贵州茂兰喀斯特森林中华蚊母树群落种子库及其萌发特征

茂兰喀斯特森林中华蚊母树群落900m^2的样地内共有种子植物59种。其中19种主要植物已进人繁殖阶段,每年产生成熟种子238．8粒／m^2,种子雨量达351．1粒／m^2。其中对群落更新有作用的成熟有效种子数为150．8粒／m^2。萌发前种子库中有活力种子41种2642．O粒／m^2。其中现存植物种子19种。萌发后种子库中有活力种子28种2504．5粒／m^2,其中现存植物种子6种。葫发前后种子库的差异主要在于枯枝落叶层的种子含量。当年产生的种子大多数位于种子库的枯落叶层中,随时间推移,寿命较长的种子逐渐移到土壤层中。群落演替前期各阶段产生的种子全部位于土壤层里。萌发前种子库与现存群落的相似性大于萌发后种子库。群落内有19种主要植物繁殖产生种子,并在萌发前的种子库中有活力种子存在,群落更新潜力很好。群落遭受破坏的季节不同。其恢复潜力也不一样。群落内平均每年萌发出苗14种54．2株／m^2,当年存活24．5株／m^2,群落更新较好。     

茂兰喀斯特森林中华蚊母树群落土壤种子库动态初探

 茂兰喀斯特森林中华蚊母树群落900m2样地内共有种子植物59种,其中19种主要植物已繁殖产生种子。群落每年以种子雨形式向种子库输入种子351.1粒·m-2,其中对群落更新有用的成熟有效种子150.8粒·m-2。土壤种子库中活力种子丰富,共有41种2510.5～2646.8粒·m-2。种子库中活力种子的种类和数量均随时间的变化而变化,不同时间种子库的差异主要在于现存植物活力种子的变化。土壤种子库每年输出活力种子171.9粒·m-2,其中萌发输出21.9粒·m-2,动物采食输出133.5粒·m-2,病菌危害引起的输出为3.2粒·m-2,种子自然衰老引起的输出为13.3粒·m-2。每年输出超过输入21.1粒·m-2。演替前期植物种子没有输入,只有缓慢输出,但没有萌发输出。     

茂兰喀斯特森林中华蚊母树群落土壤种子库动态初探

茂兰喀斯特森林中华蚊母树群落 90 0 m2样地内共有种子植物 5 9种 ,其中 19种主要植物已繁殖产生种子。群落每年以种子雨形式向种子库输入种子 35 1.1粒· m- 2 ,其中对群落更新有用的成熟有效种子 15 0 .8粒·m- 2 。土壤种子库中活力种子丰富 ,共有 41种 2 5 10 .5～ 2 6 46 .8粒· m- 2 。种子库中活力种子的种类和数量均随时间的变化而变化 ,不同时间种子库的差异主要在于现存植物活力种子的变化。土壤种子库每年输出活力种子 171.9粒· m- 2 ,其中萌发输出 2 1.9粒· m- 2 ,动物采食输出 133.5粒· m- 2 ,病菌危害引起的输出为 3.2粒· m- 2 ,种子自然衰老引起的输出为 13.3粒· m- 2 。每年输出超过输入 2 1.1粒· m- 2 。演替前期植物种子没有输入 ,只有缓慢输出 ,但没有萌发输出。     

松嫩平原碱化草甸恢复演替系列的群落种子流分析

对松嫩平原碱化草甸恢复演替系列4个群落优势种种子源库、土壤种子库及幼苗库进行了比较,建立了种子流模型.结果表明:演替初期虎尾草群落优势种种子源库密度最大,为(446182±180455)粒.m-2,分别是演替中期星星草群落的7.2倍、演替后期星星草 羊草群落的11.4倍、演替顶极羊草群落的164.8倍.土壤种子库和幼苗库密度均以虎尾草群落最大,分别为(63650±14541)粒.m-2和(39160±15192)株.m-2,羊草群落最小,分别为(14310±7686)粒.m-2和(790±745)株.m-2,大体呈随着恢复演替进程而递减的趋势.全体演替系列群落输出的实生苗均以虎尾草为主,占79.8%～100%.在种子流中,优势种的种子源库向土壤种子库输入率在10%～35%之间,输出率差异则较大,虎尾草群落高达62.3%,但星星草群落和羊草群落均没有优势种的幼苗输出.     

山西文峪河上游河岸林的土壤种子库与树种更新特征

以山西文峪河上游13种典型的河岸林为研究对象,通过土壤种子库和树种更新研究,分析群落种子库与林下更新随演替进展的变化趋势,以及该区河岸树种的繁殖对策。结果表明：13种群落的土壤种子库密度间于1290±103～3950±154粒/m2,63.5%的种子留存于0～5 cm的层次;种子库包含49种植物,以多年生草本为主,存在耐干扰种和湿地植物的种子;处于相同或相邻演替阶段的群落,种子库相似性较高;随演替进展,种子库密度、丰度、Shannon-Wiener指数及种子库与地上植被的相似性均呈降低趋势;处于演替后期的青杄Picea wilsonii林存在丰富的＂青杄幼苗库＂;先锋种白桦Betula platyphylla的种子存在于演替各阶段的群落中,储量丰富,其更新主要依赖于风媒种子,并存在少量萌蘖;青杄、白杄P.meyeri、华北落叶松Larix principis-rupprechtii、油松Pi-nus tabulaeformis和辽东栎Quercus liaotongensis的种子库损耗严重,没有或仅存少量种子,其中云杉和油松的更新幼苗幼树多,属持久幼苗库更新;华北落叶松幼苗幼树少,且仅出现于林缘或林窗等开阔地,属植被空隙中季节性更新;辽东栎主要依赖丰富的幼苗库进行更新,同时存在一定的萌蘖;青杨Populus cathayana以大量风媒种子更新结合营养扩展。     

长白山森林不同演替阶段采伐林隙土壤种子库特征

对长白山地区不同恢复演替阶段的杨桦次生林、次生阔叶林和阔叶红松林采伐林隙内的土壤种子库进行了研究.结果表明：次生阔叶林林隙内土壤种子库的种子密度最大,为652粒·m^-2.随着森林群落的演替,土壤种子库的多样性指数和均匀度指数逐渐增大,而优势度指数则逐渐降低;红松、臭松和色木槭等顶极种的种子密度逐渐增大,山槐、水曲柳等树种的种子密度逐步降低;种子库的物种组成同更新幼苗的相似性越来越高,相异性则越来越低.在3种林型中,非林隙林分土壤种子库的种子密度,以及同幼苗的相似性均与林隙内种子库相同.说明土壤种子库为群落的恢复演替提供了丰富的种源基础,且随着恢复演替的进行,对地表植被更新的影响越来越强.     

锡林郭勒退化草原不同禁牧恢复演替阶段土壤种子库比较

以冷蒿(Artemisia frigida) 糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa)退化草原经过长期围栏禁牧恢复演替(23 a和10 a)群落为研究对象,并对比围栏外退化的冷蒿 糙隐子草草原,揭示锡林郭勒退化草原长期围栏禁牧后的土壤种子库特征.随着群落的恢复演替,土壤总种子库物种组成和密度均增加,但持久性土壤种子库占土壤总种子库的比例下降.代表土壤总种子库的4月份取样,围栏禁牧23 a、10 a和围栏外退化样地土壤种子库密度平均值分别为4433、4756粒· m-2和856粒· m-2, 在0.001水平上差异显著,基本代表持久土壤种子库(persistent soil seed bank)的6月底取样,3个样地土壤种子库密度在0.05水平上差异显著;多数植物土壤种子库主要分布在0～3 cm层,各样地种子库密度随土壤深度的增加而减少;围栏禁牧23 a、10 a和围栏外重度退化样地的持久土壤种子库密度分别为土壤总种子库的52.6%、47.4%和90.9%,;各样地一年生植物,构成了草原土壤种子库密度的主要组成部分.结果表明,对于严重退化的冷蒿 糙隐子草群落,只要在恢复起点仍有零星分布的羊草和大针茅植株,经过长期围栏禁牧可恢复其土壤种子库物种组成和种子库规模.     

外来杂草薇甘菊种群土壤种子库动态

研究了内伶仃岛不同群落中薇甘菊土壤种子库动态。结果表明,在薇甘菊土壤种子库中,上层(0～3cm)土壤种子库密度显著高于下层(3～5cm),从地表向下随着深度的增加,活力种子逐渐减少,幼苗主要由上层土壤中的种子萌发而成。群落所处的演替阶段影响薇甘菊种群的开花结实,从而影响到薇甘菊种子的产生和种子库的储量。处于演替后期的群落中种子库储量下降。     

铜尾矿废弃地与相邻生境土壤种子库特征的比较

土壤种子库是植被群落的重要组成部分,其特征决定了群落的演替方向。对铜陵杨山冲尾矿库6个植被群落及相邻两处生境的土壤种子库进行了研究。结果表明,尾矿内各植被群落种子库的种子密度间存在较大差异,变化范围为57—593粒/m2,平均种子密度为370粒/m2,尾矿坝体和周围山体种子库种子密度分别为999和121粒/m2,各样地土壤中种子均主要集中在0—5 cm范围内。尾矿种子库与坝体种子库间的相似性指数大于其与周围山体种子库的相似性指数,但尾矿内各植被群落种子库间的相似性较差,相似性指数的变化范围为0.308—0.636。可见,群落微生境对土壤种子库的种子密度和物种组成产生了较大的影响。尾矿种子库种类与地上植被的平均相似指数为0.355,低于坝体种子库种类与地上植被相似性系数。3处样地土壤种子库的物种多样性、丰富度和均匀度指数均表现为坝体>尾矿>山体。尾矿种子库在农田土壤中萌发并正常生长的幼苗为16科44属53种,而在尾矿基质中仅为9科36属45种,均以禾本科、菊科和豆科植物萌发和生长状况较好,这3科构成了尾矿地上植被的主要类型。尾矿种子库在尾矿基质中萌发成活率为62.2%—91.2%,约为坝体和山体土壤种子库在尾矿基质中萌发成活率的2倍。说明,组成尾矿种子库的种子大部分已经适应了尾矿的极端恶劣环境或者其本身就是耐性极强的植物类型。     

桂西南石漠化山地土壤种子库的基本特征及植被恢复对策

采用幼苗萌发法对广西平果县龙何示范区石漠化山地的土壤种子库进行初步研究。结果表明,该地区土壤种子库共有108种植物,隶属于33科81属,其中草本81种、灌木20种、藤本7种;其土壤种子库的种子密度为64.6~339.7粒.m-2,且在不同土地利用类型区及不同季节存在较大差别。在分析土壤种子库对其植被恢复作用的基础上,认为可采取自然封育和人工造林等措施,以促进现存植被的正向演替。     

川西米亚罗亚高山云杉林种子雨和土壤种子库研究

 对川西米亚罗亚高山20、30、60年人工云杉(Picea asperata)林及天然林的种子雨和土壤种子库进行了研究。结果表明：该区云杉种子雨一般从每年的10月初开始下落,一直到翌年的1月底结束,但不同林龄的云杉种子雨强度不同,60年人工林种子雨量最大,然后依次为30年人工林、天然林、20年人工林,其大小分别为(1 088.16±52.34)粒•m－2、(973.45±63.12)粒•m－2、(579.99±28.93)粒•m－2、(66.73±5.71)粒•m－2。云杉降雨历程与其林龄大小也有一定的关系,表现在种子雨发生时间和降雨高峰期的不同。30、60年人工云杉林及天然林下土壤种子库存在显著差异,两次取样（2003年3月26日和2003年8月21日）土壤种子库大小分别为(507.2±40.32)粒•m－2和(267.6±25.14)粒•m－2、(1 065.6±88.06)粒•m－2和(872.8±77.12)粒•m－2、(472.8±20.82)粒•m－2和(185.5±22.48)粒•m－2。土壤种子库中云杉种子主要都集中在枯枝落叶层,占66%左右,0～2 cm层占24%左右,2～5 cm层占10%左右。到8月21日,土壤中所有云杉种子都失去活力,腐烂死亡和动物取食是种子库损耗的主要因素。云杉种子库属于Thompson和Grime定义的第Ⅱ类。该区云杉幼苗一般在6月初开始出现,6月中旬左右达到出苗高峰,3种云杉林下幼苗密度差异很大,60年人工林下幼苗最多,其次为30年人工林和天然林。由于生境适合度低,死亡的幼苗数量较多,特别是自然死亡数。综合种子雨、种子库和转换的幼苗数量几个方面来看,在一定龄级范围内,人工林结实能力和更新潜力随林龄增加而增加,且人工林在更新潜力方面比天然林（约150年）要好。虽然该区云杉林下有大量种子下落,但由于种子大量损耗和幼苗死亡,种子萌发为幼苗再通过环境筛作用而最终补充到云杉种群的个体数量非常有限。     

西双版纳白背桐次生林土壤种子库、种子雨研究

 本文讨论了西双版纳常见的次生林白背桐(Mallotus paniculatus )林的土壤种子库和种子雨的组成及动态。结果表明该林地的种子雨年输入量为745粒/m2,土壤种子库储量在雨季末期为3345±438粒/m2,旱季末期为4555±554粒/m2,种子雨的输入高峰出现在旱季,导致旱季末期土壤种子库储量大于雨季末期。森林破碎化导致的隔离效应阻碍了种子的传播途径,使土壤种子库储量下降,种子雨和土壤种子库中鸟类传播的种子比例增大。传播成熟林树种的大型动物到达不了该样地,植被的演替受到了阻碍。     

Diversity,composition and guild structure relationships between soil-stored seed banks and mature vegetation in alien plant-invaded South African fynbos shrublands

We investigated vegetation-seed bank relationships at three fynbos sites on the Cape Peninsula, South Africa, and the impacts to these sites of invasion by the alien tree Acacia saligna. Soil-stored seed banks in uninvaded fynbos were of a similar density to those previously measured in fynbos (ca. 1100–1500 seeds m^-2) and were dominated by mostly short-lived species. Lack of similarity between mature vegetation and seed banks, suggests that seed banks are poor predictors of mature vegetation composition and structure in fynbos. This lack of correspondence was attributed to the ephemerals (present only in the soil seed bank) and the dominance of serotinous (aerial seed bank) and sprouting (soil seed bank low to absent) species, in mature vegetation. Long-lived seeders were among the 10 most abundant species in the seed banks at all sites and at two sites shrub species contributed more to seed bank richness than any other growth form. Soil-stored seed banks, therefore, boost species richness and diversity both in early post-fire and later seral stages.There was a decline in fynbos species richness, diversity and abundance both in the standing vegetation and seed banks with increasing duration of invasion by the alien tree, Acacia saligna. However, the rate of decline was higher for the vegetation than the seed banks, suggesting that many fynbos species have long-term persistent seed banks. At two sites, there was no obvious shift in community composition associated with Acacia invasion: invaded sites were depauperate versions of the uninvaded site. However, at a third site, the vegetation composition shifted towards a community dominated by bird-dispersed thicket species and its seed bank shifted towards a community dominated by wind-dispersed perennials. Community composition of the soil seed banks under dense, recent Acacia was very similar to that of the corresponding uninvaded fynbos at all sites, indicating that there is good potential to return to species-rich fynbos vegetation after removal of the alien Acacia. Most seed bank species persisted in the soil seed bank of the long-invaded fynbos at low frequency and density, indicating high seed longevity in many species. We suggest that either a thick Acacia litter layer or a deep (>5 cm) burial moderated the fire and ambient temperature effects, preventing these seeds from germinating after fire and thus preventing loss from the seed bank.     

Effects of the litter layer of Pteridium aquilinum on seed banks under experimental restoration

Questions: Does the litter layer of Pteridium aquilinum (bracken) act as a barrier to certain species in the seed bank? Does bracken control/restoration treatment affect seed transfer through the litter layer? Location: Five experiments at three sites across the UK covering two major vegetation types; acid‐grassland and heath‐land. Methods: At each experiment a range of bracken control and vegetation restoration treatments were applied for about ten years. The seed bank was sampled in both the bracken litter and the soil. The cover (%) of each species in the vegetation and the bracken litter abundance (cover and depth) was also estimated. Results: The bracken litter layer acts as an inert barrier as it contained a large proportion of seeds available in the litter‐soil profile (38%– 67% of the total). Bracken litter depth and cover also influenced significantly the seed bank composition in both the bracken litter and the soil. These effects were site‐specific, and species‐specific. The application of treatments changed significantly the balance between seed inputs and outputs in the bracken litter layer for some species. This was either a positive or negative response relative to the untreated control plots. Conclusion: For heathland and acid‐grassland restoration, the bracken litter layer may be an important seed source, but it must be disturbed particularly before seed addition.     

土壤种子库的研究进展及若干研究热点

 土壤种子库是指存在于表层土壤（包括凋落物）中的有生命的种子。土壤种子库的研究已是植物生态学研究不可缺少的一部分,现已成为植物种群生态学中比较活跃的领域。土壤种子库时期是植物种群生活史的一个重要阶段,有人称之为潜种群阶段。土壤种子库对一年生植物来说尤其重要。土壤种子库简单地可分为瞬时土壤种子库和长久土壤种子库,即使给予理想的萌发条件如季节、温度、湿度等,土壤种子库中也仍有部分种子保持休眠状态,休眠的种子组成了土壤长久种子库的成分。时空异质性是土壤种子库的基本特性之一,不仅不同植被类型的土壤种子库具有不同的组成、大小和多样性,而且微环境也影响土壤种子库的分布格局。由于萌发、捕食和衰老等原因,土壤种子库具有季节动态,一般在旧种子萌发之后,新种子散布之前达到最低点。在高等植物占据的大多数生境中,以休眠繁殖体形式存在的个体远远超过地上植株的数量;土壤种子库、幼苗库和成年植被相互联系相互影响。由于各种原因如群落类型的差异、群落的演替阶段、取样的时间等,地上植被和土壤种子库之间关系大体上可分为两种情况,即相似性和差异性;研究土壤种子库的方法通常有萌发法和物理分离法。土壤种子库能部分反应群落的历史,对退化生态系统的恢复起着重要的作用。目前土壤种子库的主要研究热点问题可分为以下几个方面：1）土壤种子库的研究方法,2）土壤种子库的分类问题,3）土壤种子库分布的时空格局,4）地上植被和土壤种子库的关系,5）土壤种子库的动态等。     

海南霸王岭陆均松种子雨和土壤种子库特征

为了解陆均松(Dacrydium pierrei)的自然更新能力,对海南霸王岭陆均松进行为期3年的种子雨、种子库及幼苗幼树观测,并分析其与环境因子的关系。结果表明,陆均松种子雨和种子库有效种子数量太少并存在季节性差异;其结实存在大小年现象;种子雨的扩散密度随着距母树距离的增加而逐渐减少;土壤种子库种子数量在枯枝落叶层所占比例最大,但有活力种子数量极少。幼苗幼树适宜生存的海拔范围为800~1 400 m,经度、纬度、坡度与幼苗幼树分布有明显相关性。因此,选择适宜季节采摘种子,提高种源数量和质量,清除林下枯枝落叶,增加种子萌发能力等以减少陆均松更新的限制条件的人工抚育措施应适当考虑。     

Soil seed banks in dry Afromontane forests of Ethiopia

Abstract. The soil seed bank was investigated in four dry Afromontane forests of Ethiopia. At least 167 plant species were identified in the 0–9 cm soil layer with total densities ranging between 12 300 and 24 000 seeds/m². Herbs were represented with the largest numbers of species and seeds in the seed bank, while the contribution of tree species was generally low. The overall vertical distribution of seeds was similar at all sites with the highest densities occurring in the upper three cm of soil and gradually decreasing densities with increasing depth. Relatively high densities also occurred in the litter layer. There were large differences in depth distribution between species, suggesting differences in seed longevity. A large number of species in dry Afromontane forests evidently store quantities of seeds in the soil and this is in contrast to the situation in most tropical rain forests, dry lowland forests and savannas, where both the number of seeds and the number of species are relatively small. It is possible that the strongly seasonal and unpredictable climate of this region may have selected for high levels of dormancy, and that herb regeneration is associated with small scale disturbance. The fact that most of the dominant tree species do not accumulate seeds in the soil suggests that their regeneration from seed would be unlikely if mature individuals disappeared. Most tree species have relatively large seeds and poor long-distance dispersal; this implies that restoration of Afromontane forests after destruction would be difficult. Since there is a diverse seed bank of the ground flora, this component of the vegetation would have a better chance of reestablishing. However, because most cleared forest land is used for agricultural crop production, it is probable that the seed bank will be depleted in only a few years. Therefore, the future of the Afromontane forest flora seems to depend on the successful conservation of the few fragments of remaining natural forest.     

放牧和围封条件下克氏针茅草原土壤种子库的比较

应用幼苗萌发法对比研究了我国北方农牧交错区克氏针茅(Stipa krylovii)草原在放牧和围封条件下土壤种子库的差异。围封样地的土壤种子库中记录有16个物种,其中禾草类6种,非禾草类10种;若以生活型划分,则全部为多年生植物;若以单子叶或双子叶植物划分,则单子叶植物9种,双子叶植物7种。放牧样地的土壤种子库中记录有13个物种,其中禾草类4种,非禾草类9种;多年生植物12种,一二年生植物1种;单子叶植物5种,双子叶植物8种。放牧样地土壤种子库的密度为(3 664±1 087)粒·m^-2,围封样地土壤种子库的密度是(5 139±1 848)粒·m^-2,差异显著。采用Sorensen指数计算土壤种子库与地上植被的物种相似性,围封样地和放牧样地分别是0.711 1和0.611 1。两个地点的全部种子中, 81.0%属于冷蒿(Artemisia frigida)、克氏针茅、星毛委陵菜(Potentilla acaulis)、糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa)和砂韭(Allium bidentatum)5种优势植物,16.2% 属于二裂委陵菜(P. bifurca)、菊叶委陵菜(P. tanacetifolia)、猪毛蒿(A. scoparia)、冰草(Agropyron cristatum)和羊草(Leymus chinensis)5种常见植物,而其余9种植物的种子数只占2.8%。此外,通常作为优良牧草的豆科植物的种子数仅占0.6%。上述结果表明,在放牧条件下由于土壤种子库中一些重要物种的缺失或数量很少以及极不均匀的分布,可能会降低退化克氏针茅草原的自然恢复速度。我们建议采取补播这些重要物种并结合其它恢复措施来加快退化克氏针茅草原的恢复进程。     

Revegetation following soil disturbance in a California meadow: the role of propagule supply

Revegetation following a disturbance event initially should be constrained by the abundance and types of propagules available at the disturbed site. I tested this idea by conducting two experiments in which I created artificial soil disturbances by excavating or burying pre-existing grassland vegetation. In the first experiment, I varied disturbance intensity (depth), to investigate the consequences for revegetation when numbers of surviving propagules (dormant seeds and bulbs) were altered. In the second experiment, I varied the timing of disturbance, to investigate the consequences when disturbed sites experienced differing exposures to seasonal patterns of clonal growth and seed dispersal. I sampled these experiments from 1991 to 1993, and have interpreted their results using measurements of the seed bank, the bulb bank, and the seed rain. In the first (depth) experiment, bulbs declined in abundance with burial depth and were scarcer in deeper excavations. In contrast, numbers of annual graminoids initially showed no trends with respect to disturbance depth. These results reflect the depth distributions of the seed and bulb banks. Since bulbs occur deeply in the soil, progressively deeper disturbances left fewer survivors. Similarly, perennial graminoids could grow through the shallowest burials. In contrast, since the annual-graminoid-dominated seed bank is concentrated near the soil surface, disturbance depth mattered less to these species: any disturbance removing the surface layer was equally destructive. In the second (timing) experiment, more annual graminoids initially occurred in older plots. This result reflects seasonal patterns of seed production: plots exposed to more of the annual-graminoid-dominated seed rain supported higher densities of annual graminoids as a result. In subsequent years, the vegetation of most plots in both experiments was increasingly dominated by annual graminoids, again as a consequence of their great abundance in the seed rain. These results indicate that interactions between soil disturbances and sources of propagules play an important role in controlling early stages of succession in newly created gaps. They also suggest that disturbance may play different roles in communities characterized by species with different reproductive strategies. Understanding sources of colonists will improve our ability to predict the effects of disturbance.