荒漠区固沙植物梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)耗水特征

利用SF-300热脉冲树干液流仪,连续观测了生长季节荒漠区固沙植物梭梭树干液流速率,研究了荒漠区固沙植物梭梭林木的耗水量及其与气象因子的关系。结果表明：在生长季节,梭梭树干液流速率昼夜变化小;不同的生长日,梭梭树干液流速率介于（5．9±0．7）～（14．5±3．6）gcm^-2h^-1;观测期间,梭梭平均日耗水量为（0．3±0．2）mm,生长季节单株木耗水量达49．4mm。树干液流速率对气象因子均有一定程度的响应,且在不同时间的影响程度不同。日耗水量与林冠投影面积、基径、基径的平方乘以树高的积、边材厚度和边材面积呈线性关系。     

民勤绿洲荒漠过渡带梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron(C.A.Mey)Bunge)树干液流特征及其对环境因子的响应

利用Grainer热扩散式探针法(TDP)连续测定民勤绿洲荒漠过渡带生长季梭梭树干液流,并同步测定外界环境因子。研究了6—11月份不同直径梭梭树干液流日、季变化及其与外界环境因子的相关性。结果显示:(1)随月份的递增,不同直径梭梭树干液流通量(SV)晴天日变化波峰区逐渐缩减。并且在6—8月份,不同直径SV均表现出明显的"宽峰型"现象,且晴天SV明显高于阴、雨天;(2)随季节变化,不同直径梭梭SV波动性较大,直径越大其波动性越高;而梭梭SV未表现出随直径增大液流通量越大的现象;(3)6—11月梭梭树干耗水量先增后降,7月达最高峰,且直径越大,梭梭总耗水量越大;(4)梭梭树干液流与环境因子相关程度受不同天气、时间尺度的影响较大,晴天相关性略高于阴、雨天。空气温度、净辐射、饱和水汽压差是影响梭梭树干液流的主要气象因子。0—100cm土层以上0—250cm根幅区土壤水分对树干液流影响最显著。(5)同比古尔班通古特沙漠梭梭生长季(5—10月)总耗水量458—1044kg以及日均耗水量1.8—6.4kg/d,整个生长季(6—11月)民勤绿洲荒漠过渡带梭梭的总耗水量495—1232kg、日均耗水量为2.0—8.3 kg/d,两者耗水量近似。利用TDP技术测定梭梭耗水量具有一定的可靠性。     

古尔班通古特沙漠原生梭梭树干液流及耗水量

梭梭广泛分布于我国西部干旱区,利用热脉冲技术对古尔班通古特沙漠生长期原生梭梭的树干液流耗水特征进行了研究。随着水分条件的不同,影响树干液流过程的主导因素有所不同。根区土壤体积含水量在8.7%-12.1%时,梭梭日树干液流量与土壤水分显著相关;土壤含水量＞12.1%时,液流更多的受到气象因素的影响;土壤含水量＜8.7%,树干液流与气象要素之间没有相关性,液流更多的受植物生理特征影响。在土壤水分最丰富的4月份,随着土壤水分的降低,白天与夜间的液流变化趋同;4月份日平均液流量约是5-9月份的2倍。梭梭的液流通量从古尔班通古特沙漠原生林的0.156L?cm-2?d-1到塔中人工滴灌林的0.876 L?cm-2?d-1,均处于正常生长状态,表明梭梭生态需水的可塑性范围较广。基径为7.8cm和9.0cm的梭梭在4月至9月份生长期的实际耗水量分别是95mm和117mm。     

基于热扩散技术的梭梭树干液流特征研究

利用TDP热扩散式茎流计,结合自动气象站,对古尔班通古特沙漠南缘原生梭梭的树干液流及环境因子进行连续监测,分析了梭梭树干液流对环境要素的响应,建立了生长季梭梭树干液流与环境因子的关系,估算出梭梭群落的日、季耗水量。结果表明:(1)液流速率日变化主要为单峰曲线,夏季偶有出现双峰曲线,不同季节间的液流速率大小差异显著,夏季树干液流启动早,峰值出现早,夜间持续有微弱的液流;(2)梭梭树干瞬时液流速率与风速、净辐射、空气温度、饱和水汽压亏缺值等因素呈显著正相关,与实际水汽压和空气湿度呈极显著负相关,影响梭梭树干瞬时液流速率变化的关键因子是净辐射和饱和水汽压亏缺值是导致树干液流速率瞬时变化的关键因子;(3)梭梭树干日均液流速率与净辐射、空气温度、实际水汽压、土壤含水率和土壤温度等呈极显著正相关,与空气湿度等呈极显著负相关,与风速相关性不显著,影响梭梭日均液流速率变化的关键因子是净辐射、饱和水汽压亏缺和空气温度。     

黄土高原半干旱区侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)树干液流动态

应用热扩散式树干茎流计(TDP)于2008年4～10月对黄土高原安塞县侧柏人工林树干液流速率进行了连续测定,并对周围气象、土壤水分等多个环境因子进行了同步测定.结果表明:侧柏在不同月份晴天树干液流速率变化具有明显的昼夜节律性,呈单峰曲线;且各月液流速率日均值受土壤供水水平限制总体上呈下降趋势,即4月份最大,为0.00135 cm · s-1;10月份最小为0.00011cm · s-1;树干液流速率与光合有效辐射、大气温度、水汽压差呈极显著正相关,与相对湿度呈负相关,其相关程度:光合有效辐射＞水汽压差＞大气温度＞相对湿度,并可用线性表达式来估算;侧柏边材面积和地径呈幂指数关系,并以此结合密度估算出样地侧柏人工林的边材面积为4.65m2,最终估算出侧柏人工林生长季总耗水量为1159.6 t · hm-2.     

黄土高原半干旱区刺槐生长盛期树干液流动态

通过研究树干液流速率与气象因子的关系,可以定量地分析树木生长与群落蒸腾耗水的相互关系,揭示黄土高原半干旱区刺槐水分利用动态及其适应环境因子的内在机理,为当地生态环境建设提供理论依据。应用热扩散式树干茎流计(TDP)于2008年7月1日至7月26日,在黄土高原半干旱区安塞县对刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)人工林生长盛期树干液流速率进行了连续测定,并对周围气象、土壤水分等指标进行了同步测定。刺槐生长盛期树干液流速率晴天日变化呈宽峰形曲线,在测量时期液流速率日平均值为0.00133cm·s–1;刺槐树干单位边材面积的液流速率与光合有效辐射、大气温度、水汽压差呈极显著正相关关系,与相对湿度呈负相关关系。其相关程度绝对值顺序为光合有效辐射大气温度水汽压差相对湿度风速;刺槐边材面积与胸径之间存在着显著的线性相关关系,相关系数为0.878,单位边材面积的液流速率随树干胸径的增大而减小。     

干旱荒漠区典型固沙灌木液流动态变化及其对环境因子的响应

利用澳大利亚Dynamax公司生产的热平衡包裹式树干液流仪(Stem Heat Balance, SHB)和自动气象站对干旱荒漠区3种固沙灌木梭梭、多枝柽柳和唐古特白刺的液流变化及其气象因子进行测定, 研究了3种固沙灌木茎干液流日、季变化规律以及对气象因子的响应.结果表明:(1) 在生长季,不同地茎、不同树种液流启动时间存在差异, 地茎1.70、 3.64cm和5.07cm的梭梭启动时间分别为 5:00～7:00、5:00～7:20和6:00～8:00; 地茎1.57cm和3.03cm的柽柳启动时间5:20～7:20和5:40～7:40;地茎1.59cm白刺启动时间6:00～8:00.梭梭的日变化表现为双峰型,最高峰出现在11:40～13:20;而柽柳和白刺日变化表现为多峰格型,最大峰值分别出现在12:40～13:00和12:00～13:00;3种灌木液流在中午存在"午休"现象,但"午休"不明显.(2) 3种固沙灌木在夜间也保持一定的液流速率,而且地茎越粗夜间液流持续的时间越长,越细持续时间越短,不同地茎灌木在第2天液流启动之前,夜间液流都有一个明显的下降过程, 甚至为0.(3) 3种典型固沙灌木茎干液流季节变化表现为单峰型,梭梭和柽柳茎干液流8月份最高,7月份次之,6月与9月基本一致,而白刺7月份最高,8月次之;在整个生长季,相近地茎3种灌木单位面积液流量为:白刺﹥柽柳﹥梭梭, 梭梭耐旱性较高.(4)气象因子对不同树种茎干液流的影响有一定的差异,茎干液流与气象因子的关系比较复杂.相关分析表明,在整个生长季,空气水汽压差或气温对梭梭起主导作用,而太阳辐射对柽柳和白刺起主导作用.     

元宝枫生长旺季树干液流动态及影响因素

利用热扩散式边材液流探针和多种气象、土壤因子传感器组成的全自动数据采集系统和美国产Licor-6400光合测定系统,于夏秋季节对北京西山地区低山成林元宝枫单株边材液流动态和叶片蒸腾作用进行了系统观测。元宝枫树干边材液流变化受天气的影响,环境胁迫或环境的改善都能改变边材液流的波动特征。在正常情况下,边材液流的日变化呈单峰曲线:日出后树干液流迅速上升,峰值在中午前后出现,然后下降,在次日早晨前达到坡谷。最热月7月液流启动和进入坡谷的时间比其他各月早1~4 h。6月树干上位液流速率大于中位和下位,其他各月树干下位液流速率大于上位和中位,这种差距在7月达2~3倍。多元回归分析表明,在整个生长旺季,元宝枫边材液流变化深受气温、太阳辐射、空气相对湿度、土壤温度和风速等环境因子的影响,但在不同的观测时段和观测部位其影响的主导因子不完全相同,只有空气温度在任何情况下都是影响液流的主导因子;元宝枫边材液流的变异规律较好地说明了其耐旱的生态策略。     

常见绿化树种绦柳(Salix matsudana cv.'Pendula')耗水特性

于2005年5—10月,利用Granier热扩散技术对北京城市绿化树种绦柳液流速率进行连续测定,并同时监测林地光合有效辐射、风速和空气温湿度等气象因子。结果表明：绦柳液流速率具有稳定的昼夜变动规律,日变化曲线呈“宽单峰型”,且晴天比阴天的昼夜差异大;绦柳月平均液流速率从5月开始升高,8月达到最大值,为0.0050 cm·s^-1,随后逐渐下降,10月达到最小值,为0.0013 cm·s^-1;与绦柳液流速率相关性最大的环境因子是光合有效辐射和空气温度,最小的是风速;绦柳每小时的耗水量与边材面积和胸径的相关性大于与树高和树冠投影面积的相关性。     

民勤绿洲荒漠过渡带梭梭树干液流的时滞特征

应用Granier热扩散探针测定民勤绿洲荒漠过渡带梭梭人工林的树干液流,将液流与饱和水汽压差(VPD)和光合有效辐射(PAR)数据分别进行逐行错位分析,探讨树干液流与环境因子之间的时滞效应.结果表明: 梭梭日液流速率呈现明显的季节变化,6月平均液流速率最大,8月平均液流速率最小.生长季(5-9月)梭梭树干液流与光合有效辐射、饱和水汽压差存在明显的时滞,树干液流滞后于PAR 80 min,提前于VPD 114 min,且不同月份的时滞长短存在差异.尽管梭梭树干液流在日尺度上更加依赖于PAR的变化,但在白天,树干液流与饱和水汽压差间有更紧密的关系.梭梭生长季树干液流与VPD或PAR之间的时滞与树形因子(株高、地径、50 cm处直径、枝下高、冠幅)及夜间液流量的相关性均不显著.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.