西双版纳热带森林土壤种子库的季节变化

通过萌发实验法对西双版纳地区的一类热带季节雨林 (番龙眼、千果榄仁 )和 2类次生林(白背桐林、中平树林 )的土壤种子库的季节变化进行了探讨。结果表明 :该地区的土壤种子库动态具有明显的季节性。季节雨林的土壤种子库储量相对稳定 ,土壤上层 ( 0～ 2 cm )的种子储量在雨季末期较大。2类次生林土壤种子库的变化则相反 ,土壤种子库中的种子种类在旱季末期较雨季末期多 ,土壤上层的种子储量在旱季末期较大。各样地均有一些种类只出现在旱季末期或雨季末期。种子在土壤种子库的动态与植物的繁殖物候和所处的环境紧密相关 ,不同种类植物的土壤种子库由于植物本身的生物学特性、传播方式和所处环境的影响而表现出不同的动态模式     

川西米亚罗亚高山云杉林种子雨和土壤种子库研究

 对川西米亚罗亚高山20、30、60年人工云杉(Picea asperata)林及天然林的种子雨和土壤种子库进行了研究。结果表明：该区云杉种子雨一般从每年的10月初开始下落,一直到翌年的1月底结束,但不同林龄的云杉种子雨强度不同,60年人工林种子雨量最大,然后依次为30年人工林、天然林、20年人工林,其大小分别为(1 088.16±52.34)粒•m－2、(973.45±63.12)粒•m－2、(579.99±28.93)粒•m－2、(66.73±5.71)粒•m－2。云杉降雨历程与其林龄大小也有一定的关系,表现在种子雨发生时间和降雨高峰期的不同。30、60年人工云杉林及天然林下土壤种子库存在显著差异,两次取样（2003年3月26日和2003年8月21日）土壤种子库大小分别为(507.2±40.32)粒•m－2和(267.6±25.14)粒•m－2、(1 065.6±88.06)粒•m－2和(872.8±77.12)粒•m－2、(472.8±20.82)粒•m－2和(185.5±22.48)粒•m－2。土壤种子库中云杉种子主要都集中在枯枝落叶层,占66%左右,0～2 cm层占24%左右,2～5 cm层占10%左右。到8月21日,土壤中所有云杉种子都失去活力,腐烂死亡和动物取食是种子库损耗的主要因素。云杉种子库属于Thompson和Grime定义的第Ⅱ类。该区云杉幼苗一般在6月初开始出现,6月中旬左右达到出苗高峰,3种云杉林下幼苗密度差异很大,60年人工林下幼苗最多,其次为30年人工林和天然林。由于生境适合度低,死亡的幼苗数量较多,特别是自然死亡数。综合种子雨、种子库和转换的幼苗数量几个方面来看,在一定龄级范围内,人工林结实能力和更新潜力随林龄增加而增加,且人工林在更新潜力方面比天然林（约150年）要好。虽然该区云杉林下有大量种子下落,但由于种子大量损耗和幼苗死亡,种子萌发为幼苗再通过环境筛作用而最终补充到云杉种群的个体数量非常有限。     

都江堰地区三种壳斗科植物的种子库及其影响因素研究

于2000年9月～12月,在都江堰地区对原生林和次生林中3种优势壳斗科(Fagaceae)植物的种子雨和土壤种子库进行了研究,并提出基于种子雨和土壤种子库测定的种子虫蛀率、种子存活率、脊椎动物捕食率和种子发霉率的估计方法.结果表明①种子雨持续时间较长,3种壳斗科植物种子雨的高峰期在原生林和次生林中略有差异;②3种壳斗科植物的种子产量很低,种子雨散落的平均密度不大.在原生林,栓皮栎(Quercu.svariabilis)、抱树(Q serrata)和栲树(Castanopsis fargesu)种子下落的平均密度分别为2 3±3.85个/n2,6.5±17.43个/m2和1.9±5.21个/m2;而在次生林则分别为2.4±3 47个/m2,6.5±13.55个/m2和0 3±1.35个/m2;③土壤种子库中,栓皮栎在原生林中没有存留完好的种子,而在次生林的落叶层中存留有少量完好的种子(0 15±0.37个/m2); 树在原生林和次生林中都存留有少量完好的种子(分别为0.20±0.70个/m2和0.10±0.31个/m2)和少量萌发种子(分别为0.50±1.82个/m2和0.20±0 89个/m2);但在土壤中未发现有栲树的种子.绝大部分的种子存留在落叶层,而存留在0～2 cm和2～10 cm土层中的种子极少;④定量测定了发霉、虫蛀和脊椎动物捕食对2种壳斗科植物种子命运的影响,发现脊椎动物捕食是影响种子库的主要因子;虫蛀率虽增加种子的发霉率,但同时也减少脊椎动物捕食率;种子较大的栓皮栎种子的存活率低于种子较小的树种子的存活率.     

文峪河上游华北落叶松林的种子雨、种子库与幼苗更新

华北落叶松林下更新不良,为探究其制约因素,开展了山西省文峪河上游5个华北落叶松林分的种子雨、土壤种子库和幼苗更新的研究。结果表明:(1)华北落叶松种子主要集中于9—10月散落。2011年为华北落叶松种子丰年:种子产量高,种子雨密度达(961.93±377.40)粒/m2;种子质量高,完整种子占(89.31±16.13)%。2012年为种子平年,种子产量低,种子雨密度为(252.73±115.12)粒/m2。华北落叶松种子雨主要源于毗邻树木,华北落叶松纯林和落叶松云杉林的种子雨密度显著高于其他3个针阔混交林。(2)土壤种子库主要由上年种子雨组成,2012年4月的土壤种子库密度为(695.18±297.23)粒/m2,完整种子占(59.73±9.56)%。种子自然萌发前,约(78.98±24.76)粒/m2具发芽力,基本可满足更新需要。但种子活力保持期少于2 a,只能形成短期持久土壤种子库。(3)华北落叶松更新不良,种子年后仍难以实现幼苗建成,当年生幼苗的出现频度平均为1.6%,且林下难以存活。幼苗发生与种子储量关联性不强,种源条件不是制约华北落叶松更新的主要因素。     

辽东山区长白落叶松（Larix olgensis）种子雨和种子库

长白落叶松是东北地区主要的用材树种,其种子雨和种子库研究鲜见报道。在辽东山区用收集器收集的种子分析了长白落叶松种子雨组成、质量和扩散距离,每隔2个月调查1次种子库数量,并结合靛蓝染色法测定每次种子的活力来分析土壤种子库动态。结果表明,辽东山区的长白落叶松种子雨从8月中旬开始,9月末到10月初达到高峰期,11月初结束。在起始期,种子雨以干瘪的不完整种子为主,而从高峰期开始,种子雨以完整种子为主。整个长白落叶松种子雨中不完整种子约占种子雨总量的45%,这些不完整种子由被动物取食、空粒和病虫害危害种子组成。完整种子的平均生活力为56.4%,即有活力的种子仅占整个种子雨的30%。种子雨集中在母树周围,在林缘1次扩散距离一般不超过1.5倍树高。种子雨到达地面之后,主要分布在枯枝落叶层,土壤0~5 cm层有少量分布,土壤5 cm以下没有种子分布;土壤种子库的种子主要在翌年雪融化后开始萌发、被取食、搬运以及腐烂,其中腐烂种子数占45.4%,动物取食为30.0%。种子库的种子数量和活力在冬季没有明显变化,而在翌年,种子数量和活力明显减少,4、6月和8月份种子数量分别为(506.3±35.56) 粒  m^-2,(267.1±17.47)粒  m^-2 和(143.6±9.83)粒  m^-2,对应的活力分别为47.8%±4.68 %,19.4%±3.39 %和0 %,这表明长白落叶松种子不能在地面形成连续的种子库。     

茂兰喀斯特森林中华蚊母树群落土壤种子库动态初探

 茂兰喀斯特森林中华蚊母树群落900m2样地内共有种子植物59种,其中19种主要植物已繁殖产生种子。群落每年以种子雨形式向种子库输入种子351.1粒·m-2,其中对群落更新有用的成熟有效种子150.8粒·m-2。土壤种子库中活力种子丰富,共有41种2510.5～2646.8粒·m-2。种子库中活力种子的种类和数量均随时间的变化而变化,不同时间种子库的差异主要在于现存植物活力种子的变化。土壤种子库每年输出活力种子171.9粒·m-2,其中萌发输出21.9粒·m-2,动物采食输出133.5粒·m-2,病菌危害引起的输出为3.2粒·m-2,种子自然衰老引起的输出为13.3粒·m-2。每年输出超过输入21.1粒·m-2。演替前期植物种子没有输入,只有缓慢输出,但没有萌发输出。     

茂兰喀斯特森林中华蚊母树群落土壤种子库动态初探

茂兰喀斯特森林中华蚊母树群落 90 0 m2样地内共有种子植物 5 9种 ,其中 19种主要植物已繁殖产生种子。群落每年以种子雨形式向种子库输入种子 35 1.1粒· m- 2 ,其中对群落更新有用的成熟有效种子 15 0 .8粒·m- 2 。土壤种子库中活力种子丰富 ,共有 41种 2 5 10 .5～ 2 6 46 .8粒· m- 2 。种子库中活力种子的种类和数量均随时间的变化而变化 ,不同时间种子库的差异主要在于现存植物活力种子的变化。土壤种子库每年输出活力种子 171.9粒· m- 2 ,其中萌发输出 2 1.9粒· m- 2 ,动物采食输出 133.5粒· m- 2 ,病菌危害引起的输出为 3.2粒· m- 2 ,种子自然衰老引起的输出为 13.3粒· m- 2 。每年输出超过输入 2 1.1粒· m- 2 。演替前期植物种子没有输入 ,只有缓慢输出 ,但没有萌发输出。     

紫茎泽兰入侵地区土壤种子库特征

土壤种子库是植物潜在的种群,其时空分布格局对植物群落的动态与稳定性有着举足轻重的影响,尤其是在受外来种入侵危害地区,土壤种子库的特征对生态系统的恢复和未来植被的结构、功能、组成与动态等更为重要。本文通过野外调查与萌发实验相结合的方法研究了四川攀枝花市紫茎泽兰（Eupatorium adenophorum）入侵地区的植被组成和紫茎泽兰种子雨前后土壤种子库的变化,初步探讨了受入侵地区种子库中包括紫茎泽兰在内的物种的种类与储量情况。结果表明：（1）在紫茎泽兰危害严重的地带,群落组成比较简单,草本层以紫茎泽兰最为丰富,种群构成为1–4年生植株及其荫庇下大量的实生幼苗,Drude多度极大,频度达100%;（2）在土壤种子库中有13种高等植物出现,与植被组成的相似度为0.31;土壤种子库总储量为3,180粒/m^2,其中紫茎泽兰1,950粒/m^2,占总储量的61.3%。种子库各层种子储量不同,上层种子少于中下层,差异不显著（P〉0.05）,在土壤下层（5–10cm层）的紫茎泽兰种子仍然可以萌发;（3）种子雨后,表层土中（0–2cm）紫茎泽兰种子总储量为4,733粒/m^2;紫茎泽兰种子雨后种子萌发出现2个峰值,分别为第9天与第17天,表明土壤中的紫茎泽兰种子会阶段性打破休眠。紫茎泽兰在当地植被和土壤种子库中都占绝对优势,其他物种从种子阶段就开始亏缺,是紫茎泽兰不断更新和难以彻底控制的重要原因。     

秦岭太白山4类森林土壤种子库的储量分布与物种多样性

种子是种子植物的繁殖体。了解种子生态学对于发展群落结构和功能的理论具有关键性作用。土壤种子库可以从另一个角度表现植被的潜在更新能力。本文通过野外植被调查和室内试验 ,从 2 4 0份土样中 ,采用物理方法挑选土壤中的种子进行分类统计 ,研究了秦岭太白山南坡的锐齿槲栎 (Quercusalienavar.acuteserrata)林、糙皮桦 (Betulautilis)林、巴山冷杉 (Abiesfargesii)林、太白红杉 (Larixpotaniniivar .chinensis)林 4类森林的土壤种子库分布状况 ,了解土壤种子库储量分布以及物种多样性特点。主要研究结果如下 :(1) 4类森林中 ,糙皮桦林的土壤种子库总储量最大 ,为 1.77× 10 4ind ./m2 ;太白红杉林的土壤种子库总储量最小 ,为 1.74 2× 10 3 ind ./m2 。种子的特性对于土壤种子库储量有较大的影响。 (2 ) 4类森林的土壤种子库储量在土层中的垂直分布为枯落物层 >腐殖质层 >心土层 ;锐齿槲栎林土壤种子库中物种种类最多 ,有 5 0种 ;阔叶林中潜在的群落优势度为多个种群分配 ,而针叶林的种子库中优势种较少 ;巴山冷杉林种子库群落均匀度大于其他 3种林地的。 (3)土壤种子库的种子储量与种子密度的变化规律基本一致 ;用种子密度来表示种子库的大小特征 ,考虑了土壤性质等对种子库的影响 ,比用种子储量来     

毛红椿天然林种子雨、种子库与天然更新

2008-2011年,调查江西九连山国家级自然保护区毛红椿天然林的种子雨、种子库及林下幼苗数量.结果表明:在毛红椿天然林,种子雨散布时间为10月下旬至12月下旬.2010年不同样地的种子雨强度为虾公塘气象观测站(320.3±23.5粒·m-2)＞虾公塘保护站(284.7±24.2粒·m-2)＞大丘田保护站(251.6±24.7粒·m-2),分别以222.0、34.3和22.6粒·m-2完好种子供土壤萌发更新;毛红椿种子储量取决于结实量、鸟类取食和种子活力等因素,鸟类取食是其种子储量大幅下降的首要因素;由于种子不耐储藏以及大量腐烂,种子有效贮藏期不足1个月.12月天然林种子库平均萌发数≤2株·m-2,次年1月土壤种子库种子量最少,为6.7～11.8粒·m-2,平均仅萌发0.4～0.6株·m-2,与林下实生幼苗分布极少相吻合.毛红椿种子雨储备、种子库种子活力保存及幼苗建成等因素影响其天然更新.     

Seed dynamics during forest succession in Costa Rica

Soil seed banks and current seed inputs each play a role in tropical succession. We compared the abundance and floristic composition of seeds from these two sources at a Costa Rican site by germinating seeds from the soil, measuring seed inputs for 3 yr, and monitoring the earliest colonists in a forest clearing.There were an estimated 6800 viable seeds/m² in the soil of 3.3-yr-old vegetation, 9500 seeds/m² in 11-yr-old vegetation, and 7000 seeds/m² in a 75-yr-old forest. An estimated 10100 seeds/m² fell on the soil surface of the young successional vegetation during 3 yr and 3700 seeds/m² fell during that same time in the forest.Locally produced seeds accounted for about 75% of the seed input to the soil surface early in succession. Seeds dispersed out of young successional vegetation increased the quantity and species richness of the seed input and storage in an adjacent forest. Much of the species richness of the young successional vegetation resulted from seeds dispersed there from other communities by animals.Deforestation stimulated germination of most seeds in the surface soil of the old forest, including seeds of the dominant canopy tree. The recruitment of seedlings from the soil seed bank numerically overwhelmed that from post-disturbance seed rain and sprouts.We evaluated patterns of soil seed storage during succession and predicted the ability of vegetation of differing ages to respond to disturbance. Immediately after disturbance the number of seeds in the soil plummeted due to mortality, low inputs, and germination. As the vegetation regrew, the soil seed bank increased to a peak after 4 to 7 yr, then gradually decreased to its pre-disturbance size. High-frequency pulses of disturbance should result in reduced species richness, dominance by species with long-lived seeds, and fast recovery by seedling recruitment from the soil seed bank.Journal series number 6459 from the Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.Reprint requests to J. J. E. at Florida.     

Soil Seedbank in a Dipterocarp Rain Forest in Xishuangbanna,Southwest China1

Dipterocarp rain forest reaches its northern latitudinal limit in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China. We studied the soil seedbank of dipterocarp rain forest in Xishuangbanna during the dry and wet seasons. Results showed that there were large seed accumulations in both the dry (mean ± SD; 3925 ± 2533 seeds/m²) and wet seasons (5415 ± 3232 seeds/m²). One hundred and sixteen species of seed plants were identified from germination, 66 percent of which were woody species. Weed or pioneer species dominated the seedbank. The soil seedbank in Xishuangbanna had similar species composition as compared to those in tropical Asia, but higher seed storage reflects the intense disturbance and forest fragmentation in this area.     

南亚热带森林不同演替阶段土壤种子库的初步研究

本文对鼎湖山不同演替阶段的森林（马尾松林、针阔叶混交林、季风常绿阔叶林）的土壤种子库进行了初步研究．分别从各个阶段的样地内抽取４或８个１×１ｍ的小样地,分三层（共１０ｃｍ厚）采集土样,带回实验室,通过萌发法观察记录其土壤种子库状况．通过统计分析,其结果如下：１．种子数量和物种多样性一般随演替发展而减少,种子数目以３—５ｃｍ厚土层为最多．２．各演替阶段土壤种子库的种类组成均以草本植物为主．３．在光照和湿度基本一致的情况下,萌发种子数与温度成正相关．４．雨季取的种子数目较旱季多,且种类组成有所不同．这是因为南亚热带森林内植物种子的休眠期短,在旱季采集土样时许多种的种子尚未下落．５．种子库组成与地上植物相关性不明显,但演替早期阶段的相关性比演替后期更密切。     

Seed Ecology of Woody Species in a Caribbean Dry Forest

Peak flowering activity among woody species in the tropical dry forests of St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands, coincided with the brief spring rainy season but continued at moderate levels for six months, abating with the autumn rains. Fruit maturation showed a major peak in the long winter dry season and a minor crest during the summer dry season. Seeds of wind-dispersed species disseminated mainly during the winter dry season, while animal dispersal of seeds (74% of all woody species) followed the bimodal pattern (for wet and dry seasons) described for the community as a whole. Under shadehouse conditions, most dry forest tree species germinated well (> 80%) and emerged promptly (within four weeks of planting) and synchronously (90% emergence within a four-week interval). Nine of 29 species tested in the shadehouse manifested dormancy of at least six weeks. Seed germinability varied among tree species, and the viability of most species began to decline following six months of dry storage. Few species retained high germinability after nine months of dry storage. The species composition of soil seed banks did not correspond closely with above-ground communities on three forested sites of varying stand age. In the youngest stand (35 years old), dominated by the weedy, arborescent legume Leucaena leucocephala, the soil seed bank was also dominated by this species, but no seeds of any other tree species were found in the soil samples. Seeds of native trees were scarcely encountered (only one indigenous species) in soil seed bank samples of three forest sites. Local seed rain from less disturbed forest may not be sufficient for prompt recovery of the dry forest community on degraded sites.     

SEED DYNAMICS OF ABIES BALSAMEA AND ACER SACCHARUM IN A DECIDUOUS FOREST OF NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA

We studied the seed dynamics of Abies balsamea and Acer saccharum in a sugar maple-yellow birch forest of Québec, Canada. Seed rain was censused every week from spring to autumn in 1988 and 1989. The soil seed bank was sampled four times during the 1988 growing season. Abies seed rain varied significantly between 1988 and 1989. A total of 92.5 ± 7.0 seeds nr^-2 (mean ± 1 SE) were produced in 1988; 1989 seed production was null. Seed viability in 1988 averaged 31.5%. Dispersal during the winter period accounted for ca. 22% of the annual seed crop. The spatial dispersion pattern of the seed rain was contagious for the autumn period, but was not significantly different from random for the winter period. There was only a weak relationship in the spatial distribution of the seed rain between the autumn and winter periods. Abies did not maintain a persistent seed bank on the site; viable seeds were present on the soil only after seed dispersal had started. Postdispersal seed mortality was relatively high, ca. 70%. Acer seed rain started soon after the flowering period, but consisted at that time only of aborted, underdeveloped samaras. Viable seeds were disseminated from September through early winter. Dispersal during the autumn accounted for ca. 98% of the annual seed crop. There were significant differences between seed rain abundance of 1988 and that of 1989 (118.1 ± 9.5 samaras m^-2 and 158.9 ± 16.3 samaras m^-2 in 1988 and in 1989, respectively). Seed viability also varied significantly between the 2 years, i.e., 19% in 1988 and 5% in 1989. For both 1988 and 1989, samaras were contagiously dispersed over the site. There was a significant positive relationship between the spatial distribution of the seed rain in 1988 and that in 1989. Seed rain abundance was high mainly in the proximity of mature Acer trees. As for Abies, Acer did not maintain a persistent seed bank in the soil; viable seeds were present only in the autumn seed bank sampling, after seed fall had started. Postdispersal seed mortality was relatively low, i.e., 20%. Abies and Acer are quite similar in their regenerative traits, and these contrast sharply with those of Betula alleghaniensis, a regular member of this forest community. Differences in regenerative traits may contribute to the coexistence of these tree species considering the gap regime of the system studied.     

Soil seed banks in dry Afromontane forests of Ethiopia

Abstract. The soil seed bank was investigated in four dry Afromontane forests of Ethiopia. At least 167 plant species were identified in the 0–9 cm soil layer with total densities ranging between 12 300 and 24 000 seeds/m². Herbs were represented with the largest numbers of species and seeds in the seed bank, while the contribution of tree species was generally low. The overall vertical distribution of seeds was similar at all sites with the highest densities occurring in the upper three cm of soil and gradually decreasing densities with increasing depth. Relatively high densities also occurred in the litter layer. There were large differences in depth distribution between species, suggesting differences in seed longevity. A large number of species in dry Afromontane forests evidently store quantities of seeds in the soil and this is in contrast to the situation in most tropical rain forests, dry lowland forests and savannas, where both the number of seeds and the number of species are relatively small. It is possible that the strongly seasonal and unpredictable climate of this region may have selected for high levels of dormancy, and that herb regeneration is associated with small scale disturbance. The fact that most of the dominant tree species do not accumulate seeds in the soil suggests that their regeneration from seed would be unlikely if mature individuals disappeared. Most tree species have relatively large seeds and poor long-distance dispersal; this implies that restoration of Afromontane forests after destruction would be difficult. Since there is a diverse seed bank of the ground flora, this component of the vegetation would have a better chance of reestablishing. However, because most cleared forest land is used for agricultural crop production, it is probable that the seed bank will be depleted in only a few years. Therefore, the future of the Afromontane forest flora seems to depend on the successful conservation of the few fragments of remaining natural forest.