干旱荒漠区沙冬青茎干液流变化特征及其与气象因子的关系

采用热平衡包裹式树干液流仪(stem heat balance,SHB)监测沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus)茎干液流日变化,并利用自动气象站同步监测太阳辐射、空气温度、空气相对湿度、风速等气象因子日变化,研究沙冬青茎干液流在不同季节和天气条件下的日变化特征及其与环境气象因子的关系.研究表明:(1)在夏季沙冬青茎干液流昼夜区别明显,且变幅较大,液流于8:00~9:00开始启动,并迅速于9:00左右达到峰值,然后立即有一个大幅度的下降,后在小幅度波动中维持到19:00左右停止;沙冬青茎干液流在夜间较弱;(2)不同天气条件对沙冬青液流的变化影响较大,沙冬青茎干液流速率的总体变化幅度表现为晴天>阴天>沙尘天气;(3)各季节典型天气下沙冬青茎干液流速率表现为夏季>春季>冬季;生长季茎干液流启动时间早,液流量大;春季液流启动时间次之,液流量变化平缓,维持时间长;冬季液流启动时间最迟,液流变化速率大且维持时间短;(4)沙冬青茎干液流与气象因子的关系密切,其中与太阳辐射的关系最为密切,其次是空气温度和相对湿度,影响最小的是风速.     

西北干旱区典型固沙植物夜间耗水及其影响因素

利用热平衡包裹式Flow32茎干液流仪和环境要素监测系统研究了河西走廊中段典型固沙植物梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)、白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)、沙拐枣(Calligonum mongolicum)夜间液流活动特征,分析影响3种植物夜间耗水的主要环境因素及其利用途径。结果表明:(1)梭梭、白刺、沙拐枣茎干夜间液流密度在前半夜(20:00~0:00)较大且迅速降低,在后半夜(0:00~6:00)仍有微弱液流密度且波动较大;梭梭、白刺、沙拐枣的夜间液流密度差异极显著,平均夜间液流密度依次为3.73、1.12、6.07g·cm-2·h-1,且在典型降雨天气条件下3种植物夜间液流活动明显减弱。(2)在观测期间,总夜间耗水量与基茎显著相关,但3种植物夜间耗水分配在不同月份间差异不显著;梭梭、白刺、沙拐枣夜间耗水对日总耗水贡献率变化范围分别为1%~30%、0.1%~16%和1.5%~20%。(3)饱和水汽压差和风速仅能解释梭梭、沙拐枣、白刺夜间液流密度24%、25%、27%的变化,3种植物夜间液流主要用以茎干补水。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)蒸腾耗水规律

塔里木沙漠公路防护林生长于极端干旱的塔克拉玛干沙漠中,防护林植物的蒸腾耗水和灌溉管理是防护林可持续的核心问题.利用植物茎流计连续测定了塔里木沙漠公路塔中段防护林植物梭梭的茎干液流、蒸腾耗水量.结果表明:梭梭茎干液流具有明显昼夜节律性,液流的高峰值出现在白天10:00～15:00,最小值出现在0:00～03:00,夜间也保持较小的液流;茎干液流受环境因子影响而波动,太阳辐射、气温和风速与茎干液流有较明显的正相关关系,相对湿度和茎干液流呈负相关关系;滴灌条件下,防护林带内土壤含水量充足且在各个月份变化不大,土壤含水量对茎干液流影响不大;依据清晨和午后水势变化,梭梭体内水分在夜间得到了较好的恢复;在一个生长季内,3株直径为2.0、2.8、3.4cm的梭梭总的耗水量分别为295、436、616kg,日平均耗水量分别为1.48、2.18、3.08kg;现行灌溉模式提供了充足的水分供应,梭梭的水分状况良好;在充足水分条件下,梭梭有较大的蒸腾耗水量,干旱的环境条件和较为充足的水分供应是梭梭耗水量大的主要原因;依据梭梭的水分状况,当前水分管理为防护林提供了较充足的水分.     

科尔沁沙地黄柳和小叶锦鸡儿茎流及蒸腾特征

利用Dynamax茎流测量系统、Li-6400光合作用仪和自动气象站分别对科尔沁沙地两种灌木树种黄柳和小叶锦鸡儿的液流变化、蒸腾速率及其周围的环境因子进行检测.研究结果表明：（1）黄柳、小叶锦鸡儿茎干液流通量密度日变化趋势基本相同,呈多峰曲线;液流启动时间分别为4：30、5：30,在13：00左右到达各自液流峰值,峰值大小为81.2～91.7mg/h、17.3～27.1mg/h,20：30降为最低,晚间均具有明显的液流活动现象.（2）灌木的茎流日变化曲线与蒸腾速率日变化曲线并不吻合,实验测得的叶片蒸腾速率不能同步反映茎干液流的动态变化特征;黄柳的叶片蒸腾速率和单枝蒸腾耗水量均大于小叶锦鸡儿,耐旱性相对较低.（3）黄柳、小叶锦鸡儿白天液流通量密度变化趋势与环境因子变化趋势相吻合.相关性分析表明,影响灌木液流变化的主要因子依次是太阳有效辐射、相对湿度、大气温度、风速、10cm和20cm土壤温度.     

荒漠区固沙植物梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)耗水特征

利用SF-300热脉冲树干液流仪,连续观测了生长季节荒漠区固沙植物梭梭树干液流速率,研究了荒漠区固沙植物梭梭林木的耗水量及其与气象因子的关系。结果表明：在生长季节,梭梭树干液流速率昼夜变化小;不同的生长日,梭梭树干液流速率介于（5．9±0．7）～（14．5±3．6）gcm^-2h^-1;观测期间,梭梭平均日耗水量为（0．3±0．2）mm,生长季节单株木耗水量达49．4mm。树干液流速率对气象因子均有一定程度的响应,且在不同时间的影响程度不同。日耗水量与林冠投影面积、基径、基径的平方乘以树高的积、边材厚度和边材面积呈线性关系。     

荒漠区固沙植物梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)耗水特征

利用SF-300热脉冲树干液流仪,连续观测了生长季节荒漠区固沙植物梭梭树干液流速率,研究了荒漠区固沙植物梭梭林木的耗水量及其与气象因子的关系。结果表明：在生长季节,梭梭树干液流速率昼夜变化小;不同的生长日,梭梭树干液流速率介于(5.9±0.7)～(14.5±3.6)g cm^-2h^-1;观测期间,梭梭平均日耗水量为(0.3±0.2)mm,生长季节单株木耗水量达494mm。树干液流速率对气象因子均有一定程度的响应,且在不同时间的影响程度不同。日耗水量与林冠投影面积、基径、基径的平方乘以树高的积、边材厚度和边材面积呈线性关系。     

灌溉对三种荒漠植物蒸腾耗水特性的影响

利用热平衡式茎流计和压力室对塔里木沙漠公路防护林不同灌溉量条件下3种荒漠植物多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)、梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)和乔木状沙拐枣(Calligonum arborescens)的液流变化、水势进行了测定。研究结果表明:(1)茎干液流速率因灌溉量和物种的不同而异,同一灌溉量条件下不同物种间表现为多枝柽柳>乔木状沙拐枣>梭梭,不同灌溉量条件下3种荒漠植物的茎干液流速率均随灌溉量的减少而显著降低。3种荒漠植物的夜间蒸腾占有一定比例,表现为梭梭(18.68%)>乔木状沙拐枣(17.48%)>多枝柽柳(12.82%),表明3种灌木均可通过夜间液流以补充植物体白天的水分消耗,表现出较强的抗旱性,但梭梭形成的叶片-冠-根的水势差相对较大,夜间补偿流较多,表现出更强的抗旱性。多枝柽柳和乔木状沙拐枣茎干液流日变化趋势基本相同,在灌溉量为35 kg·株-1.次-1和28 kg·株-1.次-1时均呈单峰曲线,液流速率较高且变化幅度较大,而灌溉量为17.5 kg·株-1.次-1时呈双峰曲线,液流速率较低;梭梭在不同灌溉量条件下其变化均呈单峰曲线,即当灌溉量降低到17.5 kg·株-1.次-1时多枝柽柳和乔木状沙拐枣可能出现了水分亏缺,通过调节气孔张开度或部分关闭降低蒸腾来适应其胁迫条件,但该灌溉条件下梭梭并没有出现水分亏缺,表明出较强的抗旱性。(2)相同时间不同灌溉量条件下,3种荒漠植物的清晨水势和午后水势均随着灌溉量的减少而降低;整个生长季相同时间同一灌溉量条件下,3种防护林植物的清晨、午后水势表现为乔木状沙拐枣>多枝柽柳>梭梭,表明3种荒漠植物在相同的灌溉条件下梭梭因保持较低的水势表现出较强的抗旱性。(3)相同时间不同灌溉量条件下,3种荒漠植物单株日耗水量均随着灌溉量的减少而减少,整个生长季各处理日平均耗水量的动态变化趋势均为单峰型,7月份耗水量最大,表明在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地最炎热的7月份,3种防护林植物可以通过增加其蒸腾耗水量来适应干旱的环境条件。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地多枝柽柳茎干液流及耗水量

2005年4—11月,利用植物茎流计研究了塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地沙漠公路防护林植物多枝柽柳的茎干液流特性和耗水量.结果表明:在极端干旱的沙漠腹地,土壤水分充足时,直径为3.5和2.0 cm的多枝柽柳在整个生长季的日平均耗水量分别为6.322和1.179 kg;多枝柽柳的茎干液流呈单峰曲线型,有明显的昼夜变化规律,茎干液流随环境因子变化而波动;在土壤水分充足的条件下,总辐射、风速、温度是影响茎干液流变化的主要环境因子,可以用总辐射和风速的线性回归模型预测茎干液流的变化.沙漠腹地多枝柽柳的蒸腾耗水量相对较高,是因为在较为充足的水分供应条件下,多枝柽柳通过大量的水分消耗来抵御干燥高温的沙漠环境.     

基于热扩散技术的梭梭树干液流特征研究

利用TDP热扩散式茎流计,结合自动气象站,对古尔班通古特沙漠南缘原生梭梭的树干液流及环境因子进行连续监测,分析了梭梭树干液流对环境要素的响应,建立了生长季梭梭树干液流与环境因子的关系,估算出梭梭群落的日、季耗水量。结果表明:(1)液流速率日变化主要为单峰曲线,夏季偶有出现双峰曲线,不同季节间的液流速率大小差异显著,夏季树干液流启动早,峰值出现早,夜间持续有微弱的液流;(2)梭梭树干瞬时液流速率与风速、净辐射、空气温度、饱和水汽压亏缺值等因素呈显著正相关,与实际水汽压和空气湿度呈极显著负相关,影响梭梭树干瞬时液流速率变化的关键因子是净辐射和饱和水汽压亏缺值是导致树干液流速率瞬时变化的关键因子;(3)梭梭树干日均液流速率与净辐射、空气温度、实际水汽压、土壤含水率和土壤温度等呈极显著正相关,与空气湿度等呈极显著负相关,与风速相关性不显著,影响梭梭日均液流速率变化的关键因子是净辐射、饱和水汽压亏缺和空气温度。     

毛白杨茎干夜间液流时空动态及其环境影响因子

为了更深入地理解树木茎干夜间水分活动机制,该研究针对华北平原典型杨树(Populus spp.)人工林夜间液流和茎干充水的时空动态及其环境影响因子进行探究。该研究以雨养条件下毛白杨(Populus tomentosa)为研究对象,在不同生长时期,利用热扩散法对茎干不同高度处液流速率进行连续监测,对土壤含水率以及气象因子进行同步测定,对比不同时期各高度夜间液流动态及其与环境因子的相关关系。结果显示:雨季前,茎干0.35和1.30m处夜间液流占日总液流量的比例显著高于雨季后,而雨季后茎干7.00 m处夜间液流占比提高了49%。雨季前,茎干各高度处夜间液流速率同步性较高,且随茎干高度增加逐渐递减。雨季后,夜间用水主要来源由根系吸水转变为下部茎干储水,基部夜间液流速率降低66%,不同高度夜间液流的空间特征也发生变化。雨季前后, 4.00–7.00 m茎段为茎干充水的主要发生部位,平均日充水量达4.16 L,而1.30–4.00 m茎段充水量明显低于其他高度茎段,可能主要发挥输水功能。水汽压亏缺、气温和3m深土壤含水率对雨季前后各高度处夜间液流均有显著的正向驱动作用,但这种驱动作用在雨季后明显减...     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.