栽培甜菜花粉发育过程的超微结构

利用透射电镜技术对栽培甜菜(Beta vulgaris)花粉发育过程进行了超微结构观察。结果表明, 在小孢子母细胞减数分裂期间, 细胞内发生了“细胞质改组”, 主要表现在核糖体减少, 质体和线粒体结构发生了规律性变化。末期I 不形成细胞板,而是在2个子核间形成“细胞器带”。“细胞器带”的存在起到类似细胞板的作用, 暂时将细胞质分隔成两部分。四分体呈四面体型, 被胼胝质壁包围。小孢子外壁的沉积始于四分体晚期, 至小孢子晚期外壁已基本发育完全。单核小孢子时期, 细胞核大, 细胞器丰富。二细胞花粉发育主要表现在生殖细胞壁的变化上, 生殖细胞壁上不具有胞间连丝。成熟花粉为三细胞型, 含有1个营养细胞和2个精细胞。精细胞具有短尾突, 无壁, 为裸细胞, 每个精细胞通过2层质膜与营养细胞的细胞质分开。生殖细胞与精细胞里缺乏质体。     

栽培甜菜花粉发育过程的超微结构

利用透射电镜技术对栽培甜菜（Beta vuigaris）花粉发育过程进行了超微结构观察。结果表明,在小孢子母细胞减数分裂期间,细胞内发生了“细胞质改组”,主要表现在核糖体减少,质体和线粒体结构发生了规律性变化。末期1不形成细胞板,而是在2个子核间形成“细胞器带”。“细胞器带”的存在起到类似细胞板的作用,暂时将细胞质分隔成两部分。四分体呈四面体型,被胼胝质壁包围。小孢子外壁的沉积始于四分体晚期,至小孢子晚期外壁已基本发育完全。单核小孢子时期,细胞核大,细胞器丰富。二细胞花粉发育主要表现在生殖细胞壁的变化上,生殖细胞壁上不具有胞间连丝。成熟花粉为三细胞型,含有1个营养细胞和2个精细胞。精细胞具有短尾突,无壁,为裸细胞,每个精细胞通过2层质膜与营养细胞的细胞质分开。生殖细胞与精细胞里缺乏质体。     

玉竹雄配子的发育——着重阐明质体在生殖细胞和营养细胞中的分布和变化

玉竹(Polygonatum simizui Kitag)小孢子在分裂前,质体极性分布导致分裂后形成的生殖细胞不含质体,而营养细胞包含了小孢子中全部的质体。生殖细胞发育至成熟花粉时期,及在花粉管中分裂形成的两个精细胞中始终不含质体。虽然生殖细胞和精细胞中都存在线粒体,但细胞质中无DNA类核。玉竹雄性质体的遗传为单亲母本型。在雄配子体发育过程中,营养细胞中的质体发生明显的变化。在早期的营养细胞质中,造粉质体增殖和活跃地合成淀粉。后期,脂体增加而造粉质体消失。接近成熟时花粉富含油滴。对百合科的不同属植物质体被排除的机理及花粉中贮藏的淀粉与脂体的转变进行了讨论。     

桔梗花粉母细胞减数分裂及雄性败育的细胞生理学研究

以桔梗不育系PA及其保持系PB为试验材料,采用石蜡切片和改良苯酚品红染色压片法对花粉母细胞减数分裂和雄配子体发育过程进行比较,探讨桔梗雄性不育系小孢子形成过程和败育发生的细胞生理学机理。结果表明:(1)桔梗保持系PB花粉母细胞减数分裂的细胞质分裂为同时型,同一花药减数分裂较同步;在中期Ⅰ和中期Ⅱ,少数细胞中可见赤道板外染色体;四分体以四面体为主,成熟花粉粒为二核花粉。(2)不育系PA花粉母细胞减数分裂后期Ⅰ开始出现异常,表现为细胞质形态改变,末期Ⅱ之后细胞质不能分裂,形成异常四分体,胼胝质壁不能溶解,四分体难以释放出游离小孢子而被降解,导致败育。(3)在发育过程中,桔梗不育系花蕾游离脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白含量低于保持系,而SOD活性、丙二醛含量均高于保持系。(4)桔梗不育系PA及其保持系PB花粉母细胞减数分裂和雄配子体发育过程存在明显差异,桔梗雄性败育过程大体可分为4个阶段,即后期Ⅰ细胞质异常、末期Ⅱ之后细胞质不能分裂、四分体难以释放游离小孢子、四分体被降解仅残留碎片。研究认为,桔梗不育花蕾(开花前)生长发育过程中,体内活性氧代谢紊乱、丙二醛积累及游离脯氨酸等"物质代谢损亏"可能是引起桔梗雄性败育的原因。     

麻疯树小孢子发育的研究

用透射电镜观察了麻疯树(Jatropha curcas L.)小孢子发育的超微结构。小孢子母细胞时期内质网和质体较多;减数分裂和四分体时期,细胞处于明显的代谢活跃状态,细胞器丰富,主要有内质网、线粒体、质体、高尔基体和球状体;在小孢子发育早期和晚期,线粒体和内质网仍较丰富;小孢子经过高度的不对称分裂后,形成较大的营养细胞和较小的生殖细胞,营养细胞中细胞器数量明显减少,含大量的淀粉和脂类物质,生殖细胞中脂类物质丰富;表皮、药室内壁和中层细胞在小孢子母细胞和四分体时期淀粉粒丰富,小孢子时期明显减少,绒毡层从小孢子母细胞至小孢子发育晚期的细胞器都很丰富,主要为内质网、质体和线粒体,为二胞花粉发育奠定基础。     

南方红豆杉小孢子发生与雄配子体发育

采用石蜡切片法,对南方红豆杉小孢子发生及雄配子体发育过程进行了系统地观察。结果表明：南方红豆杉小孢子叶球于7月下旬分化,9月中旬形成造孢细胞,11月初形成小孢子母细胞;同一小孢子叶球中的小孢子母细胞表现出发育不同步现象;11中旬,进入减数分裂时期,形成游离小孢子后休眠越冬,于翌年1月下旬逐渐成熟,成熟花粉粒为单核;2月中下旬开始散粉,散粉时间持续15 d 左右。花粉落入胚珠后,经过3次分裂形成管细胞、柄细胞和2个精子;管细胞和柄细胞最终退化解体,未见花粉败育现象。认为南方红豆杉小孢子发生与雄配子体发育正常,不是致其濒危的主要原因。     

芍药雄配子体发育的超微结构研究

用透射电镜对芍药（Paeonia lactiflora Pall)雄配子体发育进行了研究。结果表明,芍药的小孢子母细胞在减数分裂末期Ⅰ时不形成细胞板,在减数分裂前期Ⅱ形成细胞器带,胞质分裂为同时型,生殖细胞刚形成时有呈PAS正反应的拱形壁,当生殖细胞还未完全脱离花粉内壁时,质膜间的壁物质消失,营养细胞中的脂体沿双质膜规律分布形成一单行的脂体带,在二胞花粉晚期,脂体带包围生殖细胞,形成脂体冠,花粉成熟时,包围生殖细胞的脂体消失,生殖细胞与营养核贴近,构成雄性生殖单位,成熟花粉为二细胞型。     

杜仲花粉不对称分裂的超微结构观察

运用透射电镜对杜仲花粉发育进程进行了观察研究。结果显示,杜仲小孢子的第一次分裂为不等分裂,形成小的生殖细胞和大的营养细胞。分裂开始前小孢子的营养极形成许多小液泡,建立细胞极性;然后随着核膜的解体核周围的细胞器逐渐向纺锤体区靠近,围绕在纺锤体周围。花粉第一次有丝分裂完成后,生殖细胞所获得的细胞器开始分布在细胞的两侧,后来移向生殖细胞的营养极,而紧贴花粉壁的生殖极无细胞器分布。这种生殖细胞早期的细胞极性,可能为进一步分裂形成精细胞奠定基础。     

温敏核不育小麦可育花药和败育花药发育观察

对温敏核不育小麦百农不育系（Bainong sterility,BNS）的可育和不育花药结构进行对比观察。在减数分裂期、小孢子早期和小孢子晚期,可育花药与不育花药的结构相同。小孢子分裂形成二胞花粉后,可育花粉中随着大液泡的分解,细胞质内含物增加,其中出现一些颗粒状物质。不育花药中,小孢子也可分裂形成二胞花粉,但营养细胞的大液泡不分解,细胞质也不增加,最终花粉中的细胞质消失,花粉败育。该种温敏核不育小麦的花粉败育时间发生在二胞花粉早期,可能和其大液泡没有适时分解有关。花粉败育时间的确定为进一步深入研究该种雄性不育小麦的败育机制打下了基础。     

羽衣甘蓝花粉母细胞减数分裂及雄配子体发育观察

采用常规压片法对羽衣甘蓝花粉母细胞减数分裂及雄配子体发育进行了细胞学观察,结果显示:羽衣甘蓝减数分裂类似甘蓝种,细胞质分裂为同时型,四分体以正四面体型或十字交叉型为主;终变期有9个二价体,此时可进行染色体计数;中期Ⅰ和Ⅱ少数细胞中可见赤道板外染色体,后期Ⅰ和Ⅱ存在落后染色体,四分体时期可观察到少量含微核的异常四分体;单核靠边期时花蕾长度约为2.0~2.2 mm,小孢子经过发育最终成为3-细胞型花粉并具3个萌发孔,成熟花粉中败育花粉比率为1.3%.     

粘型小麦雄性不育系减数分裂特征及育性恢复研究

调查了粘型1B／1R和非1B／1R小麦雄性不育系,保持系及其F2的花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ染色体联会情况、后期Ⅰ出现落后染色体的细胞频率以及末期Ⅱ含有微核的四分体的频率,结果表明：（1）粘果山羊细胞质对1B／1R型不育系减数分裂染色体配对水平具有特异性降低作用;（2）粘型1B／1R不育系减数分裂中期Ⅰ出现单价体细胞频率与后期Ⅰ出现落后染色体细胞的频率呈正相关,也与含微核的四分体频率呈正相关,而对应保持系则没有相关性;（3）粘果山羊草细胞质对非1B／1R不育系减数分裂过程影响不大,5个1B／1R不育系减数分裂过程中,3个时期染色体行为变异率的差异是特定的1B／1R核型与粘果山羊草细胞质互作的结果;（4）粘型1B／1R不育系杂交R2单株减数分裂3个时期染色体行为变异率与其恢复度成反比,这类不育系减数分裂中染色体行为不同步是其恢复不高且变异较大的一重要原因。     

A new enveloped helical virus from the blue crab,Callinectes sapidus

Quite different ultrastructural changes were observed in the columnar cell and the goblet cell of the silkworm midgut after administration of the crystalline toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis. Shortly after the ingestion of the toxin, the deep infoldings of the basal cell membrane of some columnar cells became very irregular in shape and the mitochondria near the basal region were transformed into a condensed form. A few goblet cells showed relatively high electron density in the cytoplasm. The earliest pathological changes were slight and located in a region lying between the first and second thirds of the midgut. With the passage of time, they spread anteriorly and posteriorly to include the entire anterior two thirds of the midgut and became more profound. The cytoplasm of columnar cells became very electron transparent. Most mitochondria were transformed into a condensed form and the endoplasmic reticulum assumed a vacuole-like configuration. The basal infoldings of the cell membrane almost disappeared. On the other hand, the cytoplasm of the goblet cells became very electron dense and granular. The clear basal infoldings of the cell membrane were enlarged making a striking contrast with the dense cytoplasm. However, the mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum did not show any pathological deformation.     

Fertility restoration and mitochondrial nucleic acids distinguish at least five subgroups among cms-S cytoplasms of maize (Zea mays L.)

Summary Differences in fertility restoration and mitochondrial nucleic acids permitted division of 25 accessions of S-type male sterile cytoplasm (cms-S) of maize into five subgroups: B/D, CA, LBN, ME, and S(USDA). S cytoplasm itself (USDA cytoplasm) was surprisingly not representative of cms-S, since only two other accessions, TC and I, matched its mitochondrial DNA pattern. CA was the predominant subgroup, containing 18 of the 25 accessions. The B/D and ME subgroups were the most fertile and LBN the most sterile. The exceptional sterility of LBN cytoplasm makes it the most promising of the 25 cms-S accessions for the production of hybrid seed. The most efficient means of quantifying the fertility of the subgroups was analysis of pollen morphology in plants having cms-S cytoplasm and simultaneously being heterozygous for nuclear restorer-of-fertility (Rf) genes. This method took advantage of the gametophytic nature of cms-S restoration. The inbred NY821LERf was found to contain at least two restorer genes for cms-S. Fertility differences were correlated with mitochondrial nucleic acid variation in the LBN, ME, and S (USDA) subgroups.Paper No. 9498 of the Journal Series of the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, Raleigh, NC     

Endosymbiotic microorganisms in Adelges (Sacchiphantes) viridis (Insecta,Hemiptera, Adelgoidea: Adelgidae): Molecular characterization,ultrastructure and transovarial transmission

The aim of this paper was to identify endosymbiotic microorganisms living in the body cavity of a Polish population of an aphid, Adelges (Sacchiphantes) viridis, as well as to describe their ultrastructure and mode of transmission between generations. Molecular data (amplification and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes) indicated that endosymbionts of A. (S.) viridis are Betaproteobacteria of the species “Candidatus Vallotia virida”. Endosymbiotic bacteria are rod-shaped and localized in the cytoplasm of specific cells, termed bacteriocytes, of host insects. Endosymbionts sharing the same bacteriocytes differ in the density of their cytoplasm. There are two morphotypes of endosymbiotic bacteria: with electron-dense cytoplasm and electron-translucent cytoplasm. Since only bacteria containing electron-dense cytoplasm were observed in the binary fusion stage, differences in density of the cytoplasm are probably due to changes in the cytoskeleton of bacteria during division. Endosymbionts of A. (S.) viridis are transovarially (i.e. via oocytes) transmitted from the mother to the offspring.     

用线粒体DNA鉴定玉米雄性不育细胞质的研究

参照Kemble法,通过分析玉米线粒体DNA,鉴定出我国生产上应用的玉米双型和唐徐型雄性不育细胞质属于S组。近年新获得的不育类型Y型属于T组,为玉米种子生产合理应用雄性不育细胞质提供了可靠依据,并对鉴别玉米雄性不育细胞质的方法进行了讨论。     

Prevalence of enlarged salivary glands in wild populations of Glossina pallidipes in Kenya,with a note on the ultrastructure of the affected organ

Enlarged salivary gland was found to be widespread among wild populations of Glossina pallidipes in Kenya. The incidence of this abnormality varied from 0.9% in Meru National Park in Central Kenya to 5.4% in the Shimba hills area on the Kenya coast. Ultrastructurally, the enlarged glands were multinucleated with lumen reduced substantially in size. A large number of viruses filled both the lumen and the broken pieces of epithelial cytoplasm. In some cases Trypanosoma brucei trypanosomes were seen in the lumen of the enlarged glands. The epithelial cytoplasm was heavily vacuolated. Comment is made on the suitability of the diseased flies as transmitters of T. brucei.     

Changes in the intracellular accumulation and distribution of metallothionein in rat liver and kidney during postnatal development

Metallothionein (MT) bound to zinc and copper was detected in high concentration in fetal and newborn rat livers by a cadmium saturation method. The levels of both hepatic zinc and MT remained high for the first 14 days after birth and decreased to adult levels by 24 days of age. There was a direct linear relationship between hepatic metallothionein and zinc concentrations during the first 31 days after birth. The ratio of MT to zinc levels also decreased with age suggesting a rapid degradation of MT during postnatal development. Immunohistochemical localization of MT by peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique, using a specific antibody to MT, showed intense intranuclear staining for MT in fetal and newborn rat liver which persisted until Day 9. The nuclear MT staining decreased with age; at 11 days it was equal both in nucleus and cytoplasm and at 14 days, MT was localized mainly in the cytoplasm, similar to adult rat liver pattern. The intranuclear localization of MT in neonates could be considered as a typical fetal-neonatal morphological pattern and its subsequent presence in the cytoplasm, an adult pattern.     

Synthesis of LDH-1 during mamalian oogenesis and early development.

Nuclear multiplication stage embryos were punctured in either the anterior, midlateral, or posterior regions. Both embryos and adults were examined for defects, and the defects were correlated with whether there had been any leakage of cytoplasmic material from the egg at the time of puncturing. Embryonic defects were found, correlated to the site of damage, in all three regions. A number of embryos was followed through development and it was found that 15.1% of the embryos which leaked cytoplasm hatched into larvae, compared to 82.3% of those which did not leak any cytoplasm. Morphological defects arising as a result of lateral puncture only were observed in adults. Many sterile adults were obtained from eggs in which the posterior region had been punctured. The results show that nuclear multiplication embryos are well able to tolerate the disturbance of the cortical cytoplasm created by puncture, but only rarely are they able to compensate for the actual loss of material by regulation. The results were similar to those observed after puncturing Drosophila embryos at the cellular blastoderm stage.     

Cellular localisation by immunolabelling and transmission electron microscopy of oxaloacetate decarboxylase or its individual subunits synthesised in Escherichia coli

Abstract The genes oadGAB encoding the oxaloacetate decarboxylase γ, α and β-subunits from Klebsiella pneumoniae were expressed in Escherichia coli . Using different expression vectors, the entire enzyme or its individual subunits were synthesised. The expression was evidenced immunologically in whole cells with polyclonal antibodies raised against the purified oxaloacetate decarboxylase. The expressed α-subunit or a combination of a and β-subunits were shown to reside in the cytoplasm, while the entire oxaloacetate decarboxylase or a γα-complex were located mostly in the cytoplasmic membrane. Interestingly, overexpression of the γα-complex or the entire oxaloacetate decarboxylase in E. coli led to a significant immunogold labelling in the cytoplasm, indicating that the a-subunit was not completely complexed to the membrane-bound γ or βγ-subunits.