多方法组合调查新疆阿勒泰地区6种常见鼠传致病菌流行状况

【背景】鼠传疾病是对人类危害较大的一种人兽共患病,全球化使得鼠传疾病流行区域不断扩大,出现了多种新发鼠传疾病的发生及旧传染病的复燃。【目的】调查新疆阿勒泰地区常见的鼠传致病菌在啮齿动物中的流行状况,为当地自然疫源性疾病防控提供科学依据。【方法】采用夹夜法捕获啮齿动物,无菌收集其脾脏和肾脏组织,提取基因组DNA。应用TaqMan探针法的荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(quantitative polymerase chain reaction, qPCR)检测巴尔通体(Bartonella spp.)、问号钩端螺旋体(Leptospirainterrogans)、恙虫病东方体(Orientiatsutsugamushi)、莫氏立克次体(Rickettsia mooseri)、嗜吞噬细胞无形体(Anaplasma phagocytophilum)和土拉弗朗西斯菌(Francisella tularensis)6种常见的鼠传致病菌。采用16SrRNA基因的通用引物进行常规PCR扩增后,应用Illumina测序和Nanopore测序进一步检测致病菌,同时对脾脏组织进行巴尔通体体外分离培养。比较qPCR...     

Effects of Mechanized,Deep Application of Slow-Release Fertilizer on Yield and Nitrogen,Phosphorus, and Potassium Utilization of Direct-Seeded Rice

Compared with the standard method of manual fertilizer broadcasting (MFB), mechanized hill-drilling direct-seeding with deep application of slow-release nitrogen fertilizer (MHDDF) is an efficient method to integrate both fertilization and seeding. However, there are few studies that combine the use of slow-release fertilizer with MHDDF. We sought to explore the combined effect of MHDDF with slow-release fertilizer on rice yield and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium utilization, compared to MFB. We compared three different MHDDF methods (D30: 450 kg ha^?1, D40: 600 kg ha^?1, D50: 750 kg ha^?1), with one MFB method (B50: 750 kg ha^?1), and one control (CK: 0 kg ha^?1). We found that the yield of all MHDDF method was higher than that of both the MFB method. Yield was the highest in the D50 treatment and was 14.14–46.03% higher than that in B50 treatment. Biomass accumulation, nutrient accumulation, and nutrient use efficiency were similarly higher in MHDDF method than both MFB and CK. Compared to B50, the D50 treatment increased nitrogen recovery efficiency by 170.53–231.50%, phosphorus recovery efficiency by 480.00–724.25%, and potassium recovery efficiency by 201.55–169.59%. Overall, we found that combining MHDDF with slow-release fertilizer was an effective method to increase rice yield and nutrient use efficiency compared with MFB.

     

Effect of larval population density on the adult morphology of two species of Lepidoptera, Plusia gamma L. and Pieris brassicae L.

The morphological effects of population density in locusts in the production of phases is now well established and in recent years somewhat parallel effects have been observed in the larvae of Lepidoptera. Unlike locusts Lepidoptera pass through a quiescent pupal period but nevertheless the adult may be affected. In both P. gamma and P. brassicae adults from crowded larval cultures were smaller in both size and weight although the effect was counteracted to some extent by approaching pupal diapause in P. brassicae. The effect was similar in many cases to that produced by an increase in temperature except that it disturbed the relationships between the lengths of the wing and hind femur with the live weight. The ratio of these lengths (equivalent to E/F ratio in locusts) was significantly increased but was not a satisfactory index of larval population density. No effects were observed in the wing pattern and colouration in either species.

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Zusammenfassung Die Einwirkung der larvalen Populationsdichte auf die Morphologie der jungen Falter wurde bei Plusia gamma und Pieris brassicae durch Vergleich frischgeschlüpfter Falter aus Einzel- und aus Massenzuchten bestimmt.Bei P. gamma wogen Puppen aus Massenkulturen etwas weniger und verloren während des Puppenstadiums mehr an Gewicht. Die entstehenden Falter waren gewichtsmäßig deutlich leichter und hatten etwas kürzere Flügel. Größe und Gewicht der Männchen waren größer als die der Weibchen, und da die Massenzucht die meßbaren Größen bei den Weibchen stärker beeinflußt, verstärkte sie den Unterschied zwischen den Geschlechtern. Jahreszeitliche Unterschiede wurden beobachtet, wobei Gewicht und Größen in der warmen Jahreszeit geringer waren, doch blieb der jahreszeitliche Einfluß geringer als der durch Übervölkerung hervorgerufene.Bei P. brassicae hatte die Massenzucht eine ähnliche Wirkung auf die Puppen- und Erwachsenengewichte und auch auf die Maße, außer daß der Flügel kürzer und schmaler war. Die Unterschiede zwischen den Geschlechtern wurden durch die Massenaufzucht nicht verschärft. Lebendgewicht und Femurlänge waren beim Männchen größer, währen das Weibchen größere Flügel hatte. Bei Herannahen der Diapause wurde die Wirkung der Massenkultur auf Puppen- und Imaginalgewicht kompensiert, aber die Wirkungen auf die Erwachsenenmaße blieben noch erhalten, wenn auch in geringerem Ausmaß als sie bei nichtdiapausierenden Generationen zu beobachten waren. In der wärmeren Jahreszeit wurden Variationen erzielt, die in etwa den durch Übervölkerung bewirkten ähnlich waren, außer daß die Flügel abweichende Form aufwiesen und daß Übervölkerung bei den Männchen die Wirkung stark reduzierte.In Einzelkulturen beider Arten wurden positive, aber nicht stark signifikante Korrelationen in der Beziehung von Costa- und Hinterschenkellänge mit dem Lebendgewicht gefunden. Diese Beziehungen wurden durch Massenkultur gestört.In beiden Arten wurde das Costa-Schenkel-Verhältnis durch Massenkultur signifikant vergrößert (cf. E/F-Rate bei Heuschrecken), ergab aber keinen befriedigenden Index für die larvale Populationsdichte.In der Flügelzeichnung und Färbung beider Arten wurden durch larvale Massenkultur keine Wirkungen beobachtet.

     

NMR and CD studies of triple-helical peptides.

Triple-helix formation of the peptide (Pro-Hyp-Gly)10 was monitored by nmr and CD spectroscopy. The two-dimensional nmr spectra indicated that the Gly C alpha H and Pro C delta H proton resonances shift upfield in going from the nonhelical to helical form, while hydroxy-proline resonances are unchanged. The integrated areas of the helical and nonhelical resonances could be monitored in the one-dimensional nmr spectrum, and indicate that in the (Pro-Hyp-Gly)10 about 90% of the residues are in a defined triple-helical conformation. The introduction of a glycine to alanine substitution or the deletion of a single hydroxyproline residue in the stable triple-helical peptide (Pro-Hyp-Gly)10 still allows trimers to be formed, but the trimers show a substantial loss of triple helix and decreased thermal stability compared with (Pro-Hyp-Gly)10. Two computer models were generated for the Gly----Ala peptide, one with the Ala side chains packed inside the helix and the other with the region containing the alanines forming a beta-bend that loops out from the helix. The nmr data is more consistent with the latter model.     

Screening and analysis of differentially expressed genes from an alien addition line of wheat Thinopyrum intermedium induced by barley yellow dwarf virus infection.

The alien addition line TAI-27 contains a pair of chromosomes of Thinopyrum intermedium that carry resistance against barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV). A subtractive library was constructed using the leaves of TAI-27, which were infected by Schizaphis graminum carrying the GAV strain of BYDV, and the control at the three-leaf stage. Nine differentially expressed genes were identified from 100 randomly picked clones and sequenced. Two of the nine clones were highly homologous with known genes. Of the remaining seven cDNA clones, five clones matched with known expressed sequence tag (EST) sequences from wheat and (or) barley whereas the other two clones were unknown. Five of the nine differentially expressed sequences (WTJ9, WTJ11, WTJ15, WTJ19, and WTJ32) were highly homologous (identities >94%) with ESTs from wheat or barley challenged with pathogens. These five sequences and another one (WTJ18) were also highly homologous (identities >86%) with abiotic stress induced ESTs in wheat or barley. Reverse Northern hybridization showed that seven of the nine differentially expressed cDNA sequences hybridized with cDNA of T. intermedium infected by BYDV. Three of these also hybridized with cDNA of line 3B-2 (a parent of TAI-27) infected by BYDV. The alien chromosome in TAI-27 was microdissected. The second round linker adaptor mediated PCR products of the alien chromosomal DNA were labeled with digoxygenin and used as the probe to hybridize with the nine differentially expressed genes. The analysis showed that seven differentially expressed genes were homologous with the alien chromosome of TAI-27. These seven differentially expressed sequences could be used as ESTs of the alien chromosome of TAI-27. This research laid the foundation for screening and cloning of new specific functional genes conferring resistance to BYDV and probably other pathogens.     

成人革兰阴性杆菌肺炎23例临床分析

本文以临床体征,胸片和连续二次以上细菌培养阳性为诊断标准,报告革兰阴性杆菌肺炎２３例,并就其临床表现,并发症及预后进行分析,提出８种情况应考虑革兰阴性杆菌肺炎,对临床诊断和治疗有指导意义．     

滇金丝猴（Rhinopithecusbieti）现状及其保护对策研究

滇金丝猴（Ｒｈｉｎｏｐｉｔｈｅｃｕｓｂｉｅｔｉ）是我国特有的珍稀濒危动物,生活在海拔３８００～４３００ｍ的原始冷杉林中,但有时也会在４３００～４７００ｍ的低矮灌丛、草甸和流石滩上活动达数小时之久,甚至能跨越近千米的无林高海拔地带,因而它们是海拔分布最高的非人灵长类。松萝是它们的主要食物,取食松萝的时间占总取食时间的９１％。猴群活动范围可达近百平方公里。笔者在历时８年的野外考察中,已查明这一物种的全部现存自然种群只有１３个,分布在云南的德钦、兰坪、潍西、丽江和西藏的芒康这五县境内,其现存种群数量为１０００～１５００只;所有现存自然种群几乎均处在相互隔离的状态,群间已不可能进行基因交流,充分表明它们已到达灭绝边缘。然而其栖息地内的商业伐木规模仍在继续扩大,周围的人口压力正在不断增加,各猴群均面临不同程度的偷猎压力。这一现状委实令人担忧。如何拯救这一“国宝”应引起我国保护学家和各级政府有关职能部门的重视     

乳链菌肽高产菌株AL2的发酵条件研究

对乳链菌肽高产菌株ＡＬ２的发酵条件进行了研究,发现３０℃是产乳链菌肽的最适温度;蔗糖和酵母膏是最佳的碳、氮源,浓度分别为０．５％和１％。发酵培养基起始ｐＨ为６．５;锰离子对乳链菌肽的产生有促进作用,而铜离子却有严重的抑制作用。     

Adventitious regeneration of Juglans nigra L. (eastern black walnut)

Somatic embryos and adventitious shoots were initiated from immature cotyledons 10–14 weeks after anthesis. Maximum embryogenesis occurred 12 weeks after anthesis and maximum shoot organogenesis occurred 14 weeks after anthesis. The best treatment for induction of somatic embryos and adventitious shoots from immature cotyledon explants was on agar-solidified WPM supplemented with 0.1 M 2,4-D and 5.0 M TDZ and incubated in light for the first four weeks. Rooting of adventitious shoots was best if they were quickdipped in 2.5 mM IBA and 1.25 mM NAA in 1% dimethyl formamide and 3.9% ethanol (120 Wood's Rooting Compound: water, by volume). Plantlets from rooted adventitious shoots were acclimatized to the greenhouse.Abbreviations BA Benzyladenine - 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - DKW Driver and Kuniyuki (1984) walnut medium - IBA indolebutyric acid - LP Long and Preece medium described herein - NAA naphthaleneacetic acid - PPF photosynthetic photon flux - TDZ thidiazuron - WPM Woody Plant Medium of Lloyd and McCown (1980)