The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various     

动物病毒学的成就及展望

1我国动物病毒学领域50年的主要成就及相关科学家的贡献 动物病毒学是一门综合性学科,它是建立在生物化学、生物物理学、分子生物学、分子遗传学和生物高新技术等相关学科基础上,其中任一学科的每一次突破,都将带动动物病毒学的飞速发展.80年代以来,生物技术的出现和发展,先后创制了几十种疫苗,通过对免疫预防、诊断技术的系统研究,取得了前所未有的成果.近些年来,人们在病毒特性的研究方面,尤其是在病毒本身基因组结构分析、病毒培养技术、病毒诊断技术、病毒分子流行病学调查以及生物工程疫苗研制等诸多方面,取得了前所未有的巨大成就,标志着动物病毒学已经进入了一个崭新的时代.     

病毒编码泛素及相关蛋白的研究进展

泛素(Ubiquitin, Ub)是一种由76个氨基酸残基组成的小分子蛋白,广泛存在于各种真核生物中,不同来源的泛素蛋白具有类似的结构、功能和免疫学特征.目前所知,泛素主要通过ATP依赖性的泛素-蛋白酶复合体通路(Ubiquitin-proteasomes pathway, UPP)途径,经泛素活化酶(E1)、泛素结合酶(E2)和泛素连接酶(E3)的梯级反应,高效并高度选择性地对胞质或胞核内蛋白进行完全或部分降解,泛素依赖性蛋白质降解涉及细胞周期调控、信号转导、DNA修复和蛋白质数量控制[1].另外,泛素还可作为分子伴侣参与核糖体的生物发生、DNA转录调控及其它多种生理功能[2].近年来发现,一些真核生物病毒,如杆状病毒、疱疹病毒、痘病毒、腺病毒和反转录病毒等,均编码泛素或能与泛素相互作用的蛋白.病毒编码的泛素和泛素相关蛋白与病毒粒子形成及病毒出芽增殖有关,也与宿主细胞凋亡调控、宿主免疫系统调控及病毒侵染宿主细胞的机理相联系.本文就这一方面的研究进展进行简述.     

Continued antigenic variation of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H7N9) virus in laying hens in China, 2020–2021

Highlights
1. 13 strains of H7N9 viruses from laying hens in 2020 and 2021 were identified.
2. H7N9 viruses in China comprised at least 11 genotypes.
3. H7N9 viruses are high pathogenic in chickens, not in ducks.
4. The most H7N9 viruses cross-reacted poorly with H7-Re3 antiserum.
5. The H7-Re3 vaccine was unable to prevent H7N9 infection.     

Recombinant human interferon-α1b inhibits SARS-CoV-2 better than interferon-α2b in vitro

Highlights
1) A comprehensive evaluation method for anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs was established based on RT-qPCR, TCID₅₀ method, and immunofluorescence.
2) A significant antiviral effect of rHuIFN-α1b was shown with EC₅₀=0.12 IU/mL in Vero cells and EC₅₀=0.52 IU/mL in Calu-3 cells, which was better than rHuIFN-α2b (EC₅₀=0.25 IU/mL in Vero cells and EC₅₀=2.48 IU/mL in Calu-3 cells).
3) rHuIFN-α1b has a good potential in the application of anti-COVID-19 therapy.     

Similar aerosol emission rates and viral loads in upper respiratory tracts for COVID-19 patients with Delta and Omicron variant infection

Highlights
1 Aerosol emission rates of Delta or Omicron patients were similar.
2 Viral loads in upper respiratory tract of Alpha, Delta and Omicron patients were similar.
3 Viral loads in upper respiratory tract of vaccinated or unvaccinated Delta patients had no difference.     

Pathogenic Characterization and Full Length Genome Sequence of a Reassortant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Newly Isolated in Pakistan

<正>Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most important diseases of the poultry. The IBD virus (IBDV), a nonenveloped virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family with a genome consisting of two segments of double-stranded RNA (segments A and B), targets B lymphocytes of bursa of Fabricious leading to immunosuppression. In Pakistan,poultry farming is the second biggest industry and IBD is the second biggest disease threating the poultry sector.However, there is limited genome information of IBDV     

Mink Circovirus Can Infect Minks,Foxes and Raccoon Dogs

正Dear Editor,Mink circovirus (MiCV), which is clustered in the genus Circovirus of the family Circoviridae, was first described in minks from farms in Dalian, China in 2013 (Lian et al.2014). The complete single-stranded circular genome of the virus is 1,753 nucleotides long and contains two major open reading frames (ORFs), designated ORF1 (Rep gene)and ORF2 (Cap gene)(Lian et al. 2014; Ge et al. 2018).Sequence analysis has shown that MiCV is most closely     

CypA Regulates AIP4-Mediated M1 Ubiquitination of Influenza A Virus

Cyclophilin A (CypA) is a peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase that interacts with the matrix protein (M1) of influenza A virus (IAV) and restricts virus replication by regulating the ubiquitin–proteasome-mediated degradation of M1. However,the mechanism by which CypA regulates M1 ubiquitination remains unknown. In this study, we reported that E3 ubiquitin ligase AIP4 promoted K48-linked ubiquitination of M1 at K102 and K104, and accelerated ubiquitin–proteasome-mediated degradation of M1. The recombinant IAV with mutant M1 (K102 R/K104 R) could not be rescued, suggesting that the ubiquitination of M1 at K102/K104 was essential for IAV replication. Furthermore, CypA inhibited AIP4-mediated M1 ubiquitination by impairing the interaction between AIP4 and M1. More importantly, both the mutations of M1 (K102 R/K104 R) and CypA inhibited the nuclear export of M1, indicating that CypA regulates the cellular localization of M1 via inhibition of AIP4-mediated M1 ubiquitination at K102 and K104, which results in the reduced replication of IAV.Collectively, our findings reveal a novel ubiquitination-based mechanism by which CypA regulates the replication of IAV.     

The reproductive biology of a riparian Mediterranean shrub, Nerium oleander L. (Apocynaceae)

This study presents data on the reproductive characteristics of Nerium oleander, an evergreen, sclerophyllous shrub inhabiting the banks of temporary streams in all countries around the Mediterranean seaboard. Two southern Spanish populations (El Garrobo and Grazalema) were selected to investigate flowering, dispersal and seed germination phenologies, together with morphological and functional traits of flowers, fruits and seeds. Observations on pollinator visitation, fruit set, and seedling survival were also carried out. Plants produce massive flower displays of showy, tubular flowers void of nectar that rely on insect cheating for pollination. Hand-pollinations and seed germination tests demonstrated full self-compatibility. Automatic selfing is prevented by spatial separation of stigma and anthers, and pollinators are thus necessary for reproduction. Low pollinator visitation rates are the rule, as indicated by the fact that observations spread over 2 years yielded only eight insect records. Percentage fruit set of open-pollinated flowers was found to be extremely low (0.1–4.9%), while hand-pollination increased fruiting levels to 34–50%. Direct and indirect evidence point to consistently pollen-limited reproduction in this species. If a large number of flowers within any inflorescence are pollinated artificially, however, resource limitations operate and pods from ovaries pollinated late in the season are aborted. On average, the maximum of ovaries developing into fruit within any inflorescence is 4. It is suggested that, in this nectarless species, about 80% of total are ‘excess’ flowers which contribute to increase pollinator attraction. Nerium oleander pollen is aggregated into a sticky substance, which allows the fertilization of many ovules after a single, probably rare, pollination event. Fruits are many seeded follicles (181 seeds per fruit on average), so that individual plants often liberate thousands of seeds in spite of the low percent fruit set. The hairy, water-dispersed seeds are released during the rainiest season in the year, and germination follows rapidly. All seedlings tracked died before completing 1 year of life, mostly because of desiccation during the first summer drought. Pollination by deceit in this Mediterranean species is discussed in terms of phylogenetic constraints within the mainly tropical family Apocynaceae.