赵印泉1，2， 周斯建1， 彭培好1， 潘会堂2， 张启翔2*

以三轮玉蝶梅为材料,采用顶空-固相微萃取与气相色谱-质谱联用技术从5个开花阶段、24 h不同时段和花器官不同部位共鉴定了33种挥发性成分,其中苯基/苯丙烷类化合物占优,还有少量脂肪酸衍生物类和萜烯类化合物。三轮玉蝶梅花朵在不同开花阶段和24 h内不同时段释放的挥发性成分的种类、含量和出现频率有较大的差异。在不同开花阶段,苯基/苯丙烷类化合物数量从低 高 低的趋势,脂肪酸衍生物从低 高的趋势,萜烯类化合物从高 低的趋势;在24 h内不同时段,三类化合物释放的节律不同,苯基/苯丙烷类化合物、脂肪酸衍生物和萜烯类化合物分别在2：00、14：00和6：00达到最高,这表明梅花挥发物的释放具有多种调节模式。花器官不同部位挥发性成分的释放具有器官的特异性。     

樟树叶片挥发性有机物释放季节动态和日动态变化规律

采用动态顶空采集法和热脱附-气质联用技术,对不同季节和一天内不同时间点樟树叶片释放的挥发性有机物(VOCs)成分含量及其变化规律进行了分析。结果表明:全年樟树叶片释放的VOCs共计78种,其中萜烯类(19种)和烷烃类(18种)化合物种类较多; 32种樟树叶片释放的挥发性成分相对含量在不同季节存在显著差异(P0.05); 3月份释放的VOCs种类最为丰富,萜烯类化合物相对含量最高(43.49%),主要为1-石竹烯、D-柠檬烯和α-蒎烯,其他月份释放的VOCs则以烷烃类和醇类为主;春季,樟树叶片在绝大多数时间点释放VOCs以萜烯类化合物为主,且早上8:00释放的萜烯类化合物相对含量最大。综上结果认为,樟树是营造保健型生态园林的理想树种,其叶片释放的VOCs中富含多种对人体健康有益的萜烯类化合物,春季的早晨是进行森林康养活动的最佳时间。     

西藏虎头兰花香成分分析

以盛花期的西藏虎头兰花为试材,采用手动固相微萃取(SPME)结合气相色谱一质谱联用(GC-MS)技术测定其一天内不同时间及不同花器官释放的花香成分及其相对含量。一天中三个时间点10∶00、14∶00和18∶00的西藏虎头兰花香分别鉴定出88种、87种和83种化合物,在花器官花瓣、唇瓣和合蕊柱中分别鉴定出72种、66种和62种化合物;包括醛类、醇类、酮类、酯类、萜烯类、烷烃类、醚类、呋喃类、酚类和芳香族十类化合物。全花花香成分主要是α-蒎烯,松萜和对甲酚;花瓣主要花香成分α-蒎烯,松萜和β-蒎烯;唇瓣主要花香成分对甲酚、α-蒎烯,松萜;合蕊柱主要花香成分对甲酚、己醛、1-己醇。结果表明,西藏虎头兰一天内不同时间段花香成分种类逐渐减少;花器官花香成分从合蕊柱向花瓣种类逐渐增加,说明其主要香气释放部位为花瓣;在不同时间段及花器官中,萜烯类物质、醇类物质和酯类物质无论种类数量还是相对含量都占有很大比重,说明萜烯类物质、醇类物质和酯类物质是西藏虎头兰花香的主要组成成分。     

枫香叶采后挥发物表征及影响因子研究

以枫香(Liquidambar formosana)叶为材料,采用气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)联用技术对不同发育程度、干燥时间、储存方式及萃取温度下枫香叶挥发性成分进行分析,以揭示枫香叶释放挥发性有机化合物数量及不同采后处理下挥发物的消长规律。结果表明：(1)枫香叶释放的萜烯类化合物以α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、β-水芹烯、柠檬烯为主;(2)嫩叶挥发性成分种类较成熟叶高,莰烯、β-萜品烯、罗勒烯仅存在于嫩叶,3-蒈烯、γ-松油烯仅存在于成熟叶;(3)干燥时间对枫香叶挥发性化合物影响较大,挥发物种类随干燥时间延长呈逐渐下降趋势,但主要的萜烯类化合物在不同干燥时间内均能被检测到,表现相对稳定;(4) –5 ℃及17 ℃储存可保留更多挥发性化合物,室温保存则失去较多化合物,但主要的萜烯类化合物在不同储存方式下均可被检测到;(5) 90 ℃高温萃取可获得更多的挥发性化合物,但70 ℃萃取得到的萜烯类化合物相对含量较高,室温萃取所得化合物种类虽最少,但更能反映园林应用中枫香叶芳香物质挥发的实际情况。研究结果可为枫香叶的采后处理及高值化资源利用提供参考。     

不同倍性白姜花切花挥发性成分差异分析

为比较二倍体和四倍体白姜花(Hedychium coronarium)切花挥发性成分差异，采用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)和气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术测定了二倍体和四倍体白姜花切花初开期、盛开期和初衰期释放物质种类，通过峰面积归一法测定了各成分的相对含量，建立正交偏最小二乘判别分析(OPLS-DA)模型进行主成分分析和变量重要性投影(VIP)分析。结果表明，白姜花切花挥发性成分包含63种萜烯类、40种苯丙素类和22种脂肪酸衍生物类物质；萜烯类物质相对含量大于其他两类，四倍体白姜花在初开和盛开期挥发物质总质量极显著大于二倍体。二倍体与四倍体挥发性成分的组间差距明显，两个倍性组内差距在正常范围内；挥发性成分约63.7%的代表性特征得到较好聚类；优势成分和劣势成分均是两个倍性白姜花差异的重要成分。在盛开期和初衰期，α-罗勒烯是四倍体特有的且相对含量最大的优势成分，β-罗勒烯是二倍体中相对含量最大且显著多于四倍体的优势成分；二倍体和四倍体共有的优势成分和贡献较大的物质是石竹烯、沉香醇、桉树脑、α-金合欢烯和苯甲酸甲酯等。总体上，二倍体白姜花在四倍化过程中挥发性成分种类和总含量增加，相同倍性不同时期的挥发性成分种类和含量也存在差异，白姜花切花的挥发性成分以萜烯类为主。     

不同花期厚朴雌雄蕊和花瓣香气组成成分的分析和比较

采用固相微萃取和GC-MS技术,对初花期、展瓣期、盛花期和盛花末期厚朴(Magnolia officinalis Rehd.et Wils.)雌雄蕊和花瓣香气的组成成分及其相对含量进行了分析和比较.结果表明:不同花期厚朴雌雄蕊和花瓣香气的组成成分及其相对含量差异明显.雌雄蕊和花瓣香气分别含有52和37种成分,总计67种;其中,1-甲氧基-3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯、1-香叶基乙醚、D-柠檬烯、莰烯、月桂烯和石竹烯等成分的相对含量均较高.初花期、展瓣期、盛花期和盛花末期雌雄蕊香气分别含有26、26、27和24种成分,花瓣香气则分别含有22、19、16和21种成分;不同花期雌雄蕊和花瓣香气的共有成分为1-甲氧基-3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯、D-柠檬烯和石竹烯.不同花期厚朴雌雄蕊和花瓣香气成分可分为萜烯类、醇类、芳香烃类、醚类、醛酮类、酯类、烷烃类和含氮类8类,共有类型为萜烯类和醇类,其中,萜烯类是主要组成成分.厚朴雌雄蕊和花瓣在不同花期均释放出较多的萜烯类化合物,其相对含量随着花的发育呈先升高后降低的趋势.根据感官分析与GC-MS分析结果综合判断:萜烯类化合物是组成厚朴花香气的重要成分;花瓣是香气释放的主要部位,而雌雄蕊则在香气释放过程中起辅助作用.     

金鱼草AmHMGS基因的克隆及表达特征分析

植物萜烯类化合物合成主要通过MVA和MEP途径,这些萜烯类化合物在植物生长、发育过程发挥着重要作用,萜烯类化合物在植物花香挥发成分中占有大比率.3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A合成酶基因(HMGS)是MVA途径中的关键酶基因,该酶作用主要是催化底物乙酰辅酶A和乙酰乙酰辅酶A生成3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A(HMG-CoA),是合成萜烯类化合物的前体限速酶.本研究以'马里兰'金鱼草(Antirrhinum majus'Maryland')为材料,克隆AmHMGS,基因全长1 383 bp,编码460个氨基酸,时空和组织特异性RT-qPCR表达分析表明,AmHMGS基因在花中表达量显著高于根茎叶;初开期的表达量最高;在盛花期的不同花器官中,AmHMGS基因在雄蕊和上瓣中表达量最高,与其它花器官中的表达量差异显著.用茉莉酸抑制剂不同浓度的菲尼酮处理盛开期金鱼草花瓣,RT-qPCR分析HMGS基因表达量结果表明,菲尼酮处理后能抑制该基因的表达.本研究的结果为明确AmHMGS基因在金鱼草中的表达模式,为今后研究该基因的功能及其在金鱼草花香释放中的信号作用奠定基础.     

不同品种番石榴花的挥发性成分分析

为探究番石榴(Psidium guajava)花挥发性成分组成,采用顶空/气相色谱-质谱联用技术对10个番石榴品种(‘翠玉’、‘帝王’、‘本土’、‘红叶’、‘粉红蜜’、‘珍珠’、‘西瓜’、‘水蜜’、‘木瓜’和‘红宝石’)花的挥发性成分进行鉴定分析。结果表明,10个品种共检出相对含量在0.1%以上的挥发性成分43种,包含共有成分10种,以萜烯类化合物(89.77%～97.40%)为主。β-石竹烯、β-罗勒烯、桉叶油醇和D-柠檬烯为花主要挥发性成分。影响品种间挥发性成分差异的成分主要有7种,分别为α-蒎烯、β-罗勒烯、D-柠檬烯、3-蒈烯、香树烯、β-长叶蒎烯和1-异丙基-4,7-二甲基-1,2,3,5,6,8a-六氢萘。按照香气相似性,‘翠玉’和‘帝王’归为一类,‘水蜜’和‘本土’归为一类,‘粉红蜜’、‘西瓜’、‘红叶’、‘木瓜’和‘红宝石’归为一类,‘珍珠’为单独一类。不同品种番石榴花挥发性成分存在相似性和差异性,为番石榴花混合采摘及后期个性化开发利用提供理论基础。     

菘蓝不同器官脂溶性成分的GC-MS分析

采用索氏提取法对菘蓝根、茎、叶、花和幼果等不同器官的脂溶性成分进行提取,利用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术对其脂溶性成分进行鉴定,并运用面积归一化法确定相对含量,以明确菘蓝的化学物质基础,为综合开发利用菘蓝资源提供依据。结果显示:从菘蓝的根、茎、叶、花和幼果中分别鉴定出24、23、21、18和23种脂溶性成分;其中,十二烷、十三烷、十四烷、2,4-二叔丁基苯酚和棕榈酸为各器官的共有成分;不同器官中脂肪酸含量依次为:花(80.91%)>根(60.56%)>幼果(21.93%)>茎(17.45%)>叶(11.28%)。除花中的饱和脂肪酸含量高于不饱和脂肪酸外,其他器官中不饱和脂肪酸的含量均较高,表明菘蓝不同器官中脂溶性成分的组成及含量存在一定差异。     

不同杂交兰品种花朵挥发性成分分析

采用顶空–固相微萃取技术,分析杂交兰不同品种、不同花期和花器官不同部位的花香成分。结果表明,杂交兰花香的主要成分为萜烯类化合物。不同品种间花香释放量差异明显,‘K24’以桉油精(23.91%)和正己醇(13.74%)为主,‘K21-1’以反式–橙花叔醇(30.39%)和环己烷(22.99%)为主;‘红美人’以α-法呢烯(43.50%)和芳樟醇(34.52%)为主;‘K18’以石竹烯(43.57%)和α-香柑油烯(19.59%)为主,‘黄金龙’以β-月桂烯(25.23%)和α-香柑油烯(15.45%)为主;‘十八格格’以β-石竹烯(42.99%)和α-法呢烯(19.65%)为主;‘汉城公主’以β-石竹烯(52.40%)和α-法呢烯(9.99%)为主。‘K18’释放量和化合物数量在盛开期最高。在花器官不同部位中,花瓣和萼片主要释放β-石竹烯,唇瓣主要释放β-罗勒烯。     

杜仲雄花中次生代谢物合成积累的动态变化

对杜仲(Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.)雄株不同花期雄花中次生代谢产物含量进行分析测定,并对杜仲雄花次生代谢的生理基础及不同花期次生代谢产物含量差异进行了探讨.研究结果表明,雄花在不同花期次生代谢产物含量均有差异.总黄酮含量在花蕾期最高(4.010%),始花期最低(2.422%),从盛花期到末花期逐渐上升;桃叶珊瑚苷和绿原酸含量均在花蕾期最高(分别为2.351%和1.075%),盛花期最低(分别为1.463%和0.503%),至末花期含量上升;京尼平苷酸含量在始花期最低(0.217%),从盛花期开始逐渐升高,至末花期高达1.403%;次生代谢产物总量也以花蕾期为最高(7.420%).杜仲雄花的花蕾期和盛花期是兼顾质量和产量的最佳采摘期.     

Loss of flower bud vigour in the Mediterranean shrub,Cistus albidus L. at advanced developmental stages

To better understand aging in perennials, age‐related changes in the physiology of leaves and flower buds of the Mediterranean shrub, Cistus albidus L. were evaluated. Two groups of different ages (5 and 10 years old), both at advanced developmental stages but of similar size, were compared. Total plant biomass, biomass produced per apical meristem and levels of cytokinins, abscisic acid and jasmonic acid in leaves and flower buds, as well as flower production, were measured. No differences in plant size, vegetative growth rates and levels of phytohormones in leaves were observed between 5‐ and 10‐year‐old plants. However, they showed significant differences in flower bud development; the older plants having reduced vigour, with 29.6% of flowers reaching anthesis compared to 52.5% in the younger plants. Furthermore, endogenous concentrations of zeatin and abscisic acid in flower buds at stage I (start of flower organ formation) were 61% and 41%, respectively, smaller in 10‐ than in 5‐year‐old plants. At stage II (with all flower organs formed), zeatin and abscisic acid concentrations decreased by ca. 90% and 80%, respectively, but differences between age groups were still evident (60% and 29% for zeatin and abscisic acid, respectively). Jasmonic acid levels in flower buds decreased by 80% from stage I to II, but did not differ between age groups. Despite reductions in flower bud vigour, total number of flowers per individual was not significantly different between age groups, so that an age‐related loss in reproductive vigour at the organ level did not lead to a decrease in flower production at the whole plant level.     

Variability of Flavonol Contents during Floral Morphogenesis in the Poppy Papaver somniferum L.

We studied the contents of flavonols (kaempferol and quercetin) in the meristem of vegetative and generative apices of the main plant shoot in floral Papaver somniferum L. mutants, as well as in the normal plants at successive stages of flower development. Five stages of flower development were distinguished. Flavonols (kaempferol and quercetin) were present in all flower organs at all stages of floral morphogenesis we studied. However, their contents and distribution in different organs and at different stages of flower development markedly varied. No significant differences were found in the contents of flavonols in the meristems of vegetative and generative apices of the main shoot in the lines of floral mutants, as well as between the lines with different amounts of vegetative phytomeres. In the plants with normal flower structure, the contents of flavonols (kaempferol + quercetin) sharply increased with the beginning of differentiation of flower organs, i.e. from stage 3, to reach a maximum in the open flower, when gametogenesis is terminated and fertilization takes place. The level of flavonol contents in the petals (upper part) and stamen was at a maximum at all stages of flower development, while that in the gynaecium was at a minimum. The kaempferol : quercetin ratio was shifted towards quercetin at successive stages of flower development, most significantly in the stamens. The involvement of flavonols in the regulation of floral morphogenesis at stages of flower organs differentiation and functioning is discussed.     

Variability of flavonol contents during floral morphogenesis in Papaver somniferum L

We studied the contents of flavonols (kaempferol and quercetin) in the meristem of vegetative and generative apices of the main plant shoot in floral Papaver somniferum mutants, as well as in the normal plants at successive stages of flower development. Five stages of flower development were distinguished. Flavonols (kaempferol and quercetin) were present in all flower organs at all stages of floral morphogenesis we studied. However, their contents and distribution in different organs and at different stages of flower development markedly varied. No significant differences were found in the contents of flavonols in the meristems of vegetative and generative apices of the main shoot in the lines of floral mutants, as well as between the lines with different amounts of vegetative phytomeres. In the plants with normal flower structure, the contents of flavonols (kaempferol + quercetin) sharply increased with the beginning of differentiation of flower organs, i.e. from stage 3, to reach a maximum in the open flower, when gametogenesis is terminated and fertilization takes place. The level of flavonol contents in the petals (upper part) and stamen was at a maximum at all stages of flower development, while that in the gynaecium was at a minimum. The kaempferol: quercetin ratio shifted towards quercetin at successive stages of flower development, most significantly in the stamens. The involvement of flavonols in the regulation of floral morphogenesis at stages of flower organs differentiation and functioning is discussed.     

银杏LEAFY同源基因的时空表达

以银杏雄株、雌株成年树和还未开过花的幼树的根、茎、叶,雌株幼果和不同时期的雄花芽、雌花芽为材料,利用同位素标记,制备Ginlfy和GinNdly两个特异探针,进行Northern分子杂交,研究银杏LFY同源基因Ginlfy、GinNdly在银杏不同器官,花芽不同生长发育时期的时空表达情况。结果显示,无论是幼树,还是成年的雌株、雄株,Ginlfy基因在各个器官,如根、茎、叶、雌花芽、雄花芽、幼果以及雌花芽、雄花芽的不同发育时期都有表达,属组成型表达,而GinNdly基因只在叶和不同时期的雄花芽、雌花芽中表达,其他器官都不表达,属特异性表达。银杏双拷贝LFY同源基因中的GinNdly基因可能与开花关系更为密切。 Abstract: Expressions of Ginlfy and GinNdly gene were studied by northern blotting in different organs and stages of Ginkgo Biloba. Ginlfy gene was expressed in different organs such as root, stem, leaf of juvenile tree, male tree and female tree, and in different stages of male flower bud and female flower bud. It was inferred that Ginlfy gene could be expressed constitutionally. GinNdly gene was only expressed in leaf of juvenile tree, male tree and female tree and in different stages of male flower bud and female flower bud, while GinNdly gene was not expressed in the other organs. Therefore it was thought that GinNdly gene could be expressed differentially and be a close relation to development of flower.     

梅花"粉皮宫粉"花色色素的花青苷实质和花色的动态变化

特征颜色反应和紫外-可见光谱分析初步表明梅花"粉皮宫粉"的粉红色花色色素为花青素-3-糖苷.用分光光度法检测梅花"粉皮宫粉"不同花发育时期、在树冠不同着生部位花朵花瓣的相对花青苷含量,结果表明"粉皮宫粉" 的花色主要存在着花发育时期而导致的时间变化.花色在蕾期最浓艳,花瓣展开后便逐渐变淡;在整个花发育时期,同一朵花不同层次花瓣的颜色浓淡均为外层花瓣>中层花瓣>内层花瓣,且不同层次花瓣颜色的变化趋势几乎一致.虽然树冠下部单花的花色浓于上部的、树冠内层的浓于外层的,但花朵在树冠的着生部位导致的花色差异并不显著.花青苷除了导致"粉皮宫粉"的粉红花色外,还可能增强其花的抗寒性,为花的凌寒而开创造了条件.本文可为梅花的美学鉴赏、梅花红色花色的机理探索及其色素的分子结构鉴定提供参考.     

Effects of various chemical agents and early ethylene production on floral senescence of Hibiscus syriacus L.

To understand the factors that induce floral senescence in Hibiscus syriacus L., we have investigated the effects of various chemical agents on flower senescence at two different flowering stages, before and after full bloom, as well as the relationship between flower longevity and endogenous ethylene production before full bloom. Treatments with ethylene, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), and ethephon enhanced floral senescence, while aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) promoted flower longevity regardless of treatment timing. Although ethanol slightly extended flower longevity, abscisic acid (ABA), nitric oxide, boric acid and sucrose, which have been reported to affect flower longevity or senescence, had no effect on H. syriacus floral senescence. The polyamine spermine (SPM), methylglyoxal-bis(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG), an inhibitor of SPM biosynthesis, and cycloheximide (CHI) accelerated flower senescence when applied before full bloom, but had no effect when applied after full bloom. SPM, MGBG and CHI treatments resulted in enhanced ethylene production during flower opening, and the promotion of flower senescence is mediated by ethylene production prior to full bloom. Furthermore, endogenous ethylene, spontaneously produced before blooming, was closely associated with floral senescence. These results suggest that ethylene production during flower opening plays a key role in determining the timing of Hibiscus flower senescence.     

2个果梅品种雌蕊分化进程及相关生化指标分析

为了解果梅(Prunus mume Sieb.et Zucc.)雌蕊分化进程及其败育机制,采用石蜡切片法观察了不同时期果梅品种‘龙眼’(‘Longyan’)和‘大嵌蒂’(‘Daqiandi’)花芽纵切面的解剖结构,并对2个品种不同时期花器官发育状况、花芽百分率、花芽纵径和横径以及花芽中的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质和淀粉含量进行了测定分析.结果显示:雌蕊分化期、雌蕊分化末期及盛花期,品种‘龙眼’的不完全花比例均显著小于品种‘大嵌蒂’,其中,盛花期‘龙眼’不完全花比例仅为5.0％,而‘大嵌蒂’不完全花比例高达76.3％.品种‘龙眼’雌蕊分化过程经历未分化期、分化初期、分化期及分化末期4个阶段,且最终有95.0％的花芽在分化末期能顺利形成完全花;品种‘大嵌蒂’雌蕊分化过程则包含未分化期、分化初期、分化期、解体期、解体后修复期和分化末期6个阶段,且仅有23.7％的花芽能形成完全花.雌蕊分化的不同阶段2个品种花芽纵径和横径的变化与其分化进程基本一致.品种‘龙眼’完全花的可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量均高于品种‘大嵌蒂’的完全花和不完全花、淀粉含量则低于后两者;品种‘大嵌蒂’不完全花的可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量最低、淀粉含量则最高,与2个品种的完全花有显著差异.综合分析结果表明:品种‘大嵌蒂’的花芽在12月中上旬停止伸长生长、雌蕊分化停滞直至逐渐解体,这一时期即为品种‘大嵌蒂’雌蕊败育的关键时期;导致果梅雌蕊选择性败育的原因可能与花芽中大分子营养物质的分解代谢有关.     

剥鳞和激素处理对大樱桃花芽休眠解除及内源激素变化的影响

采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)分析了剥鳞与激素处理对大樱桃花芽休眠解除及内源生长素(IAA)、赤霉素(GAD、玉米素(ZT)和脱落酸(ABA)变化的影响。结果表明,花芽中的ABA主要分布于鳞片内,鳞片中的GA3和ZT含量远低于去鳞芽,也低于完整芽。剥鳞能明显增加休眠花芽中内源GA2和ZT的含量,降低ABA的含量,对IAA含量的影响不大。剥鳞降低了ABA／GA3、ABA／ZT的比值,使花芽向促进生长、抑制休眠的方向转化。同时,休眠前、后期剥鳞均能明显提高萌芽率,中期剥鳞效果不明显。剥鳞后施用外源激素随休眠时期不同而有不同的破眠效果,早期剥鳞GA3的效果最好,6-BA次之,IAA最差;中期破眠效果不如早期,GA。和6-BA没有明显差别;后期以6-BA效果最好,其次是GA3和IAA;3次处理中ABA均明显抑制花芽萌发。     

山银花不同发育阶段花结构与绿原酸含量变化关系研究

利用HPLC测定了山银花不同发育阶段花中绿原酸的含量变化,同时采用荧光显微镜和石蜡制片法观察了花器官中绿原酸的分布部位及其在花发育过程中的结构变化,以探讨绿原酸含量变化与花结构间的相互关系。结果显示:绿原酸主要分布于萼筒和花冠筒的内、外表皮细胞及外表皮下的几层细胞中;在花发育过程中,当花蕾外观上呈绿色时含绿原酸细胞处于分化之中,而呈白色时则分化成熟,至花开放呈白色和黄色时则趋于衰亡;花中绿原酸含量在细胞分化早期较高,在细胞分化接近成熟时则开始急剧减少,至细胞趋于衰老时,绿原酸含量最低。这些结果说明,花中绿原酸含量的变化与花的发育过程密切相关;推测可能是花发育过程中的叶绿体变化直接影响了淀粉合成,进而对绿原酸含量积累产生了影响;本研靠结果为制定金银花药材的合理采收期标准提供了理论依据。