Changes of Leaf Morphological, Anatomical Structure and Carbon Isotope Ratio with the Height of the Wangtian Tree （Parashorea chinensis） in Xishuangbanna, China

Leaf morphological and anatomical structure and carbon isotope ratio （δ^13C） change with increasing tree height. To determine how tree height affects leaf characteristics, we measured the leaf area, specific leaf mass （ratio of leaf mass to leaf area [LMA]）, thickness of the total leaf, cuticle, epidermis, palisade and sponge mesophyll, stomata traits and δ^13C at different heights of Parashorea chinensis with methods of light and scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. The correlation and stepwise regression between tree height and leaf structure traits were carried out with SPSS software. The results showed that leaf structures and δ^13C differed significantly along the tree height gradient. The leaf area, thickness of sponge mesophyll and size of stomata decreased with increasing height, whereas the thickness of lamina, palisade mesophyll, epidermis, and cuticle, ratios of palisade to spongy thickness, density of stomata and vascular bundles, LMA and δ^13C increased with tree height. Tree height showed a significant relationship with all leaf indices and the most significant relationship was with epidermis thickness, leaf area, cuticle thickness, δ^13C. The δ^13C value showed a significantly positive relationship with LMA （R = 0.934）. Our results supported the hypothesis that the leaf structures exhibited more xeromorphic characteristics with the increasing gradient of tree height.     

The identity of some taxa of Schizophragma （Saxifragaceae）

After examining a large number of type and authoritative specimens of Schizophragma Siebold ＆ Zucc., S. elliptifolium C. F. Wei and S. integrifolium var. glaucescens Rehder were reduced to synonyms of S. hypoglaucum Rehder and S. integrifolium f. cordatum S. Y. Wang was reduced to synonym of S. corylifolium Chun. Schizophragma crassum var. ellipticum J. Anthony was treated as the correct name of S. crassum var. hsitaoanum （Chun） C. F. Wei. The name S. integrifolium var. minus Rehder is reinstated. The taxonomic treatment is supported by leaf epidermal characters.     

Spatial distribution of banana skipper （Erionota thrax L.） （Lepidoptera： Hesperiidae） and its parasitoids in a Cavendish banana plantation, Penang, Malaysia

Spatial distribution of immatures of the banana skipper （Erionota thrax L.） and their parasitisms from three major parasitoids were studied in a Cavendish banana plantation from April 2004 to December 2004. Infestation levels and parasitism of E. thrax life stages were recorded from bunched plants （BP）, flowering plants （FP）, preflowered plants （PF）, broad leaf followers （BLF） and narrow leaf followers （NLF）, as well as on well managed and poorly managed plants. Mean numbers of the immatures and numbers parasitized from the nine blocks in the plantation were fitted to four dispersion indices. Significant numbers of E. thrax immatures and those parasitized by Ooencyrtus erionotae, Cotesia erionotae and Brachymeria albotibialis were recorded from BLF and PF; no eggs were found on BP and FP. Although infestation was higher on well managed plants, only larval parasitism was significantly different. Three of the four indices indicated that eggs and larvae were random while all the indices showed pupae to be clumped. Parasitized eggs and pupae were clumped （4/4 indices） while 3/4 indices revealed a random pattern for parasitized larvae.     

丝葚核属的三个中国新记录种

The genus Papulaspora was named by Preuss in 1851 based on the characters of “bulbils” （papulospores） and interpreted by Hotson （1912,1917） as consisting of sterile mycelia with various kinds of “bulbils”. 25 Papulaspora species were described by Hotson in detail （1912, 1917）, among them 10 species were acknowledged by Weresub ＆ LeClair （1971） and 20 species were recorded in the Dictionary of the Fungi （2003）. The ecology of Papulaspora species is not well known, most species were isolated from dung, decaying plant material or soil.     

Karyotype and cytogeography of the genus Heracleum （Apiaceae） in the Hengduan Mountains

In the present study, the karyotypes of 34 populations belonging to 11 species and one variety of Heracleum from the Hengduan Mountains in China were examined. Chromosome numbers and the karyotypes of three species （H. souliei, H. la＇ngdoni, and H. wenchuanense） are reported for the first time, as are the karyotypes of H. moellendorffii and H. henryi （tetraploid）. Populations of H. candicans, H. franchetii, and H. kingdoni in the Hengduan Mountains were found to consist of a mixture of diploid and tetraploid plants. Except for four species of Heracleum, namely H. candicans, H. franchetii, H. henryi, and H.kingdoni, which have both diploid and tetraploid karyotypes, all other species of Heracleum are were found to be diploid. All karyotypes were found to belong to the 2A type of Stebbins, with the exception ofH. candicans var. obtusifolium, which belongs to 2B, and H. hemsleyanum and H. franchetii （Mt. Dujuan, Daocheng, Sichuan, China）, which belong to 1A. There was only a slight difference in the karyotype asymmetry index, which suggests a close kinship for species of Heracleum and that the entire phylogenetic development of Heracleum is relatively primitive. Species that exhibited advanced morphological features were also more advanced in karyotype structure, with the order ofkaryotype evolution being 1A→2A→2B. This phenomenon indicates that the species distributed in the Hengduan Mountains have not diverged completely and that the Hengduan Mountains are a relatively young and active area for the evolution of Heracleum. Polyploidization in Heracleum may be an important evolutionary mechanisms for some species, generating diversity. The biological attributes, distribution range, and the geological history of the genus have all played a part in accelerating the evolution through polyploidization or aneuploidization. It is known that as the distribution latitude of Heracleum decreases from north to south, the chromosome number, ploidy level, and asymmetry structure appear to increase. In the Hengd     

Cotton Leaf Curl Virus： Ionic Status of Leaves and Symptom Development

In the present study, the relationship between the nutritional status of leaves and the development of symptoms of cotton leaf curl virus （CLCuV） in two cotton （Gossypium hirsutum L.） cuItlvars （I.e. CIM-240 and S-12） was Investigated. The incidence of disease attack was found to be 100% In the S-12 cuItlvar and 16% in the CIM-240 cuItivar. Geminivirus particles in infected leaves were confirmed by transmission electron microscope examination of highly specific geminivirus coat protein antlsera-treated cell sap. The CLCuV Impaired the accumulation of different nutrients in both cuItivars. A marked decrease in the accumulation of Ca^2＋ and K^＋ was observed in infected leaves. However, the disease had no effect on leaf concentrations of Na^＋, N, and P. It was observed that the curling of leaf margins in CLCuV-Infected plants was associated with the leaf Ca^2＋ content; leaf curling was severe in plants with a significant reduction In Ca^2＋ content. Moreover, leaf K＆＋ content was found to be associated with resistance/susceptibility to CLCuV infection.     

Effect of Seasonality on Distribution of Macroalgae in a Stream System （Xin＇an Spring）in Shanxi Province, North China

A survey of the seasonal distribution of macroalgae in a stream system in Shanxi Province, north China, was undertaken from July 2004 to April 2005. The relative abundance and percentage cover of macroalgae, and several environmental factors were monitored along a 20-m stretch at each of four sites, at intervals of approximately three months （one sampling per season）. Several stream conditions were relatively constant over the sampling period （pH, maximum width and maximum depth）, whereas others exhibited a distinct seasonal pattern （water temperature and specific conductance）, and some fluctuated with no discernable seasonal pattern （current velocity and dissolved oxygen）. Forty-two species of macroalgae were found, with a predominance of Chlorophyta （26 species, 61.9%）. Rhodophyts and Charophyta represented the smallest proportion （1 species each, 2.38%）. Six macroalgae species were the most widespread, occurring in all four sampling sites. Twelve species were found at only one site each. In terms of seasonality, eight species occurred throughout the year, whereas 16 species were found in only one season each. The macroalgal community at Xin＇an Spring was species rich relative to other streams. Species richness per sampling site was negatively correlated with pH. Principal component analysis revealed that no single variable had much influence on the macroalgal seasonal dynamics. We calculated Sorensen similarity indices to compare our study with other continent-wide surveys of stream macroalgae, but the similarity indices were all very low. This study also shows that macroalgae in different locations have significant reproductive isolation.     

Antioxidant Activities of Aqueous Extract from Cultivated Fruit-bodies of Cordyceps militaris （L.） Link In Vitro

Biological antloxldants extracted from plants and fungi have potential abilities to scavenge free radicals and Inhibit lipid peroxldatlon, playing Important roles in preventing diseases, for example, cancer, and aging Induced by reactive oxygen species, which may cause oxidative damage to DNA, proteins and other macromolecules. The antloxldant potency of cultivated fruit-bodies of Cordyceps militarls （L.） Link was investigated In this study. Five established In vitro systems were employed, including the 1,1-dlphenyl-2- plcryldrazyl （DPPH） free radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical eliminating, iron chelating, Inhibition of Ilnolelc acid lipid peroxldatlon and reducing power. The aqueous extract from cultivated fruit-bodies was subjected to the test of amino acid, polysaccharlde and mannitol. Ascorblc acid （Vc）, butylated hydroxytoluene （BHT） and ethylenedlamlnetetraacetlc acid （EDTA） were used as positive controls for comparisons. Among the assays, the aqueous extract of C. mllltarls frult-bodles shows a significant scavenging effect on DPPH, eliminating the capability on hydroxyl radicals and the chelating effect on ferrous Iron. The extract also shows positive results of Inhibiting Ilnoleic acid lipid peroxldatlon and reducing power.     

Resistance and susceptibility of alfalfa （Medicago sativa L.） cultivars to the aphid Therioaphis maculata （Homoptera： Aphididae）： insect biology and cultivar evaluation

Biology of the aphid Therioaphis maculata was studied on alfalfa （Medicago sativa L.）, including four resistant （Mesa-Sirsa, CUF101, Baker and Lahontan） and two susceptible （ARC and Caliverde） alfalfa cultivars, and one of the most cropped Brazilian cultivars, Crioula. Under controlled conditions, antibiosis （i.e., reduced longevity, fecundity and increased mortality of the aphid） was observed mainly on the resistant alfalfa cultivars, except on Lahontan. Crioula seemed to be tolerant to aphids. Present data support geographic limitation usage of cultivars, and we suggest Baker and Mesa-Sirsa as sources of antibiosis, and provide biological information of a tropical T. maculata biotype on alfalfa.     

Taxonomic revision of Lepisorus (J. Sm.) Ching sect. Lepisorus (Polypodiaceae) from China

The taxonomy of Lepisorus (J. Sm.) Ching sect. Lepisorus in China was revised based on herbarium specimen examinations, field observations, and microscopic study of rhizome scales, soral paraphyses, leaf epidermis and spores. As a result nine species were recognized: Lepisorus macrosphaerus (Baker) Ching, L. asterolepis (Baker) Ching, L. marginatus Ching, L. kuchenensis (Y. C. Wu) Ching, L. megasorus(C. Chr.) Ching, L. kawakamii (Hayata) Tagawa, L. subsessilis Ching & Y. X. Lin, L. affinis Ching and L. nudus (Hook.) Ching. Lepisorus kawakamii (Hayata) Tagawa was reinstated; L. gyirongensis Ching & S. K. Wu and L. longus Ching were reduced to synonyms of L. nudus and L. affinis respectively. The subdivision of L. macrosphaerusis was not accepted. Rhizome scales and paraphyses are the most useful characters for species delimitation as well as for infrageneric classification. Characteristics of the leaf epidermis and spore ornamentation are usually stable and thus of great significance in understanding the relationships among groups within the genus.     

A Study on the Synstematics of the Genus Lepisorus (Poiypodiaceae)

Based on characters, such as scales on rhizomes, paraphyses in sori, leaves, rhizomes and stipes, the genus Lepisorus is divided into 6 sections. They are Sect. Lepisorus, Sect. Pleioomma S. L. Yu, Sect. Sclerophyllon S. L. Yu, Sect. Macrophyllon S. L. Yu, Sect. Pachyphyllon S. L. Yu and Sect. Hymenophyton Ching.     

宽带蕨属（水龙骨科）的系统学研究

对喜马拉雅和横断山地区特有的水龙骨科的宽带蕨属Platygyria Ching&S.K.Wu植物进行了形态学、分类学、生态和植物地理学的观察与分析,探讨了该属植物的系统位置、亲缘关系和生态适应性,推测宽带蕨属是随着喜马拉雅山脉的隆升,由瓦韦属Lepisorus（J.Sm.）Ching网眼瓦韦群植物适应高寒生态环境演化而来的新生类群。确定宽带蕨属有5种,即川西宽带蕨P.soulieana（Christ）X.C.Zhang&Q.R.Liu、多变宽带蕨P.variabilis Ching&S.K.Wu、耳基宽带     

瓦韦属植物的系统学研究

根据瓦韦属植物根状茎上的鳞片及隔丝的形状、结构、颜色,参考叶片的形状、质地及根状茎、叶柄的横切面等特征,把瓦韦属植物划分为6个组,分别为瓦韦组Sect．Lepisorus、扭瓦韦组Sect．Pleioomma S．L. Yu、革质叶组Sect．Sclerophyllon S．L. Yu、大叶瓦韦组Sect．MacrophyllonS．L.Yu、纸质叶组Sect．Pachyphyllon S．L.Yu和薄叶组Sect．Hymenophyton Ching。     

Taxonomic studies of the fern genus Lepidomicrosorum Ching et Shing (Polypodiaceae) from China and neighboring regions

The genus Lepidomicrosorum was separated from Microsorum Link by Ching and Shing in 1983. It is characterized by minute scattered sori covered with peltate and subsessile paraphyses when young. Tagawa detected that Polypodium subhastatum Baker, the type of this new genus, has this kind of paraphyses and thus transferred this species to Neocheiropteris Christ in 1952, a genus with divided lamina. During our study of the Microsoroideae, a revision of Lepidomicrosorum from China and neighboring regions is made on the basis of field and herbarium observation and evidence from anatomy, spore morphology, ecology, and distribution. Lepidomicrosorum is recognized as an independent genus and the demarcation line of its species is reconfirmed. Species with peltate scale-like paraphyses in Microsorum were transferred to Lepidomicrosorum. As a result, two species are recognized in this species, i.e.L．buergerianum (Miq.) Ching et Shing and L. hymenodes (Kunze)L. Shi et X. C. Zhang.     

中国及邻近地区鳞果星蕨属的分类研究

鳞果星蕨属是从星蕨属中划分出来的,其孢子囊群上幼时覆盖着近无柄的鳞片状隔丝。本文在 研究星蕨亚科植物标本和野外考察的基础上,结合解剖学、孢粉学、生态学和植物地理学资料,对鳞果星蕨属植物作了修订。承认该属的独立性,并研究了有关种类的变异幅度,将星蕨属中有盾状隔丝的种类归入本属,承认鳞果星蕨和云南鳞果星蕨两个种。     

越南蕨类植物的新记载(1)

报道了越南6种新记载的蕨类植物,包括分布和简短讨论Christensenia assamica (Griff.) Ching,Arthropteris repens (Brack.)C.Chr.,Cyrtomium hemionitis H.Christ,Cyrtogonellum sichouensis S.K.Wu & Musuta,Dryopteris conjugata Ching,and Lepisorus sinensis (H.Christ) Ching.     

中国瓦韦属药用植物的叶表皮观察

利用光学显微镜对中国瓦韦属（Lepisorus）17种药用植物及邻近2属3种植物的叶表皮微形态进行了观察。结果表明,瓦韦属药用植物不同种间的叶表皮特征具有一定的共性,表现为气孔器全部分布在叶下表皮,即全为下生气孔。此外,所研究的瓦韦属植物的基本气孔器类型为极细胞型、共环极细胞型、腋下细胞型及聚腋下细胞型。瓦韦属不同药用植物在叶表皮细胞的大小、形态、垂周壁式样以及气孔器类型、气孔器大小、气孔指数等特征上存在差异,据此可以划分为4种类型。叶表皮特征研究为中国瓦韦属药用植物的分类以及合理开发利用其药用价值提供了新的依据。     

瓦韦孢子壁的结构和发育的研究

利用光镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜对水龙骨科（Polypodiaceae）瓦韦(Lepisorus thunbergianus (Kaulf.) Ching)孢子壁的结构和发育进行了研究。研究结果表明瓦韦孢子两侧对称、单裂缝,表面具波纹状纹饰。孢壁从内到外由内壁、外壁和周壁三部分构成。外壁来源于绒毡层物质,由外壁内层和外壁外层构成,外壁外层表面的波纹状纹饰形成孢子表面的纹饰轮廓。周壁薄,紧贴外壁表面,由2层片状结构叠合而成。在外壁外层形成过程中,孢子表面和周围出现较多小球。本文探讨了孢壁各层的结构、来源和发育过程,为蕨类植物系统学和孢粉学研究积累资料。     

云南的复叶耳蕨属(Arachniodes Bl.)植物

对云南产复叶耳蕨属植物进行了再次的分类订正研究,确认云南有该属植物20个种类,其中,华南复叶耳蕨Arachniodes festina(Hance)Ching和齿头复叶耳蕨A．aristata(Forst．)Tindale为云南分布新记录;将《中国植物志》等资料中的Acrorumohra dissecta、Arachniodes ailaoshanensis、A．australis、A．austro-yunnanensis、A．caudata、A．chinensis var．cornopteris、A．chinensis var．jinpingensis、A．chingii、A．dayaoensis、A．futeshanensis、A．gongshanensis、A．guangtongensis、A．lushuiensissis、A．pianmaensis,A.pianmaensis、A．pseudo-aristata、A.ppseudo-assamica、A．sshuangbaiensis、A．sinoaristata、A．sporadosora和A．triangularis等20个名称作为新异名处理。还列出了云南产该属植物的分种检索表、名称的处理及分类讨论、地理分布等。