, and R3‐2 produced 163, 77, and 13 unique proteins, respectively, which exhibited altered levels of abundance in response to the pyrimorph treatment. Further investigations, using Cluster of Orthologous Groups of Proteins (COG) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis identified 35 proteins related to the mode of action of pyrimorph against P. capsici and 62 proteins involved in the stress response of P. capsici to pyrimorph. Many of the proteins with altered expression were associated with glucose and energy metabolism. Biochemical analysis using d ‐[U‐¹⁴C]glucose verified the proteomics data, suggesting that the major mode of action of pyrimorph in P. capsici is the inhibition of cell wall biosynthesis. These results also illustrate that proteomics approaches are useful tools for determining the pathways targeted by novel fungicides as well as for evaluating the tolerance of plant pathogens to environmental challenges, such as the presence of fungicides.     

小鼠和大鼠的胚胎培养基及若干相关问题

哺乳动物早期胚胎体外培养所用各种化学成份明确的培养基是研究生命科学中一项重要技术。它已被常规用于研究胚胎早期发育,多种动物及人类辅助生殖技术,转基因动物,动物克隆等领域。介绍了用于移植前胚胎培养基的研究和发展历史,当前所用化学成份明确胚胎培养基的主要组成,特别是针对小鼠和大鼠移植前胚胎所用各种培养基及其成份,讨论了这类培养基发展前景和研究方向。     

An eukaryotic translation initiation factor,AteIF5A‐2, affects cadmium accumulation and sensitivity in Arabidopsis

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic elements and can be accumulated in plants easily; meanwhile, eIF5A is a highly conserved protein in all eukaryotic organisms. The present work tried to investigate whether eIF5A is involved in Cd accumulation and sensitivity in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana L.) by comparing the wild‐type Columbia‐0 (Col‐0) with a knockdown mutant of AteIF5A‐2, fbr12‐3 under Cd stress conditions. The results showed that the mutant fbr12‐3 accumulated more Cd in roots and shoots and had significantly lower chlorophyll content, shorter root length, and smaller biomass, suggesting that downregulation of AteIF5A‐2 makes the mutant more Cd sensitive. Real‐time polymerase chain reaction revealed that the expressions of metal transporters involved in Cd uptake and translocation including IRT1, ZIP1, AtNramp3, and AtHMA4 were significantly increased but the expressions of PCS1 and PCS2 related to Cd detoxification were decreased notably in fbr12‐3 compared with Col‐0. As a result, an increase in MDA and H₂O₂ content but decrease in root trolox, glutathione and proline content under Cd stress was observed, indicating that a severer oxidative stress occurs in the mutant. All these results demonstrated for the first time that AteIF5A influences Cd sensitivity by affecting Cd uptake, accumulation, and detoxification in Arabidopsis.     

骨髓间充质干细胞在脱细胞真皮基质再生过程中的初步研究

较大的腹壁缺损需要应用补片修复来缓解腹横筋膜的张力,人工合成补片的应用一定程度上实现了无张力修补的目的,但它在腹壁外科应用中有诸多的并发症,诸如复发率高,腹腔黏连,肠穿孔导致腹膜炎,侵袭性肠瘘等影响患者术后的正常生活,而脱细胞真皮基质(Acellular dermal matrix,ADM)作为一种新型的生物材料应用在腹壁外科中能解决上述人工合成补片所带来的并发症发挥强大作用且能与周围组织较好的融合,最后改建成宿主自身组织已并在多学科领域中广泛应用;骨髓间充质干细胞(Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs)能参与组织自我修复,并能分化成为多种功能细胞,分泌各种生长因子,在ADM内源性转归过程中可发挥作用。本文就对骨髓间充质干细胞在ADM生物补片应用于临床疝修补术中转归机制的研究做一综述。     

高粱、紫苏叶脉密度与光合特性的关系

叶脉是植物叶片光合作用水分输送的重要结构。为阐述叶脉与光合特性之间的关系,以C4植物高粱(Sorghum bicolor)、C3植物紫苏(Perilla frutescens)为实验材料研究了叶脉密度和光合特性之间的关系。结果表明,与紫苏相比,高粱叶片叶脉密度大,导水能力强,蒸腾速率高,但气孔密度小。进一步分析表明,高粱叶片近轴侧气孔密度占总气孔的比例明显高于紫苏。叶脉密度大的高粱具有较高的净光合速率;而紫苏叶脉密度小,净光合速率也较低。由此表明,较高的叶脉密度有利于支持较高的光合速率,但研究表明叶脉密度和气孔密度可能不存在严格的协同变异关系。研究结果对理解植物光合作用适应有重要意义。     

Muller细胞与视网膜病变

视网膜是一薄而半透明的、具有多层结构的神经组织,位于眼球后2/3部的内侧面。向前延伸达睫状体,止于不规则边界。Muller细胞是脊椎动物视网膜内最主要的神经胶质细胞,它贯穿整个视网膜。Muller细胞对于维持神经元的完整性、代谢、内环境稳态以及信号转导等均具有重要的作用。在视网膜病变时,Muller细胞参与整个过程,并且在视网膜的各种疾病中都发现伴有Muller细胞的神经胶质增生反应。Muller细胞同时也调控视网膜病变的整个过程。Muller细胞膜上的神经递质受体、谷氨酸受体、门控电压通道、所合成分泌的营养因子及自的身增殖分化都发生改变。近年来人们对Muller细胞的认识越来越多,研究的方向也从细胞的微观结构、主要功能转变成Muller细胞对不同视网膜病变过程的参与调控。本文对视网膜Muller细胞的形态和生理功能,病理状况下Muller细胞发生的改变作一综述。     

血管生长异常与流产的关系研究进展

微血管密度异常、血管生长因子(VEGF、PDGF等)及其受体表达异常通过一系列级联反应导致血管异常生长的结果。众多因子均和血管形成有关,在妊娠过程中对胎盘的血管发育有着重要的作用,导致滋养细胞的表型转换障碍、血管结构发育不良、血管生成受阻、血管数目减少,引起胎盘血管重铸障碍,胎儿胎盘单位灌注不足发生流产。研究表明许多自然流产的发生与胎盘组织中血管增生平衡和胎儿血液供应不足有密切关系,从而认为血管生长异常是导致流产的又一重要因素。随着研究的深入进展血管的异常生长与流产的关系是有确定关系的,对于血管生长异常所致的流产,抑制血管各种血管因子的形成、阻止其与受体结合,从而抑制血管的异常生长最终达到克服流产的发展,无异于把幸福带给更多的家庭,不仅是妇产科发展的里程碑,更是人类医学发展史上光辉的一笔。     

肿瘤发生与相关基因突变的关联

肿瘤的发生常与其相关基因的突变有关,这些突变会引起编码基因的蛋白质的结构或数量的改变,从而导致其相关基因功能的丧失。突变在基因上发生的位置及类型的不同也会对基因的表达造成不同的影响。本文介绍了存在于肿瘤相关基因编码区及非编码区的突变与肿瘤发生发展的相互关系。本文还就肿瘤相关基因的突变类型阐述肿瘤的靶向治疗,提供了癌症治疗及预防的新思路。     

低温对副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂发育及繁殖的影响

副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂是橡副珠蜡蚧的重要寄生蜂。为了探明副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂对低温的适应性,本文在15℃-24℃范围内对该蜂的产卵、发育、出蜂量及性比进行观察。结果表明:副珠蜡蚧阔本跳小蜂在15℃-24℃范围内,随温度的升高,产卵量逐渐增加;该蜂在21℃、24℃时蜂能完成世代发育,在15℃、18℃时少量跳小蜂能发育到蛹,但均不能羽化为成蜂;温度对性比的影响明显,24℃的雌性比例高于21℃。综上所述,副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂对18℃以下的低温适应性较差,室内繁殖或野外放蜂时注意选择较高的温度条件。     

How Volatilities Nonlocal in Time Affect the Price Dynamics in Complex Financial Systems

What is the dominating mechanism of the price dynamics in financial systems is of great interest to scientists. The problem whether and how volatilities affect the price movement draws much attention. Although many efforts have been made, it remains challenging. Physicists usually apply the concepts and methods in statistical physics, such as temporal correlation functions, to study financial dynamics. However, the usual volatility-return correlation function, which is local in time, typically fluctuates around zero. Here we construct dynamic observables nonlocal in time to explore the volatility-return correlation, based on the empirical data of hundreds of individual stocks and 25 stock market indices in different countries. Strikingly, the correlation is discovered to be non-zero, with an amplitude of a few percent and a duration of over two weeks. This result provides compelling evidence that past volatilities nonlocal in time affect future returns. Further, we introduce an agent-based model with a novel mechanism, that is, the asymmetric trading preference in volatile and stable markets, to understand the microscopic origin of the volatility-return correlation nonlocal in time.