Virus genomes and virus-host interactions in aquaculture animals

Over the last 30 years,aquaculture has become the fastest growing form of agriculture production in the world,but its development has been hampered by a diverse range of pathogenic viruses.During the last decade,a large number of viruses from aquatic animals have been identified,and more than 100 viral genomes have been sequenced and genetically characterized.These advances are leading to better understanding about antiviral mechanisms and the types of interaction occurring between aquatic viruses and their hosts.Here,based on our research experience of more than 20 years,we review the wealth of genetic and genomic information from studies on a diverse range of aquatic viruses,including iridoviruses,herpesviruses,reoviruses,and rhabdoviruses,and outline some major advances in our understanding of virus–host interactions in animals used in aquaculture.     

G蛋白偶联受体家族的发现和结构机理研究——2012年诺贝尔化学奖解读

2012年10月10日,2012年诺贝尔化学奖(The Nobel Prize in Chemistry)在瑞典皇家科学院揭晓,由于在G蛋白偶联受体研究领域("for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors")中的重要贡献,诺贝尔奖委员会宣布将诺贝尔化学奖授予两位美国生物化学家:霍华德.休斯医学研究所、杜克大学医学中心的罗伯特.莱夫科维茨(Robert J.Lefkowitz)     

Taxonomic revision of Lepisorus （J. Sm.） Ching sect. Lepisorus （Polypodiaceae） from China

The taxonomy of Lepisorus （J. Sm.） Ching sect. Lepisorus in China was revised based on herbarium specimen examinations, field observations, and microscopic study of rhizome scales, soral paraphyses, leaf epidermis, and spores. As a result, nine species were recognized： Lepisorus macrosphaerus （Baker） Ching, Lepisorus asterolepis （Baker） Ching, Lepisorus marginatus Ching, Lepisorus kuchenensis （Y.C. Wu） Ching, Lepisorus megasorus （C. Chr.） Ching, Lepisorus kawakamii （Hayata） Tagawa, Lepisorus subsessilis Ching ＆ Y.X. Lin, Lepisorus affinis Ching, and Lepisorus nudus （Hook.） Ching. Lepisorus kawakamii （Hayata） Tagawa was reinstated; Lepisorus gyirongensis Ching ＆ S.K. Wu and Lepisorus longus Ching were reduced to synonyms ofL. nudus and L. affinis, respectively. The subdivision ofLepisorus macrosphaerus was not accepted. Rhizome scales and paraphyses are the most useful characters for species delimitation as well as for infrageneric classification. Characteristics of the leaf epidermis and spore ornamentation are usually stable and thus of great significance in understanding the relationships among groups within the genus.     

利用需氧反硝化细菌处理废水的潜在应用价值

Denitrificationis the ability of bacteria to use nitro-gen oxides(NO3-and NO2-)as electron acceptorsto pro-duce gaseous nitrogen,mainly N2.The oxidation of or-ganic material coupled to reduction of oxygen leads to ahigher energy yield than reduction of nitrate.Oxygen iscommonly accepted to be the first choice as electron ac-ceptor[1].Therefore,denitrifying is generally thought toonly occur under almost anaerobic conditions.Anefficientwastewater treatment toremove nitrogen components relieson…     

类泛素修饰蛋白质ISG15及其修饰酶系的功能

受干扰素诱导表达的干扰素刺激基因15编码蛋白质(ISG15)是第1个被鉴定的类泛素修饰蛋白质.目前已在病毒感染细胞和肿瘤细胞中发现了多种ISG15的作用靶蛋白,提示ISG15可能在免疫调节和肿瘤发生等方面发挥重要作用.本文介绍ISG15的结构与生化特点,探讨ISG15在相关酶系作用下修饰目标蛋白质的机制,总结ISG15及其修饰酶系的抗病毒和抗肿瘤作用及其相关机制.     

Sodium channel gene expression in mosquitoes, Aeries albopictus （S.）

A mosquito strain of Aedes albopictus, HAmAal^G0, from Huntsville, Alabama, USA, showed a normal susceptibility and low tolerance to permethrin and resmethrin （pyrethroid insecticides） compared to a susceptible Ikaken strain, even though these pyrethroid insecticides have been used in the field for a long period of time in Alabama. Recently, we treated HAmAal^G0 in the laboratory with permethrin for five generations and detected no significant change in the level of resistance to permethrin in the selected mosquitoes, HAmAal^G0, compared with the parental strain HAmAal^G0. We then examined the allelic expression at the L-to-F kdr site of the sodium channel gene in the Aedes mosquitoes to address our hypothesis that the L-to-F kdr mutation was not present in HAmAal^G0 and HAmAal^G5 mosquitoes. We found that every tested individual in Ikaken, HAmAal^G5, and HAmAal^G5 populations expressed a codon of CTA at the L-to-F kdr site encoding Leu, strongly corresponding to their susceptibility to insecticides.     

应用大规模测序技术和生物信息学研究造血干/祖细胞的基因表达及新基因 的识别和克隆

从新生儿脐血和成人骨髓中分选出造血干/祖细胞(HSC/HPC),构建成cDNA文库,对其进行大规模表达序列标签(EST)测序,通过生物信息学等手段分析基因表达谱,并进行新基因的全长cDNA克隆。在所测的10512条可分析E ST序列中,有9866条来自脐血CD34+|细胞,其中4697条(47.6%)为已知基因,2603条(26.4%)为已知EST,1415条(14.3%)代表未知EST。在已知基因中,8.2%基因与造血相关,22.7%涉及细胞代谢、结构和迁移,13.0%与细胞分裂和防御相关,26.2%与RNA、蛋白质的合成相关,10.6%和细胞信号传递有关。对一些已知和未知的EST,综合测序、生物信息学等方法,进行全长克隆,已获得23个新基因的全长cDNA。 Abstract:Hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells were isolated from umbilical cord blood and adult bone marrow,and subject to cDNA library construction.The gene expression pattern in CD34+ cells and the identification and cloning of novel genes were performed by sequencing ESTs and analyzing them with the tools of bioinformatics.Among the obtained 10 512 ESTs which could be further analyzed,9,866 were from umbilical cord blood where 4 697(67.6%)were known genes,2 603(26.4%)were known ESTs and 1415(14.3%)represented novel ESTs.Within the identified genes,8.2% was involved in hematopoiesis,22.7% was associated with cell metabolism,structure and mobility,13.0% was linked to cell division and defence,26.2% was related to RNA protein synthesis and 10.6% was related with cell signal transduction.In parallel,we developed an efficient working system combining sequencing,bioinformatics,etc.and obtained 23 full-length cDNAs from both known and novel ESTs identified in this work.     

雄性不育嵌合基因的构建及番茄转化研究

用从烟草里克隆的TA29启动子分离自Bacillus amyloliquefaciens的核糖核酸酶基因barnase,构建成雄性不育嵌合基因。再用农杆菌介导法转化番茄子叶,获得了具有雄性不育特征的转基因植株。 Abstract:The utilization of heterosis based on male sterility has great significance in raising crop yeld and improving quality.A tapetum-specific promoter TA29 from tobacco young leaves,and a Rnase gene-barnase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens have been cloned for the construction of male sterile chimeric gene.Transgenic tomato plants with male sterile property have been obtained after transformation with this gene.     

用长PCR方法检测含有较大缺失或插入的DNA大片段

选择位于19q13.3上的人类肌张力蛋白激酶基因(myotonin protein kina se gene,MT-PK)为靶基因(基因全长为14kb),以G+C含量较高且含有1kb缺失或插入,由基因第8内含子中的Alu±1kb的5'端至第15外显子3'非编码区中的CTG重复序列3'端,即两者间的距离为5.3kb的DNA片段为待扩增靶序列,通过优化DNA聚合酶的组合和反应缓冲体系,点考查了含有Alu-1k b和Alu+1kb缺失或插入的MT-PK等位基因片段共扩增的长PCR方法。本方法可有效地同步扩增6.5kb和5.5kb两个等位基因片段,对6.5kb和5.5kb纯合等 位片段则达到了更有效的扩增。