水稻第十染色体短臂的等臂四体及其在着丝点定位中的应用

为了确定连锁图上着丝点的位置,常常需要一些特殊的遗传材料,如端部着丝点染色体和等臂染色体材料等等。在水稻上,为了获得这类遗传材料,从中籼３０３７同源三倍体后代产生的非整倍体中,在筛选初级三体的同时,进行了等臂染色体变异材料的筛选。其中在三体１０的后代中发现了１株形态与三体１０相似的变异株,经细胞学检查,证明它是第十染色体短臂的等臂四体。利用该等臂四体及其自交后代中分离出的次级三体,以及相应染色体的初级三体和正常二倍体为材料,通过ＲＦＬＰ不同分子标记在这些材料上所表现剂量效应的不同,确定Ｇ１１２５、Ｇ３３３、Ｌ１６９等３个分子标记位于第十染色体短臂上,Ｇ１０８４及其它１６个分子标记位于第十染色体长臂上。参照Ｋｕｒａｔａ等的分子图谱,将第十染色体的着丝点定位在分子标记Ｇ１１２５和Ｇ１０８４之间,两标记相距３．２ｃＭ［８］。     

水稻CaM和Ca^2＋—ATPase基因的原位杂交物理定位

ＣａＭ为重要的调控蛋白,Ｃａ２＋ＡＴＰａｓｅ则是重要的ＣａＭ结合蛋白,它和ＣａＭ一起构成信号传递通路中的重要组成部分,是功能上密切相关的两个基因。以生物素标记这两个基因的ｃＤＮＡ为探针,用原位杂交技术将它们定位到了水稻（ＯｒｙｚａｓａｔｉｖａＬ．）染色体上,检出率为６．１８％。ＣａＭ和Ｃａ２＋ＡＴＰａｓｅ基因被分别定位于第５染色体长臂的末端和第５染色体短臂紧靠着丝粒处。所检出染色体的臂比及标准差分别为１．７９±０．０６和１．９１±０．０８。二者在遗传图中相距较近,而在基因组物理图中位于同一染色体上不同的染色体臂上,说明基因的遗传图和物理图之间存在差异。并对短片段,低拷贝或单基因的技术进行了讨论。     

用同源序列的染色体定位寻找水稻抗病基因DNA片段

根据已知植物抗病基因的序列以及蛋白激酶序列中的高保守区域设计合成了特异性和简并引物,用聚合酶链反应从水稻（ＯｒｙｚａｓａｔｉｖａＬ．）ＤＮＡ中扩增同源片段,获约１００个大小不同的克隆。以这些克隆作探针进行限制性片段长度多态性（ＲＦＬＰ）分析,已将２６个克隆定位在两个水稻分子标记连锁图１２条染色体的３４个位点上。其中１０个克隆与８个已定位的水稻抗病基因在分子标记连锁图上的位置对应或毗邻。用其中部分与抗稻瘟病基因在染色体位置相对应的克隆作探针,分析抗稻瘟病近等基因系,ＲＦＬＰ带型在抗性基因系和感病亲本间表现出多态性,表明这些克隆与抗病基因在染色体位置上有较好的对应关系。     

微卫星DNA和AFLP标记在水稻分子标记连锁图上的分布

以一个栽培稻（ＯｒｙｚａｓａｔｉｖａＬ．ｓｐ．ｉｎｄｉｃａ）和野生稻（Ｏ．ｒｕｆｉｐｏｇｏｎＧｒｉｆ）杂交的Ｆ２作图群体以及由该群体构建的ＲＦＬＰ标记连锁图,分析了微卫星ＤＮＡ和ＡＦＬＰ标记的多态性、遗传行为及其在染色体上的分布。共定位了２８个微卫星ＤＮＡ标记和１７２个ＡＦＬＰ标记。２８个微卫星ＤＮＡ标记中有６个为华中农业大学作物遗传改良国家重点实验室根据数据库中序列而设计,其余２２个来自美国Ｃｏｒｎｅｌ大学已发表的结果。１７２个ＡＦＬＰ标记出自２５对引物扩增得到的２２８个多态性带的片段。这些标记分布于水稻的１２条染色体。将此２００个ＰＣＲ标记与华中农业大学作物遗传改良国家重点实验室构建的ＲＦＬＰ连锁图整合,得到一张含６１２个分子标记位点的遗传连锁图。     

应用FISH技术鉴定一个小冰麦易位系

以生物素（ｂｉｏｔｉｎ１６ｄＵＴＰ）标记的天蓝冰草（Ａｇｒｏｐｙｒｏｎｉｎｔｅｒｍｅｄｉｕｍ（Ｈｏｓｔ）Ｐ．Ｂ．＝Ｅｌｙｔｒｉｇｉａｉｎｔｅｒｍｅｄｉａ（Ｈｏｓｔ）Ｎｅｖｓｋｉ＝Ｔｈｉｎｏｐｙｒｕｍｉｎｔｅｒｍｅｄｉｕｍ（Ｈｏｓｔ）ＢａｒｋｗｏｒｔｈａｎｄＤｅｗｅｙ）染色体组ＤＮＡ为探针,普通小麦（ＴｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍＬ．）“中国春”ＤＮＡ为封闭,用荧光原位杂交（ＦＩＳＨ）技术对小冰麦３３号进行检测。结果表明：在一对染色体的端部显现出绿色荧光,这说明小冰麦３３号携带外源基因的冰草染色体片段位于小麦染色体端部,而且易位的染色体片段是较小的。从ＤＮＡ水平直接证明小冰麦３３是一个冰草染色体片段易位到小麦染色体端部的易位系。     

程序性细胞死亡抑制基因Dad-1在水稻和玉米中的FISH定位(英文)

Dad-1是一种在动物和植物中都非常保守的细胞程序性死亡 (PCD) 抑制基因。作者利用 FISH (荧光原位杂交)首次把单拷贝水稻Dad-1基因物理定位在水稻第2号染色体短臂的端部(Fig.2 A,B&C)。我们还分析了它在玉米基因组中的同源序列。Southern 杂交结果显示在玉米基因组中确实存在水稻Dad-1 的同源序列(Fig.1)。FISH进一步展示了三个杂交信号分别在玉米4、5号染色体长臂和9号染色体短臂上(Fig.2 D,E&F),其信号距着丝粒的百分距离(FL值)分别为 91、98和96。其杂交位点的位置与水稻Dad-1所处的相对位置是相似的,它们都处于染色体臂的端部。这表明在一定的程度上,Dad-1基因不仅在序列同源性上而且在所处的染色体位置上具有保守性。 水稻Dad-1基因在水稻中的杂交信号检出率 (38%) 高于玉米中的。这表明与玉米相比,水稻Dad-1 基因的编码序列更容易与水稻染色体杂交;它与玉米中的相应序列可能只是部分同源。     

应用PCR进行水稻染色体末端区域作图

利用RAPD引物介寻的不对称复性温度PCR的方法（RM－PCR）,发展了一种基于端粒重复序列的新型分子标记。并在一个籼粳杂交来源（窄叶青8号×京系17）的水稻双单倍体群体中进行了端粒重复相关顺序的遗传定位。在23个定位位点中,有12个定位在水稻8个染色体臂的最远端,并将所在染色体分别向外延长了7．7～22．6cM。其中有些可能是定位在亚端粒区。有5个位点被定位在着丝粒区,另外6个位点定位于染色体内其他区域。     

大豆重复序列的克隆,特性分析及在染色体上的定位

从大豆栽培品种Ｕｎｉｏｎ（Ｇ．ｍａｘ）基因组ｐＵＣ１８质粒文库中,以基因组ＤＮＡ为探针,筛选出一个重复序列家族。序列分析表明,此重复序列的重复单位为９１ｂｐ,拷贝数约为１０￣５,其序列约占基因组ＤＮＡ的０．９％。基因组ＤＮＡ不同限制酶片段Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交分析和染色体原位杂交分析表明此重复序列主要以串联方式集中分布在Ｍ２和Ｍ１１号染色体的臂上,而另外一些则散布于整个Ｍ１２和Ｓｍ７号染色体上。以该序列为探针片大豆属不同亚属１３个种的１８个品系的Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交结果表明,此重复序列为Ｓｏｊａ亚属所特有。这一Ｓｏｉａ亚属特异重复序列的发现,从另一个角度支持应把Ｓｏｊａ亚属的３个种Ｇ．ｓｏｊａ、Ｇ．ｇｒａｃｉｌｌｉｓ、Ｇ．ｍａｘ划分为一个种的观点。     

用Langdon二体代换系统建立小麦染色体RAPD标记

以一套Ｌａｎｇｄｏｎ硬粒小麦二体代换系及其亲本Ｌａｎｇｄｏｎ、中国春和中国春双端体为材料,研究适于硬粒小麦和普通小麦的理想ＲＡＰＤ分析条件,进行小麦Ａ、Ｂ和Ｄ染色体组各个染色体的ＲＡＰＤ分析。结果表明,ＡｍｐｌｉＴａｑＳｔｏｆｆｅｌｆｒａｇｍｅｎｔ比ＴａｑＤＮＡＰｏｌｙｍｅｒａｓｅ优越。所用１２个随机引物中,７个引物扩增出的１３个特异产物,可确定在硬粒小麦ＬａｎｇｄｏｎＡ、Ｂ染色体组和中国春Ｄ染色体组中的１０个个别染色体上。４个标记进一步定位在相应的４个染色体臂上。结果还表明,用Ｌａｎｇｄｏｎ二体代换系统、中国春双端体为材料,容易得到重复性高、特异性强的ＲＡＰＤ标记。     

水稻Xa21基因在水稻和玉米中的比较物理定位

比较基因组分析证明,禾本科不同种基因组间存在广泛的同线性和共线性。对水稻（ＯｒｙｚａｓａｔｉｖａＬ．）这一模式植物与其它禾本科植物基因的原位杂交比较定位可以揭示禾本科植物基因组结构的共同特点和进化规律。利用含Ｘａ２１基因的ｐＢ８２２作探针筛选水稻的细菌人工染色体（ＢＡＣ）文库,建立了一个包含３个ＢＡＣ克隆的重叠群。用生物素标记其中一个ＢＡＣ克隆,对水稻“广陆矮４号”和玉米自交系黄早四进行了染色体荧光原位杂交。同时,用ｐＢ８２２也作了原位杂交检测。在水稻第１１染色体长臂中间检出了杂交信号,信号与着丝粒的百分距离约为２４。在玉米的第１、３和第８染色体长臂观察到杂交信号,表明玉米基因组中具有三个Ｘａ２１的同源序列座位。ＢＡＣＦＩＳＨ的信号检出率达在４０％以上,大大高于质粒探针ｐＢ８２２的检出率（１５％）,而且可在同源染色体和姊妹染色单体上同时检出杂交信号的比例较高,证明了利用ＢＡＣ克隆荧光原位杂交进行比较物理定位的可行性和优越性。在ＢＡＣＦＩＳＨ中必须用相应基因组的ＣｏｔⅠＤＮＡ封阻,以排除重复序列的干扰。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.