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在黑龙江省穆棱东北红豆杉自然保护区内,对10株天然东北红豆杉结实母树冠下的土壤种子库进行了调查分析.结果表明:东北红豆杉土壤种子库中的种子数量在垂直方向和水平方向上都表现出明显的规律性.在不同深度土层中的种子数量差异显著(p<0.05).枯枝落叶层及0~5cm土层集中了最大量的种子,占总量的84%,随土层深度的增加,种子数量逐渐减少,15cm以下极少有种子出现.土壤种子库中具有活力的种子数量极少,不到总量的1%.种子丧失活力的首要原因是被昆虫和啮齿类动物啃食,占损失量的52%,其次是腐烂,占29%.在水平方向上,东北红豆杉种子具有近母株分布的特点,且在不同方向上种子数量差异极显著(p<0.01).当年下落到地面的东北红豆杉种子,按远离母株的顺序,种子数量逐渐减少;在围绕母株的八个方向上,东向的种子数量最多,其次是东北、北和东南方向,西面的种子数量最少.当年下落的3%的完好种子补充到土壤种子库中.自然条件下,东北红豆杉以种子繁殖,土壤种子库是其自然更新及种群恢复的重要基础,本研究结果对于东北红豆杉濒危机制的探索及种群恢复具有重要的理论意义. 相似文献
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为明确黄土丘陵沟壑区植物种子库如何调控种子萌发来提高个体适合度,选择研究区7种具有种子库的主要物种为研究对象,以刚成熟和室内储存种子为对照,比较植冠宿存(5个宿存期)和土壤埋藏(5a埋藏期)对植物种子萌发特性的影响,探讨植冠种子库与土壤种子库储存下的种子萌发策略。结果表明:7种植物种子经过不同种子库储存后萌发特性表现出明显的种间差异,黄刺玫(Rosa xanthina)和水栒子(Cotoneaster multiflorus)种子萌发力表现为植冠宿存不变型、土壤储存增强型,土壤储存明显提高水栒子种子萌发速率;达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza davurica)和狼牙刺(Sophora davidii)种子萌发力表现为植冠宿存增强型、土壤储存减弱型,种子萌发历时表现为植冠宿存延长型,土壤种子库储存还可加快达乌里胡枝子萌发速率、缩短萌发历时;茭蒿(Artemisia giralaii)和铁杆蒿(Artemisia gmelinii),种子萌发率随植冠宿存时间先升高后降低,随土壤储存时间先降低后升高,土壤储存可推迟其萌发,铁杆蒿种子萌发速率在植冠与土壤储存后均加快;紫丁香(Syringa oblata)种子萌发率随植冠宿存先升高后降低,土壤储存明显加快其种子启动萌发与速率。在黄土丘陵沟壑区,植物种子经过植冠或土壤种子库储存,或增加、加快、提早萌发充分利用有利条件提高占据性,或减少、减缓、推迟萌发分摊不利条件的风险;而且该区植物植冠与土壤储存后种子萌发特性间的关系,体现各自适应环境与应对干扰的分工与协作策略,主要表现为:单一主导型和相辅相成型。 相似文献
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对国际上已经发表的10个土壤种子库分类系统的内容进行了总结和阐述,并对土壤种子库分类系统进行了评述,其中Thompson & Grime在1979年提出的把土壤种子库分为短暂土壤种子库(Transient soil seed bank)和持久土壤种子库(Persistent seed bank)的二元分类系统以及Thompson等人提出的把土壤种子库分为(1)短暂土壤种子库,(2)短期持久土壤种子库(Short term persistent seed bank),(3)长期土壤种子库(Long termp ersistent seed bank)的三元分类系统在生态学文献中已被广泛采用。在此分类的基础上产生了植物种子在土壤中的持久性(Persistence)概念,持久性是指植物的一种特性,是指植物的种子在土壤中能够存活超过1a的特性;植物种子的持久性被认为是一种对环境的进化适应,它可以在多个生长季节萌发从而分担环境震荡的风险,持久土壤种子库不仅在不稳定的环境里占有优势;即使在稳定的环境里,也被认为能够减少种内和种间的竞争;造成持久性的原因可分为环境因子和种子本身的特性比如休眠等两个方面,持久土壤种子库的出现使得土壤种子库的研究与进化生物学结合起来,使得土壤种子库的研究进入一个新的领域,更易激发人们的兴趣。关于种子的大小、形状及持久性的关系问题已经引起了相当的争论,基本上有4种格局:一是种子大小和形状与种子在土壤中的持久性有关,小而圆或扁的种子在土壤易存活持久;二是种子大小与种子在土壤中的持久性有关,小种子在土壤中易存活持久,但种子形状与持久性无关;三是种子大小、形状与种子在土壤中的持久性无关;四为较大的种子在土壤易存活持久,而种子形状与种子在土壤中的持久性无关。影响种子在土壤中的持久性因子比较复杂,总结过去的文献发现主要有以下几个因子:①种子的散布方式,②捕食,③植被的物种组成,④风,⑤土壤基质,⑥火,⑦干扰等。通过比较分析和研究,提出影响种子大小和在土壤中的持久性关系格局的关键因子是气候,特别是生态系统所在地的雨量;湿润气候下容易产生前两种格局,而干旱环境下的生境容易产生后两种格局。 相似文献
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持久土壤种子库研究综述 总被引:24,自引:3,他引:24
土壤种子库是指存在于土壤上层凋落物和土壤中全部存活种子,简单地可分为短暂土壤种子库和持久土壤种子库。即使给予理想的萌发条件如季节、温度、湿度等,土壤种子库中也仍有部分种子保持休眠状态,休眠的种子组成了持久土壤种子库。持久土壤种子库具有在承受了空间或时间上不可预测的干扰的植被中发挥繁殖能力的潜势,因此,其在植被承受干扰后的恢复、管理和重建中常常起关键作用。研究持久土壤种子库能丰富生物多样性的内容,同时,可以为深入了解植被更新提供更多的信息。本文从持久土壤种子库的研究方法、分类方法、指示因子、生态意义,以及持久土壤种子库研究中存在的问题和今后的工作进行综述,试图为将来的工作奠定基础。 相似文献
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草地退化是全球干旱和半干旱草地生态系统的共同特征,由于土壤种子库在植被恢复和生物多样性维持等方面的重要作用,已成为研究热点。作为重要的脆弱生态系统,松嫩碱化草甸在人类活动和全球变化影响下发生了明显退化。松嫩碱化草甸土壤种子库研究始于20世纪90年代,主要集中在对虎尾草群落、星星草群落、碱蓬群落、羊草群落等不同演替阶段土壤种子库物种种类、密度、季节变化研究;该地区土壤种子库的物种数目随着恢复演替由初级向高级阶段而呈现逐渐增加的趋势,但物种数目均相对较少,且多以1年生为主。另外对种子雨和某些物种种子散布动态也有零星报道,主要是从群落水平进行的研究,种子雨的空间异质性表现在其组成和大小因群落而异。今后需要加强对松嫩碱化草甸土壤种子库格局与关键生境要素的耦合特征、种子库分布格局的形成机制等研究,研究方法上,引入稳定同位素标记和分子遗传学等研究方法和手段,开展持久种子库的长期定位监测研究,为盐碱地植被恢复提供理论依据。 相似文献
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采用野外样线取样与温室萌发相结合的方法,研究了贵州省西北部喀斯特区域处于不同演替阶段群落的土壤种子库季节动态与种子库对策.实验共检测出130个物种,种子库密度变动于541~11180粒·m-2,草本种子的密度和物种数远大于木本种子.采样时间和地点对土壤种子库平均物种数和密度有显著影响.各群落类型的土壤种子库平均物种数都在4月达到最高,除草地外在12月下降到最低,草地在8月下降到最低.各群落类型土壤种子库密度都在4月达到最高,8月、12月以及次年5月的密度差异不显著.至少两种种子仅存在于1年中某些时段的短暂性土壤种子库类型和两种种子在全年的土壤种子库中都存在的持久性土壤种子库类型.植物的种子库对策是物种本身固有的生活史对策,但某些物种的种子库对策可能受干扰历史及微环境因素的影响,使其在种子数量上表现出不同的季节动态. 相似文献
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应用自然萌发法和物理筛选法相结合的方法,调查了地中海沿岸沙丘三种微生境土壤总种子库和永久种子库特征,用功能群的方法分析了微生境之间的土壤总种子库和永久土壤种子库的组成和结构差异,也分析了主要物种土壤种子库的微生境分布格局,分析了种子大小和土壤种子库中的种子永久性关系.发现地中海沿岸沙丘土壤种子库具有明显的空间异质性,即使在相同的微生境内,土壤种子库的分布也不是均匀的,甚至具有很大的差异;微生境对总的土壤种子库和各功能群的土壤种子库的分布格局具有显著的影响,开阔地区域具有最大的种子密度,而灌丛下和路径具有较小的种子密度;在永久土壤种子库中,豆科类植物种子在休眠种子中占有最大的比例,约为76%,而一年生和多年生禾草未发现休眠种子,豆类、伞形科类、多年生阔草、菊科类、一年生阔叶草和十字花科类等种子在土壤中的永久性比例依次下降,分别为50%、46%、41%、6%、6%和1%,微生境影响各功能群种子在土壤中的永久性.微生境显著影响大部分主要物种的土壤种子库分布;种子大小与其在土壤中的永久性为正相关,即大种子具有较高的永久性,小种子具有较低的永久性. 相似文献
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地中海沿岸沙丘土壤种子库的异质性 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
应用自然萌发法和物理筛选法相结合的方法,调查了地中海沿岸沙丘三种微生境土壤总种子库和永久种子库特征,用功能群的方法分析了微生境之间的土壤总种子库和永久土壤种子库的组成和结构差异,也分析了主要物种土壤种子库的微生境分布格局,分析了种子大小和土壤种子库中的种子永久性关系。发现地中海沿岸沙丘土壤种子库具有明显的空间异质性,即使在相同的微生境内,土壤种子库的分布也不是均匀的,甚至具有很大的差异;微生境对总的土壤种子库和各功能群的土壤种子库的分布格局具有显著的影响,开阔地区域具有最大的种子密度,而灌丛下和路径具有较小的种子密度;在永久土壤种子库中,豆科类植物种子在休眠种子中占有最大的比例,约为76%,而一年生和多年生禾草未发现休眠种子,豆类、伞形科类、多年生阔草、菊科类、一年生阔叶草和十字花科类等种子在土壤中的永久性比例依次下降,分别为50%、46%、41%、6%、6%和1%,微生境影响各功能群种子在土壤中的永久性。微生境显著影响大部分主要物种的土壤种子库分布;种子大小与其在土壤中的永久性为正相关,即大种子具有较高的永久性,小种子具有较低的永久性。 相似文献
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森林土壤种子库与天然更新 总被引:99,自引:4,他引:99
论述了森林土壤种子库的特点:(1)森林土壤种子库密度小于耕作土壤和草地,并且受森林类型和年龄的影响,变化幅度很大;(2)森林土壤种库的种类组成在森林的不同演替阶段,受其地上植被影响的程度不同;(3)森林土壤种子库的动态变化是周期化因数和随机性因数的结合,并从土壤种子库的时间动态和空间分布角度,分析了土壤种子库对天然更新的影响,森林土壤种子库是天然更新的物质基础,种子库的结构和功能影响天然更新能力的方向,因此能影响土壤种子库格局变化的各种因子或措施,均能显著地促进或妨碍森林的天然更新,根据森林土训种子库的时空格局特点及影响更新的障碍因子,可以采用人工的辅助措施促进更新,同时,对于森林土壤种子库的研究应着眼于应用干扰生态学的基本理论,以退化生态系统的重建和群落交错区的演替为主要内容,研究方法应以长期定位观测为宜。 相似文献
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具有长久性土壤种子库的植物在适应多变的生境和不良的生长条件方面具有优越性。于紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum)的主要萌发时段后(7月到次年的4月间)在云南的5个地点采集了共19个不同植被覆盖下的土壤种子库样本,萌发实验结果表明,紫茎泽兰具有长久性的土壤种子库,其在云南的不同生境的土壤中广泛分布,所有19个样地中都有长久性的紫茎泽兰种子。 0~10 cm土层的种子密度变动于47~13 806 ind.·m-2,平均为2 202 ind.·m-2。种子密度与样地内地表的紫茎泽兰间没有直接的联系,但与植被的覆盖状况有关,种子库密度由滑坡堆积物(47 ind.·m-2)到草地(801 ind.·m-2)到灌丛(2 349 ind.·m-2)到森林(3 255 ind.·m-2)间逐渐增加。种子在各种类型土壤的采样点间出现的频度为60%~100%。在土壤的垂直方向上,0~2 cm土层分布有较多的种子,2~5 cm土层次之,5~10 cm土层最少,其各层占总数的比例的平均值分别为56.1%、25.2%和18.6%。但值得注意的是,虽然紫茎泽兰的种子在5~10 cm 深的土层内的存在量占总量的比例相对较少,但如果折合成密度值,其量仍高达270 ind.·m-2,仍有形成危害的潜在可能。广泛分布且数量巨大的具有长久性特性的紫茎泽兰土壤种子库对各种防治措施的制订意义重大,它要求我们长远地、大尺度地考虑防治措施。 相似文献
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为探究荒漠地区不同植被类型土壤种子库动态与分布规律,揭示不同植被类型群落的植被演替趋势与多样性特征,以腾格里沙漠东南缘胡杨群落、柠条群落、赖草群落和沙蓬群落为对象,采集0~2、2~5、5~10、10~20 cm土层土样,研究土壤种子库特征及其与地上植被的关系。结果表明: 4个植被类型的土壤种子库中共发现13种植物,隶属于3科12属,1、2年生草本植物种子占多数,藜科植物较多;土壤种子库密度较低,呈现柠条群落>赖草群落>胡杨群落>沙蓬群落;种子库密度和植物种类整体随土壤剖面的加深而降低;综合Shannon指数、Simpson指数、Pielou指数和Patrick丰富度指数进行分析,土壤种子库物种多样性呈现胡杨群落>赖草群落>柠条群落>沙蓬群落,柠条群落土壤种子库与地上植被相似性系数最高,沙蓬群落次之,胡杨群落和赖草群落最低。总体上,以胡杨群落为代表的乔木林较为稳定,以沙蓬群落为代表的沙地生态系统最为脆弱。 相似文献
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Long-term persistent seeds are generally expected to be small and spherically shaped. In contrast, transient seeds are often large, flattened and elongated. We hypothesized that alpine species follow these trends, and that most species of unstable alpine habitats have the potential to form long-term persistent seed banks. The latter would enable them to delay germination until favourable conditions are present in their environment thereby increasing the likelihood for establishment of seedlings. We selected nine alpine species of more or less unstable habitats (i.e. Achillea moschata, Artemisia genipi, Anthyllis vulneraria ssp. alpicola, Geum reptans, Linaria alpina, Oxyria digyna, Saxifraga aizoides, Saxifraga oppositifolia, and Trifolium pallescens) for this study. Seed longevity was estimated by a 5-year burial experiment in the field with seed excavations after 1 winter, 2 years and 5 years. Germination experiments in the growth chamber and viability tests were performed after each excavation. We detected longevity patterns ranging from transient to long-term persistent. Two species were classified as transient. All other species have the potential to form persistent seed banks, with almost half of the investigated species showing a trend for long-term persistence. Despite contradictory reports, long-term persistent seed banks are an important life history trait of species of unstable alpine habitats. We found that seed shape and hard-seededness are good predictors of seed persistence of alpine species. Seed size seems to be less important. The data from this study support the general hypotheses describing the relationship among seed size, seed shape and seed persistence in the soil. 相似文献
15.
为明确蔡家河湿地土壤种子库特征及其与地上植被和土壤因子的关系, 采用野外调查取样和室内萌发实验相结合的方法, 对芦苇群落, 野艾蒿群落和林下杂草群落3种不同植被类型的土壤种子库密度, 物种组成, 地上植被以及土壤理化性质进行了调查研究。结果表明: 蔡家河湿地3种植被类型的土壤种子库密度分别为(7725±1286) 粒•m-2, (2535±556) 粒•m-2和(5085±984) 粒•m-2; 物种数量分别为36种, 28种和39种。3种植被类型土壤种子库的物种丰富度以及多样性均高于地上植被, 并且3种植被类型间土壤种子库物种组成的相似性高于地上植被, 说明土壤种子库比地上植被具有更高的稳定性。芦苇群落的种子库密度, 物种多样性指数以及土壤种子库和地上植被物种组成的相似性均高于野艾蒿群落和林下杂草群落。土壤含水量与土壤有机质是影响土壤种子库物种组成的主要土壤因子, 在土壤水分以及有机质含量高的芦苇群落中含有大量湿生植物种子, 但在水分和有机质含量低的野艾蒿和林下杂草群落未发现柳叶菜(Epilobium hirsutum)、马先蒿(Pedicularis resupinata)、问荆(Equisetum arvense)等湿生植物的种子。因此, 蔡家河湿地土壤种子库已出现一定程度的退化, 芦苇群落土壤种子库可用作退化湿地植被恢复的种源, 在植被恢复时要满足种子萌发对土壤水分和有机质的需求。 相似文献
16.
The relationship between vegetation and soil erosion deserves attention due to its scientific importance and practical applications. A great deal of information is available about the mechanisms and benefits of vegetation in the control of soil erosion, but the effects of soil erosion on vegetation development and succession is poorly documented. Research shows that soil erosion is the most important driving force for the degradation of upland and mountain ecosystems. Soil erosion interferes with the process of plant community development and vegetation succession, commencing with seed formation and impacting throughout the whole growth phase and affecting seed availability, dispersal, germination and establishment, plant community structure and spatial distribution. There have been almost no studies on the effects of soil erosion on seed development and availability, of surface flows on seed movement and redistribution, and their influences on soil seed bank and on vegetation establishment and distribution. However, these effects may be the main cause of low vegetation cover in regions of high soil erosion activity and these issues need to be investigated. Moreover, soil erosion is not only a negative influence on vegetation succession and restoration, but also a driving force of plant adaptation and evolution. Consequently, we need to study the effects of soil erosion on ecological processes and on development and regulation of vegetation succession from the points of view of pedology and vegetation, plant and seed ecology, and to establish an integrated theory and technology for deriving practical solutions to soil erosion problems. 相似文献
17.
The relationship between vegetation and soil erosion deserves attention due to its scientific importance and practical applications. A great deal of information is available about the mechanisms and benefits of vegetation in the control of soil erosion, but the effects of soil erosion on vegetation development and succession is poorly documented. Research shows that soil erosion is the most important driving force for the degradation of upland and mountain ecosystems. Soil erosion interferes with the process of plant community development and vegetation succession, commencing with seed formation and impacting throughout the whole growth phase and affecting seed availability, dispersal, germination and establishment, plant community structure and spatial distribution. There have been almost no studies on the effects of soil erosion on seed development and availability, of surface flows on seed movement and redistribution, and their influences on soil seed bank and on vegetation establishment and distribution. However, these effects may be the main cause of low vegetation cover in regions of high soil erosion activity and these issues need to be investigated. Moreover, soil erosion is not only a negative influence on vegetation succession and restoration, but also a driving force of plant adaptation and evolution. Consequently, we need to study the effects of soil erosion on ecological processes and on development and regulation of vegetation succession from the points of view of pedology and vegetation, plant and seed ecology, and to establish an integrated theory and technology for deriving practical solutions to soil erosion problems. 相似文献
18.
Abstract. The vegetation and soil seed bank in a limestone grassland in southern Sweden were studied in permanent 1-m2 subplots which had been either grazed or not grazed for 17 yr. Of the 92 species recorded, 18 were present only in the seed bank, 28 were more frequent and 24 were less frequent in the seed bank than in the vegetation and 22 were not detected in the seed bank. Among the species present in the seed bank, therophytes were over-represented. Species turnover in the vegetation was estimated from presence/absence data collected in 1980, 1986 and 1990. Turnover was high, but there were no differences between grazed and ungrazed subplots. The turnover for individual species was also high in many cases. There was no clear relationship between the turnover of a species and its presence in the persistent seed bank. 相似文献
19.
Sandra Burmeier R. Lutz Eckstein Tobias W. Donath Annette Otte 《Restoration Ecology》2011,19(5):648-659
The main objective of this study was to analyze whether plant material transfer is a suitable approach for establishing plant populations with spatial patterns and population structures resembling those of remnant populations. We studied pattern formation and population characteristics in three remnant and two restored populations of the biennial plant species Arabis nemorensis in the upper Rhine valley in southwestern Germany over a period of 2 years. We investigated spatial patterns of seedlings, juveniles, and adults as well as the small‐scale horizontal and vertical distribution of seeds in the soil, followed the fate of individual plants and recorded structural habitat parameters such as vegetation and litter cover. Population dynamics differed between the study sites, but there was no pronounced difference between restored and remnant sites. Seedlings, juveniles, and adults as well as seeds in the seed bank showed aggregated spatial patterns on all study sites, with positive autocorrelation on a scale of 20–60 cm. Within sites, patterns remained approximately stable through time. Restored sites experienced rapid seed bank formation as a result of the restoration measures. Our results suggest that the restoration measures were not only successful in transferring the target species but also triggered rapid formation of spatially structured populations that, years after restoration, closely resembled those of remnant sites. 相似文献