蓝莓拟盘多毛孢枝枯病的病原菌

近期在山东省蓝莓种植区发现1种枝枯病害。为明确该致病菌,通过病原菌组织分离和接种试验获得2个致病菌株。通过形态学观察和rDNA‐ITS序列分析,确定该病原菌为棒状拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsis clavispora。这是棒状拟盘多毛孢所致蓝莓枝枯病在国内的首次报道。     

山茶灰斑病病原菌斑污拟盘多毛孢的研究

山茶灰斑病病原菌的正名为斑污拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsis maculans(Cda.)Nag Raj,山茶盘多毛孢Pestalotia guepini Desm.和山茶拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsis guepini(Desm.)Stey.均为其异名。本文根据作者对自1978年以来采集的大量标本和分离菌株的研究,记述了斑污拟盘多毛孢的形态学、培养性状、致病性及寄主范围、电泳图谱等特征,并附有讨论。     

麻风树叶枯病菌的鉴定

作者于2009年在贵州麻风树栽培基地栽培的麻风树上发现一种叶部新病害,定名为麻风树叶枯病。该病主要危害植株叶片,叶片受害后初期产生椭圆形或不规则病斑,后期病斑连成片,常引起叶片过早脱落。从贵州罗甸麻风树栽培基地采集了16个叶枯病标样,经分离培养获得13个真菌分离物。通过致病性测定,证明菌株PE06为麻风树叶枯病的病原菌。通过形态学观察及其rDNA-ITS序列分析,将贵州麻风树叶枯病的病原菌鉴定为小孢拟盘多毛孢菌Pestalotiopsis microspora,这也是首次在麻风树叶片上发现由该病菌引起的病害。     

大熊猫体表一株海南拟盘多毛孢菌株

中国保护大熊猫研究中心雅安碧峰峡基地的一只大熊猫患皮肤病,从皮屑中分离到一株拟盘多毛孢菌GYMXP201108。进行了形态学观察和ITS序列分析,并构建系统进化树。结果表明,该菌株顶端附属丝短,1–3根,多数不具柄,与海南拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsis hainanensis模式菌株形态一致,ITS区序列分析也表明与海南拟盘多毛孢的序列相似性最高,为99.6%,因此鉴定为海南拟盘多毛孢,GenBank ID为KF551573。首次报道了海南拟盘多毛孢能在动物体表生存。     

四川主要松树内生拟盘多毛孢

从5种松树健康的枝、叶、干中共分离了2,400个组织块,得到199株内生拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsis,形态学和分子生物学鉴定分属于11个种,平均分离率为8.29%。所得11种内生拟盘多毛孢都是首次在四川的松属植物中分离得到,其中葡萄生拟盘多毛孢P.uvicola和山桃草拟盘多毛孢P.gaurae为首次在松树上分离得到。基于ITS序列的分子系统发育分析显示松树内生拟盘多毛孢种类之间存在一定的遗传差异,部分内生拟盘多毛孢与病原拟盘多毛孢的ITS序列具有很高的同源性。     

鱼腥草褐斑病的病原及其生物学特性

在贵州省施秉县鱼腥草上发生一种新的叶斑类病害,有危害加重趋势。为明确该病的病原菌,本研究采用组织分离法和离体接种法进行了病原菌分离培养和致病性测定,通过形态特征观察及rDNA ITS和Tef1两个核苷酸片段序列分析,将该病菌鉴定为拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsis sp.,系鱼腥草上首次报告。对该病原菌的生物学特性进行了研究。发现葡萄糖和蛋白胨最适于该菌菌丝体生长,菌丝体最适生长温度为25℃,最适宜pH 8,病菌在玉米粉培养基上生长最快,光照有利于菌丝体生长。     

莴笋炭疽病病原鉴定

【背景】2018年7-8月,甘肃省兰州市永登县武胜驿镇种植的莴笋大面积发生炭疽病,约40%的地块发病,绝收面积达10%。【目的】明确莴笋炭疽病的病原。【方法】采用组织分离法进行病原菌分离;通过Koch’s法则明确分出病菌的致病性;采用形态学和分子生物学方法对病原菌进行种类鉴定。【结果】分离得到形态特征一致的真菌菌株3株。在PDA平板上20°C培养7 d,病菌分生孢子无色,单隔,梭形,(10.44-19.40)μm×(2.61-4.48)μm。代表性菌株Lett-11接种莴笋离体叶片可引起与自然发病相似的症状。BLASTn分析结果显示,菌株Lett-11 (GenBank登录号MK252097)的r DNA-ITS序列与莴苣盘二孢菌Marssonina panattoniana strain CBS 163.25 (GenBank登录号MH854831.1)的序列相似性达99%。【结论】引起莴笋炭疽病的病原菌被鉴定为莴苣盘二孢菌Mar. panattoniana [Synonymy:Microdochium panattonianum],这是莴苣盘二孢菌引起莴笋炭疽病在甘肃的首次报道。     

拟盘多毛孢属真菌的新种*

报导拟盘多毛孢属真菌的8个新种。这8个新种是:近似状拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsis affinis、山姜拟盘多毛孢P. alpiniae、见血封喉拟盘多毛孢P. antiaris、五桠果拟盘多毛孢P. dilleniae、广西拟盘多毛孢P. kuwangsiensis、莲拟盘多毛孢P. nelumbinis、木荷拟盘多毛孢P. schimae、和神秘果拟盘多毛孢P. synsepali。新种的模式标本保存在广西大学植保系标本室。     

一株具有高除草活性的真菌菌株

以从湖南张家界国家森林公园的发病毛竹上分离的一株病原真菌为研究材料,经生物测定发现该菌产生的粗毒素具有很强的除草活性,具有开发为生物除草剂的潜力。根据形态学特征和rDNA ITS测序分析,该菌为小孢拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsis microspora。     

对进境高粱种子中高粱炭疽病菌疏纹刺盘孢的检疫

从一批进境的美国高粱种子样品中分离得到一株与疏纹刺盘孢Colletotrichum sublineola形态相似的菌株6222-1。经形态学观察发现该菌产生大量镰状或梭形分生孢子,在菌丝末端形成膨大的附着胞。经多位点基因(ITS、GAPDH、CHS-1、HIS3、ACT、TUB2)系统发育分析,发现该菌株与C.sublineola模式菌株聚集在同一个分支上,支持率达到100%。经病原菌接种高粱幼苗叶部,引起典型的炭疽病症状。根据上述研究结果,确认该菌株为疏纹刺盘孢。这是我国首次截获该危险性病原真菌。     

枫香叶斑病病原菌

从福建多地采集了55份感染叶斑病的枫香植物病样,包含叶片、叶柄、枝条和树皮。通过分离纯化得到了12个类拟盘多毛孢属真菌菌株,综合形态特征以及3个基因(ITS、β-tubulin和tef1)的分子系统发育分析结果,分别鉴定为Neopestalotiopsis cocoes、N. chrysea、Pestalotiopsis neglecta和P. neolitseae,均为枫香上首次报道,其中N. cocoes在国内首次被发现。通过柯赫氏法则验证,发现N. cocoes能够侵染叶片、叶柄和枝条,N. chrysea能侵染叶片和枝条,P. neglecta能侵染叶柄和枝条,而P. neolitseae不能侵染枫香植物组织。     

套袋苹果褐点病菌分类鉴定及致病性

2011和2012年山东栖霞、蓬莱、沂源等地套袋苹果果实出现了一种红褐色病斑。从病斑上分离获得两株枝顶孢属Acremonium真菌,其中一株产生头状排列的分生孢子,另一株产生链状排列的分生孢子。2个菌株都能从伤口侵染近成熟期的苹果果实,导致果肉细胞坏死,表面凹陷,形成红褐色坏死斑。2个菌株都不能侵染无伤果实。2个菌株的ITS、β-微管蛋白基因、核糖体大亚基（nucLSU）和小亚基（nucSSU）的DNA序列完全相同。依椐两个菌株的ITS和nucLSU的DNA序列和形态特征,将2个菌株鉴定为菌核生枝顶孢Acremonium sclerotigenum。A. sclerotigenum是一种机会真菌,条件适宜时可侵染套袋的苹果果实,导致褐色坏死病斑,称之为枝顶孢褐点病。     

Microorganisms asssociated with Withania somnifera leaves.

Microorganisms including bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi were recovered from the leaves of Withania somnifera, which were collected from two altitudinal ranges (0–300 m and 1700–2000 m) in the Asir region, Saudi Arabia. Types and numbers of microorganisms varied according to the altitude and the month of collection. The number of microorganisms was higher on old leaves than that on young ones in most cases. Low altitude exhibited more microorganisms than high altitude. The relationship between meteorological factors and type and number of the recovered microorganisms is discussed. Inoculation of detached healthy leaves of Withania by all recovered fungal species revealed only Alternaria solani as a pathogen of this plant. To confirm pathogenicity, scanning and transmission electron microscopic examination revealed the colonization of this pathogen inside the leaf tissue. Penetration of Withania leaves by the fungus occurred only through stomata, and the invading hyphae were located in the intercellular spaces of leaf tissues. Ultrastructural changes noted in infected cells included changes in chloroplasts and the invagination of the host plasma membrane.     

Low temperature during infection limits Ustilago bullata (Ustilaginaceae, Ustilaginales) disease incidence on Bromus tectorum (Poaceae, Cyperales)

Ustilago bullata is frequently encountered on the exotic winter annual grass Bromus tectorum in western North America. To evaluate the biocontrol potential of this seedling-infecting pathogen, we examined the effect of temperature on the infection process. Teliospore germination rate increased linearly with temperature from 2.5 to 25°C, with significant among-population differences. It generally matched or exceeded host seed germination rate over the range 10-25°C, but lagged behind at lower temperatures. Inoculation trials demonstrated that the pathogen can achieve high disease incidence when temperatures during infection range 20-30°C. Disease incidence was drastically reduced at 2.5°C. Pathogen populations differed in their ability to infect at different temperatures, but none could infect in the cold. This may limit the use of this organism for biocontrol of B. tectorum to habitats with reliable autumn seedling emergence, because cold temperatures are likely to limit infection of later-emerging seedling cohorts.     

昆诺阿藜链格孢叶斑病病原及其生物学特性

为明确昆诺阿藜链格孢叶斑病病原,在山西省昆诺阿藜种植区采集典型症状的标本分离病原菌,选择代表性菌株LGB-b和LGB-h对其形态学、分子生物学、致病性及生物学特性进行了研究。综合形态学和多基因系统发育(Alt a 1、endoPG 和OPA10-2)分析,确定昆诺阿藜链格孢叶斑病病原为Alternaria alternata。致病性测定发现接种6 d后病斑呈灰绿至黄绿色,表面具有灰棕至灰褐色霉层,周围具黄绿色晕圈,与田间症状基本一致。菌株LGB-b和LGB-h均可侵染昆诺阿藜、藜和台湾藜。菌株LGB-b菌丝生长的最适培养基为V8 蔬菜汁琼脂培养基(V8)、温度为25-30 ℃、水活度≥0.98、pH为6-7;分生孢子萌发的最适水活度≥0.98、pH为6-7。菌株LGB-h菌丝生长的最适培养基为马铃薯胡萝卜琼脂培养基(PCA)、温度为20-25 ℃、水活度≥0.98、pH为6-7;分生孢子萌发的最适水活度≥0.98、pH为7-8。     

Chronopathological aspects of disease incidence in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Rice seedlings maintained under uncontrolled glasshouse conditions were inoculated with conidial suspensions of a fungal pathogen, Helminthosporium oryzae, at various times during the 24 h. Significant increase in the percent germination and germ tube length of conidia were observed in the rice samples inoculated at 02:00 and 06:00h. The 24 h temporal variation in leaf temperature was positively correlated with variation in stomatal movements. The results indicate a 24 h rhythm in the behavior of the fungal pathogen on the host in relation to the conditions of the growing environment. In all the inoculated seedlings, the appearance of a large number of brown leaf spots was confined to the light span. Among the plants inoculated, earlier initiation of brown leaf spot appearance, maximum number of leaf spots, and highest disease severity were observed when plants were inoculated at 02:00h. There was a positive correlation between disease severity of the host and in vivo values of percent germination of conidia and germ tube length of the pathogen in plants inoculated between 02:00 and 06:00h. The findings of this study implicate that light intensity and temperature could play a predominant role in controlling disease susceptibility rhythms in plants.     

燕麦紫斑病的病原

2013年8月在甘肃省通渭县的一块燕麦田中,叶片和小穗上出现大量紫色病斑,病株率达100%。采用组织分离法得到核腔菌属Pyrenophora（synonym:Drechslera）真菌。通过Koch’s法则明确了菌株ASA-13的致病性:在8-22℃下,接种植株产生紫色叶斑,在20-25℃下,接种植株产生中心黑色、周围黄褐色至淡黄色叶斑,一些病斑几乎成为条斑。在20℃下,菌株ASA-13人工接种可侵染皮燕麦、裸燕麦、高粱、小麦、玉米和青稞离体叶片。采用形态学和分子生物学方法对病原菌进行了鉴定,燕麦紫斑病病原为毛壳核腔菌Pyrenophora chaetomioides（syn.:D. avenae）。采用温度梯度法测定了试验菌株的适宜生长温度,在PDA培养基上菌株ASA-13的菌丝适宜生长温度为25-30℃。     

Biology, herbivory, and host specificity of Antiblemma leucocyma (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Miconia calvescens DC. (Melastomataceae) in Brazil

Miconia calvescens DC. (Melastomataceae) is an invasive tree considered one of the greatest threats to natural ecosystems of Hawaii and other Pacific islands. The potential for using the defoliator Antiblemma leucocyma (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) as a biological control agent of M. calvescens was evaluated in the native habitat of the insect in Brazil. Impact assessment in the field showed that 37.2% of leaves presented damage by A. leucocyma, and among damaged leaves, 1.5-51.9% of the leaf area (16.3% on average) was affected. Damage was found in young to fully expanded leaves (28-915 cm² in area). Individual A. leucocyma developing as third through sixth instars in the laboratory consumed an average of 1348 cm² of M. calvescens leaf material in about 11 days. Populations of A. leucocyma in the field were heavily impacted (up to 83% parasitism) by a braconid parasitoid. Observations in the field and single- and two-host choice tests in the laboratory indicated that A. leucocyma has a narrow host range restricted to M. calvescens. Usefulness of this herbivore for biological control in Hawaii appears low, however, because of its probable susceptibility to generalist parasitoids.     

内生真菌感染对宿主羽茅及邻生植物抗病性的影响

Epichloë内生真菌能够影响宿主植物的抗病性, 但目前关于内生真菌感染对宿主邻生植物抗病性影响的研究很少。该研究首先调查了内蒙古呼伦贝尔天然草地中植物病害发生情况, 发现在常见牧草中禾本科植物病害最为严重, 其中感染内生真菌的羽茅(Achnatherum sibiricum)的总病情指数最低。进一步比较了与羽茅邻生及非邻生植物的病害差异, 结果显示羽茅显著降低了邻生羊草(Leymus chinensis)、狼针草(Stipa baicalensis)和冰草(Agropyron cristatum)的褐斑病病情指数。为探究羽茅对邻生植物病害的影响是否与其内生真菌有关, 分别从内生真菌发酵液、离体叶片和植株层面进行了室内验证试验。结果表明: 羽茅的2种内生真菌Epichloë gansuensis和Epichloë sibiricum发酵液显著抑制了新月弯孢(Curvularia lunata)、根腐离蠕孢(Bipolaris sorokiniana)、核盘菌(Sclerotinia sclerotioru)和三叶草核盘菌(Sclerotinia trifoliorum)的生长; 对于离体叶片, E. gansuensis和E. sibiricum显著减小了宿主叶片受4种病原真菌侵染后的病斑长度。在新月弯孢和根腐离蠕孢的植株接种条件下, 内生真菌显著降低了宿主羽茅及邻生植物羊草的病害程度。该研究首次发现并验证了羽茅内生真菌对邻生禾草抵御褐斑病有一定的增益作用。     

Diamondback moth oviposition: effects of host plant and herbivory

The oviposition behaviour of Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) on Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. Pekinensis, cv. Wombok), canola (Brassica napus L. cv. Thunder TT), and cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. Capitata, cv. sugarloaf) (Brassicaceae) was studied in the laboratory. In no‐choice experiments moths laid most eggs on the stems and lower three leaves of cabbage plants, the lower three leaves of canola plants, but on the upper three leaves of Chinese cabbage plants. The effects of conspecific herbivore damage to foliage could be replicated by mechanical damage. When foliage was damaged, injured cabbage and canola plants were preferred for oviposition over intact conspecifics, whereas injured Chinese cabbage plants were less preferred than intact conspecifics. However, when root tissue was damaged, intact cabbage and canola plants were preferred over injured conspecifics, whereas moths did not discriminate between root‐damaged and intact Chinese cabbage plants. Injury to upper leaves significantly affected the intra‐plant distribution of eggs. In cabbage and canola plants, injury to leaf 6 significantly increased the number of eggs laid on this leaf, resulting in a significant decrease in the number of eggs laid on the lower foliage/stem of plants, whereas in Chinese cabbage plants it significantly decreased the number of eggs laid on leaf 6. Following oviposition on intact plants, neonate larvae established the vast majority of feeding sites on leaves 5–8 in all three host plants, indicating that larvae moved a considerable distance from preferred oviposition sites in cabbage and canola plants. The growth rate of neonates fed on leaf‐6 tissue was significantly greater than that of those fed on leaf‐1 tissue; >90% of larvae completed development when fed exclusively on leaf‐6 tissue but no larvae completed development when fed exclusively on leaf‐1 tissue. The study demonstrates the complex and unpredictable interactions between P. xylostella and its host plants and provides a basis from which we can begin to understand observed distributions of the pest in Brassica crops.