利用水稻成套端三体进行DNA序列快速染色体臂定位

以水稻（Ｏｒｙｚａ ｓａｔｉｖａ Ｌ．ｓｓｐ．ｉｎｄｉｃａ）“中籼３０３７”成套端三体为材料,通过制备不同染色体两个端三体的等量ＤＮＡ膜,并与等定位的分子标记或ＤＮＡ序列杂交,成功地将严重偏分离的零等位标记多拷贝标记０７３的不同片段,以及着丝点相关重复序列ＲＣＳ１定位互相应的染色体臂上。说明在水稻中,不同染色体臂的端三体可以弥补连锁定位方法的一些不足。     

四种无尾两栖类染色体组型的比较研究

本文报道了四种无尾两栖类——Rana pleuraden Boulenger,R.cates-beiana(Shaw),R.japonica chaochiaoensis Liu和Hyla annectans (Jerdon)的染色体组型。采用秋水仙素—低渗—空气干燥法制作染色体标本。用骨髓及肠管作实验材料。蛙属(Rana)的三个种,2n=26,由5对大型染色体、8对小型染色体组成,都是中部或亚中部着丝点染色体,而无端部或亚端部着丝点染色体。他们共有一对亚中部着丝点染色体,即第三对染色体。以上两点表明其染色体演化上的同源性。但是,三者之间亦有明显的差异。滇蛙的次缢痕仅出现在第十对染色体的长臂上,而牛蛙,除此之外,在第七、八两对染色体的短臂上有之;而昭觉林蛙则有三个以上的次缢痕,而且长臂次缢痕不在第十对,而在第七、第八对染色体上,且有三对随体,第十对染色体的次缢痕是在短臂上。 华西雨蛙的2n=24,亦可分成二群:5对大型染色体为一群,7对小型染色体为另一群,次缢痕出现在第九对染色体的长臂上。     

利用电离辐射处理整臂易位系成熟雌配子诱导外源染色体小片段易位

簇毛麦（Haynaldia villosa）是小麦（Triticum aestivum）改良的重要遗传资源．培育小片段易位,特别是中间插入易位,有助于更好地利用外源有益基因．已报道的小麦-簇毛麦易位系大多数属于整臂易位或大片段易位．本研究以60Co-γ谢线（剂量率：1．6Gy／min,三种剂量：16．0,19．2和22．4Gy）处理整臂易位系的成熟雌配子,随后选取适龄穗子去雄套袋,2～3天后再用普通小麦品种“中国春”的新鲜成熟花粉授粉．通过M1植株根尖细胞有丝分裂中期染色体基因组原位杂交（genomic in situ hybridization,GISH）,从534株M1材料中检测到97株涉及6V染色体短臂（6VS）的小片段结构变异,包括小片段中间插入易位染色体80条、末端易位染色体57条和6VS缺失55条．在22．4Gy处理中这三种结构变异的诱变频率分别为21．02％,14．01％和14．65％,远远高于已报道的结果．获得了涉及146条6VS小片段结构变异的74株M1材料的回交种子．M1植株中的小片段结构变异可通过回交传递给后代．利用电离辐射处理整臂易位系成熟雌配子是一种高效诱导染色体小片段结构变异、特别是中间插入易位的新方法．     

玉米8个栽培亚种（类型）的核型和C—带带型的比较研究

本文首次报道了玉米8个亚种、2个亚型和2个杂交品种的核型和Giemsa C-带带型。所有材料的根尖细胞染色体数目均为2n=20。主要由中部和亚中部着丝点染色体组成。第6染色体短臂均具随体,但大小不同。所有材料均显示有亚端带和端带,在第6染色体的短臂上显示有NOR或/和随体带。C-带的分布、总数目和总长度各不相同。其总带数变异于6至18之间,C-带总长度为5.65—11.40％之间。在核型中,具中部着丝点的染色体数目及C-带总数,罕见栽培或原始的类型通常多于广泛栽培的类型。此外,有关核型和C-帝的变异和进化也进行了简略的讨论。     

药用野生稻转育后代一个抗白叶枯病新基因的定位

从药用野生稻渗入后代选育的水稻株系B5表现为高抗褐飞虱、白背飞虱和白叶枯病。对B5与籼稻品种明恢63杂交组合的187个重组自交系(RILs)进行了抗白叶枯病接种鉴定,采用分离集团分析法(Bulked Segregant Analysis,BSA),在第1染色体上筛选到与水稻抗白叶枯病基因相连锁RFLP分子标记。利用RILs抗病性表现型鉴定资料和构建的分子标记连锁图谱,将抗白叶枯病基因定位在第1染色体短臂的C904和R596之间,这两个分子标记间遗传距离为1．3cM。该基因对RILs群体抗病性变异的贡献率为52．96％,是一效应值较大的主效基因。这一抗白叶枯病基因不同于已报道的抗白叶枯病基因的位点,因此将其命名为Xa29(t)。     

将大赖草种质转移给普通小麦的研究：Ⅶ.一个普通小麦—大赖草等臂？…

通过花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ｉ染色体配对构型分析ＧｉｅｍｓａＣ－分带,从普通小麦－大赖草第７条染色体二体异附加系自交后代中选育并鉴定出了９３Ｇ５１－９和９３Ｇ５２－８２个等臂染色体异附加系,该异附加系在花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ｉ,其等臂染色体自身两臂配对频率高,染色体易发生断裂,且又携带有较抗赤霉病的基因,是向小麦转移大赖草赤霉病抗性基因的有用中间材料。     

水稻长穗颈基因eui紧密连锁SSR标记获得

02428h是从半矮秆材料02428体细胞培养后代中发现的隐性高秆突变体, 其株高性状由1对长穗颈基因eui和1对半矮秆基因sd-1共同控制。以02428h与半矮秆材料南京11杂交的F₂为作图群体, 利用Gramene公布的SSR标记和根据NCBI中的BAC序列自己新开发的SSR标记, 将eui基因定位在第5染色体上的RM3673和RM0012之间, 两侧遗传距离分别为0.3 cM和1.0 cM, 为该基因的分子标记辅助选择奠定了基础。     

利用杀配子染色体2C诱导中国春-黑麦二体附加系染色体畸变的研究

将中国春-黑麦(1R-7R)二体附加系与中国春-2C(Aegilops cylindrica)二体附加系杂交,获得F1,对F1体细胞染色体进行C分带鉴定和花粉母细胞减数分裂行为的观察与分析,发现减数分裂行为异常。对自交获得的430株F2进行单株染色体C分带和荧光原位分子杂交鉴定,检测到易位、缺失、等臂染色体、双着丝点染色体等染色体畸变类型。此外还检测到2C与小麦2A、2B、2D染色体的二体或单体自发代换系。杂交F。染色体畸变的规律与频率如下：研究共得到含黑麦染色体的变异22株,变异频率为5,1％。其中含黑麦染色体的易位系为10株,占2,3％;缺失12株,占2．79％;黑麦的等臂染色体3株,占O．7％。易位染色体既有含小麦着丝点的(大部分),也含有黑麦着丝点的(仅1例)。黑麦的染色体畸变中,发生于不同同祖群的频率不同,1R为5个,2R为3个;3R为1个;4R为3个;5R为6个;6R为4个。易位多为端部易位。共鉴定出小麦的缺失系54株,其中A基因组有27个,占6.27％;B基因组有20个,占4,65％;D基因组有7个,占1.66％。对杀配子染色体对小麦及黑麦不同同祖群染色体作用的差异性及作用特点进行了探讨。     

海南疣粒野生稻DNA导入栽培稻及其后代的SSR验证

选取抗性较好且生长旺盛的海南疣粒野生稻,提取其基因组DNA,通过穗颈注射法将其导入杂交水稻恢复系R225、R128、R15。第1代开始选择在生育期、株高、株叶型和穗粒结构等性状与群体中其他单株有明显不同的变异株,经过3代选择,筛选到15份稳定材料。利用SSR分子标记检测4份导入后代材料具有供体而受体无的DNA条带,说明本试验获得了来自疣粒野生稻的变异材料。     

中国特有的八角莲和六角莲的核型

本文研究了八角莲Dysosma versipellis(Hance)M.Cheng和六角莲Dysomapleiantha((Hance)Woodson的核型。二者的染色体数目均为2n=12,由四对具中部着丝点染色体、一对具近中部着丝点染色体和一对具端部着丝点染色体组成,各有一对染色体具有次缢痕,八角莲的次缢痕在第3对染色体的长臂上,六角莲的次缢痕在第1对染色体的短臂上。二者均属较对称的“2A”核型。但它们在染色体相对长度的变异幅度和差值、臂比的变异幅度和差值以及最长与最短染色体的比值上均有微小的差异。结果表明二者有密切的亲缘关系。演化趋势是八角莲→六角莲。八角莲的核型为首次报道。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.