用天冬酰胺代替谷氨酰胺培养产尿激酶原CHO工程细胞

以产尿激酶原CHO工程细胞CL－11G的细胞生长和目的产物的表达为观察指标,对用天冬酰胺替代培养基中谷氨酰胺的可行性进行研究。结果表明,溶液中游离态的天冬酰胺的自发分解速度明显低于谷氨酰胺,用天冬酰胺替代培基中的谷氨酰胺培养11G细胞不影响细胞的生长和目的产物的表达,有助于克服因谷氨酰胺的自行分解而造成的培养基氨的过度积聚对细胞代谢的不利影响。     

半乳糖流加对CHO细胞生长代谢及其表达的Fc融合蛋白糖基化的影响

旨在深入认识补料分批培养过程中,以半乳糖替代葡萄糖作为碳源,对CHO细胞生长、代谢和产物表达的影响。通过将补料培养基中的葡萄糖用等摩尔的半乳糖进行替换,综合考察了不同比例替换条件下CHO细胞的生长代谢和Fc融合蛋白的产物合成特性。结果显示:摇瓶的数据表明60%比例以上半乳糖的替代对细胞的生长造成了不利影响,培养后期的pH出现了大幅上升。同时随着半乳糖替代比例的增加,虽然代谢副产物乳酸的浓度有明显下降,但氨的生成却显著增多;此外,培养过程中谷氨酸和丙氨酸的浓度也随着替代比例的增加而增加。产物表达方面,在较低替代比例内(0%-40%),Fc融合蛋白的表达量和总唾液酸含量都随着替代比例的增加而升高,而随着替代比例的进一步升高(60%-100%),两者都逐渐降低。最后,在反应器内通过对培养pH的稳定控制,40%半乳糖替代过程的产物表达量和总唾液酸含量分别提高了43%和37%。补料培养基中以半乳糖替代葡萄糖进行补料的方式,有效地提高了最终Fc融合蛋白的表达量和总唾液酸含量,有助于建立高产高质的CHO细胞培养过程。     

氨浓度升高对CHO细胞维持期抗体融合蛋白的表达及N-糖基化的影响

为了深入理解在中国仓鼠卵巢(CHO)细胞流加培养过程中氨对抗体融合蛋白表达和N-糖基化的作用,认识氨影响N-糖基化加工的作用位点,考察了在细胞维持期(产物表达期)不同氨浓度条件与CHO细胞维持与代谢、抗体融合蛋白表达和N-糖链结构的关系。结果显示,氨浓度在5-12 mmol/L范围内对维持期的细胞生长曲线、葡萄糖和谷氨酰胺的消耗以及乳酸和氨的生成情况没有明显影响。但当氨浓度大于5 mmol/L时,随着氨浓度的升高,抗体融合蛋白的唾液酸化程度和半乳糖化程度均不断降低,而岩藻糖基化程度和高甘露糖糖型比例则没有变化。当氨浓度升高至大于9 mmol/L后,抗体融合蛋白的表达能力和最终表达量开始降低。因此,应在细胞培养工艺过程开发时控制氨的生成至小于5 mmol/L,以避免氨的累积导致产物的半乳糖化和唾液酸化程度降低以及产物表达量下降。     

运用氨基酸分析法和DOE法优化抗PD-1单克隆抗体生产用培养基

本研究采用氨基酸分析法结合DOE设计法优化并获得高表达抗PD-1单克隆抗体生产用基础和补料培养基。通过对市售多种基础和补料培养基进行筛选,获得细胞生长状况较优的基础培养基和抗体表达较高的补料培养基,利用氨基酸分析法检测较优基础培养基和补料培养基中氨基酸消耗情况,确定影响细胞生长和抗体表达的关键氨基酸种类,利用DOE分析软件设计分别在较优基础和补料培养基中添加不同浓度的氨基酸种类及浓度,根据细胞生长及抗体表达,优化得到抗PD-1单克隆抗体的基础和补料培养基组合。最终优化后基础培养基配方为:Hycell CHO培养基中添加1.04 mmol/L L-天冬酰胺和0.76 mmol/L L-谷氨酰胺。最终优化后补料培养基配方为:OPM CHOCD Feed1补料培养基中添加38.7 mmol/L L-组氨酸,75.0 mmol/L L-酪氨酸,64.0 mmol/L L-丝氨酸,49.2 mmol/L L-谷氨酰胺和18.7 mmol/L L-半胱氨酸。经过3 L反应器培养验证,优化后的培养基比未优化时,最大活细胞密度(PVCD)提高了62.7%,抗PD-1单克隆抗体表达量提高了71.5%,且活性无明显差异。     

用于生产重组蛋白药物的抗凋亡CHO宿主细胞株的建立

哺乳动物工程细胞在大规模培养生产重组蛋白时很容易发生细胞凋亡,从而导致生产过程提前终止,造成生产成本高昂。细胞代谢产物氨已被证明可以促进细胞凋亡,而线粒体膜整合蛋白Bcl-2可以通过促进线粒体膜完整性而抑制细胞凋亡。本实验应用谷氨酰胺合成酶加压系统在CHO工程细胞中高效表达中国仓鼠Bcl-2蛋白,使细胞具有抗凋亡能力的同时,利用谷氨酸和氨合成谷氨酰胺而有效降低培养基中氨的含量,从而达到抑制细胞凋亡的目的。     

重组CHO细胞培养过程中氨对细胞代谢的影响

研究了重组CHO细胞批培养过程中,氨浓度对细胞的葡萄糖、谷氨酰胺及其它氨基酸代谢的影响。表明,细胞对葡萄糖和谷氨酰胺的得率系数随着氨浓度的增加而降低,起始氨浓度为566mmol/L的批培养过程与起始氨浓度为021mmol/L的批培养过程相比,细胞对葡萄糖和谷氨酰胺的得率系数分别下降了78%和74%,细胞对其它氨基酸的得率系数也分别下降了50%～70%。氨浓度的增加明显地改变了细胞的代谢途径,葡萄糖代谢更倾向于厌氧的乳酸生成。在谷氨酰胺的代谢过程中,谷氨酸经谷氨酸脱氢酶进一步生成α酮戊二酸的过程受到了氨的抑制,而氨对谷氨酸经谷氨酸转氨酶反应生成α酮戊二酸的过程有促进作用,但总体上谷氨酸进一步脱氨生成α酮戊二酸的反应受到了氨的限制。     

聚乙二醇、葡聚糖对杂交瘤细胞保护特性研究

利用鼠鼠杂交瘤２Ｆ７细胞（分泌抗小细胞肺癌单克隆抗体）研究聚乙二醇、葡聚糖与杂交瘤细胞的生物相容性及添加限制浓度,研究添加浓度对葡萄糖消耗速率及氨形成速率的影响。在高速搅拌、高剪切力下考察了添加剂的保护性能。实验结果表明,０．０４％－０．１０％的聚乙二醇能较好地保护杂交瘤细胞,添加聚乙二醇后葡萄糖的比消耗速率增加,而氨的比生成速率没有变化;添加葡聚糖对葡萄糖的比消耗速率没有影响,但降低了氨的比生成速率,并且葡聚糖抑制细胞生长,不适合作动物细胞保护剂;小牛血清能较好地保护细胞;细胞死亡动力学表征为一级反应。在２５０ｍｌ磁力搅拌瓶中培养,培养基中添加０．１０％聚乙二醇,培养温度为３７．０,搅拌转速为８０转／分,细胞能止常生长;而培养基不添加聚乙二醇时细胞不能生长。     

表达重组抗CD52单克隆抗体CHO细胞灌流培养基的筛选

目的筛选重组抗CD52单克隆抗体CHO细胞株培养和连续灌流表达用培养基,以提高抗体表达量。方法通过调整原有批培养用培养基中谷氨酰胺和植物水解蛋白,获得5种培养基配比。使用模拟灌注方式进行细胞培养,分析细胞密度、活细胞比率和目标蛋白表达,筛选连续灌流细胞培养和表达用培养基。最后在7 L反应器中采用灌注培养方式对筛选获得的培养基进行验证。结果使用50 mL细胞培养管进行模拟灌注培养时,活细胞比率较高,达到90%以上;CHO细胞在添加谷氨酰胺至4.0 mmol/L和植物水解蛋白至5.0 g/L的批培养用培养基中生长速度最快;在基础培养基中抗体表达量比优化前高15%。20 d培养周期内,优化的培养基在7 L反应器中可以维持CHO细胞密度在(2 727±253)万个/mL,活细胞比率在95%以上。结论通过模拟灌注培养,筛选获得了一种在7 L反应器灌流培养中适宜于重组抗CD52单克隆抗体CHO细胞表达的培养基。     

不同培养基中MDCK细胞生长及代谢动力学研究

[目的]为筛选适应于MDCK细胞大规模培养的最佳培养基并揭示其代谢动力学规律。[方法]选取商业化的培养基DMEM(试验组A)、EMEM(试验组B)、MEM(试验组C)、M199(试验组D)、DMEM/F12(试验组E)及DMEM:EMEM复合培养基(试验组F)用于MDCK细胞传代培养,研究不同培养基对MDCK细胞生长特性的影响,分析MDCK细胞生长过程中葡萄糖(Gluc)、乳酸(Lac)、谷氨酰胺(Gln)和氨(NH4+)的代谢情况,并进一步进行细胞工厂的培养验证。[结果]结果表明MDCK细胞均能在试验组A、B、E、F四种培养基中生长,其最大增殖浓度E A F B,差异显著(P 0. 05);倍增时间B F A E,差异显著(P 0. 05);细胞比生长速率E A F B,差异不显著(P 0. 05)。不同培养基培养MDCK细胞对数生长期平均葡萄糖比消耗速率、谷氨酰胺比消耗速率及氨比生成速率差异均不显著(P 0. 05),乳酸比生成速率差异显著(P 0. 05)。在试验组A和E培养基中细胞能实现高密度增殖,再将其进行细胞工厂扩大培养验证,发现两种培养基在培养48 h时均能达到单层致密,且细胞密度均达到8. 0×10~8/cells以上,差异不显著(P 0. 05)。[结论]综合研究结果及规模化生产成本因素,采用DMEM培养基(试验组A)培养MDCK细胞,其最大增殖浓度达到6. 4×10~5/m L,倍增时间为22. 835 h,比生长速率为0. 558,可进行大规模培养,为工业化生产提供依据。     

芦荟汁对银杏悬浮培养细胞的生长及次生代谢产物合成的影响

将无菌芦荟汁按不同比例添加于银杏细胞悬浮培养基中,研究其对银杏细胞的生长及次生代谢产物合成的影响,结果表明,添加０．１％的芦荟汁,银杏细胞干重达１６．０７ｇ／Ｌ,比对照提高了１３％;添加０．０５％的芦荟汁可明显促进银杏悬浮培养细胞次生代谢产物合成,总黄酮含量比对照提高了１６．７４％。     

Growth behavior of Chinese hamster ovary cells in a compact loop bioreactor. 2. Effects of medium components and waste products.

Effects of biochemical factors, i.e., medium components and metabolic byproducts, on growth of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were investigated. Glucose and ammonia were found to inhibit the growth. Kinetic analysis gave the inhibition constants, 0.14 g l-1 for ammonia and 5.0 g l-1 for glucose. Since glutamine was unstable and was a main source of ammonia, precise studies on glutamine degradation and ammonia formation process were done. By evaluating the spontaneous reactions, net glutamine utilization and net ammonia production by the cells could be estimated. It became evident that asparagine could support the growth of CHO cells as a stable substitute for glutamine. Then, a glucose fed-batch culture was grown on a glutamine free and asparagine supplemented medium. Because of (1) low glucose concentration, but (2) no glucose limitation and (3) low ammonia accumulation, the maximum total cell concentration reached 3.4 x 10(6) ml-1, which was 1.8 times greater than that in the control experiment (initial 1.15 g l-1 glucose and 0.29 g l-1 glutamine, and no glucose feed).     

谷氨酰胺对微囊化重组CHO细胞生长代谢及内皮抑素表达的影响

微囊化技术是一种有发展潜力的生物技术,在细胞移植和药物控释等方面具有广泛的应用。然而由于目前微囊化细胞规模化培养技术还不成熟,阻碍了其在临床治疗中的推广与应用。为了了解微囊化重组CHO细胞的生长代谢特性为今后规模化培养优化提供技术参考,考察了主要氮源物质谷氨酰胺对微囊化重组CHO细胞生长代谢及内皮抑素表达的影响。结果显示:当谷氨酰胺起始浓度从2.69mmolL增加到9.05mmolL时最大活细胞密度并没有增高,细胞增殖没有显著差异。当谷氨酰胺起始浓度较低(2.69mmolL)时,葡萄糖的比消耗速率较大;当谷氨酰胺起始浓度增高时(7.91mmolL～9.05mmolL)葡萄糖和谷氨酰胺的比消耗速率增大,但细胞对葡萄糖和谷氨酰胺的利用率降低。谷氨酰胺对产物表达有显著影响,起始浓度为4.97mmolL时的内皮抑素累积浓度最高,达546.36ngmL,过低和过高谷氨酰胺起始浓度下内皮抑素的累积浓度均较低。     

Observations on the influence of glutamine,asparagine and peptone on growth and t-PA production of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells

When a transfected CHO cell, that produces tissue-type Plasminogen Activator, t-PA, was transferred from a medium based on 5% Fetal Calf Serum, FCS, to a medium based on 0.8% casein peptone with variable glutamine and asparagine content, it was observed, that the growth of the cells changed from anchorage dependant to suspension culture giving more reproducible cultivations. In the FCS culture t-PA was unstable, observed as a decline in t-PA concentration after 250 h. This decline in t-PA concentration was not observed in the serum free culture, although there was a decline in productivity after 200 h. This change in production profile may be attributed to either no proteolytic attack from serum or by scavenging of proteolytic activities produced by the cells from the peptone peptides. Increasing amounts of glutamine/asparagine gave higher production of t-PA in synchrony with an increasing production of ammonia/ammonium ions. Ammonia inhibition does not seem to be a key factor for this cell line as seen with many others.     

Reduced glutamine concentration improves protein production in growth-arrested CHO-DG44 and HEK-293E cells

For most cultivated mammalian cells, glutamine is an essential medium component. However, glutamine consumption results in the production of ammonia, a cytotoxic byproduct. Here we investigated the effect of glutamine reduction on recombinant protein production and ammonia accumulation in transiently transfected CHO and HEK-293E cells maintained under conditions of growth arrest. Maximum transient recombinant protein yields were observed in HEK-293E cultures without glutamine and in CHO cultures with 2 mM glutamine. The initial concentration of glutamine correlated with the level of ammonia accumulation in each culture. For both a stable CHO-derived cell line and a polyclonal population of recombinant CHO cells grown under conditions of mild hypothermia, the highest volumetric protein productivity was observed in cultures without glutamine. Here, the level of ammonia accumulation also corresponded to the initial glutamine concentration. Our data demonstrate that reduction of glutamine in the medium is an effective approach to improve protein production in both transiently and stably transfected mammalian cells when applying conditions that reduce or arrest the growth of these cells.     

Fed‐batch CHO cell t‐PA production and feed glutamine replacement to reduce ammonia production

Industrial therapeutic protein production has been greatly improved through fed‐batch development. In this study, improvement to the productivity of a tissue‐plasminogen activator (t‐PA) expressing Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line was investigated in shake flask culture through the optimization of the fed‐batch feed and the reduction of ammonia generation by glutamine replacement. The t‐PA titer was increased from 33 mg/L under batch conditions to 250 mg/L with daily feeding starting after three days of culture. A commercially available fed‐batch feed was supplemented with cotton seed hydrolysate and the four depleted amino acids, aspartic acid, asparagine, cysteine, and tyrosine. The fed‐batch operation increased the generation of by‐products such as lactate and ammonia that can adversely affect the fed‐batch performance. To reduce the ammonia production, a glutamine‐containing dipeptide, pyruvate, glutamate, and wheat gluten hydrolysate, were investigated as glutamine substitutes. To minimize the lag phase as the cells adjusted to the new energy source, a feed glutamine replacement process was developed where the cells were initially cultured with a glutamine containing basal medium to establish cell growth followed by feeding with a feed containing the glutamine substitutes. This two‐step feed glutamine replacement process not only reduced the ammonia levels by over 45% but, in the case of using wheat gluten hydrolysate, almost doubled the t‐PA titer to over 420 mg/L without compromising the t‐PA product quality or glycosylation pattern. The feed glutamine replacement process combined with optimizing other feed medium components provided a simple, practical, and effective fed‐batch strategy that could be applied to the production of other recombinant therapeutic proteins. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2013     

葡萄糖对重组CHO细胞生长代谢及EPO表达的影响

在CHO细胞批培养中 ,葡萄糖浓度从8.9增加到49.6mmol/L ,最大活细胞密度没有明显的差异 ,乳酸对葡萄糖的得率系数首先随着葡萄糖浓度的增加而增加 ,葡萄糖浓度达到 17.9mmol/L后 ,乳酸对葡萄糖的得率系数基本上维持恒定。在本实验中 ,葡萄糖浓度对谷氨酰胺代谢没有明显的影响。EPO的累积浓度首先随着起始葡萄糖浓度的增加 ( 8.9～ 17.9mmol L)而增加 ,进而又随着葡萄糖浓度的增加 (17.9～ 49.6mmol L)而下降 ,表明存在一最适浓度 ,在此浓度下重组CHO细胞的EPO表达最大。     

Effects of ammonia and lactate on hybridoma growth, metabolism, and antibody production

The influence of ammonia and lactate on cell growth, metabolic, and antibody production rates was investigated for murine hybridoma cell line 163.4G5.3 during batch culture. The specific growth rate was reduced by one-half in the presence of an initial ammonia concentration of 4 mM. Increasing ammonia levels accelerated glucose and glutamine consumption, decreased ammonia yield from glutamine, and increased alanine yield from glutamine. Although the amount of antibody produced decreased with increasing ammonia concentration, the specific antibody productivity remained relatively constant around a value of 0.22 pg/cell-h. The specific growth rate was reduced by one-half at an initial lactate concentration of 55 mM. Although specific glucose and glutamine uptake rates were increased at high lacatate concentration, they showed a decrease after making corrections for medium osmolarity. The yield coefficient of lactate from glucose decreased at high lactate concentrations. A similar decrease was observed for the ammonia yield coefficient from glutamine. At elevated lactate concentrations, specific antibody productivities increased, possibly due to the increase in medium osmolarity. The specific oxygen uptake rate was insensitive to ammonia and lactate concentrations. Addition of ammonia and lactate increased the calculated metabolic energy production of the cells. At high ammonia and lactate, the contribution of glycolysis to total energy production increased. Decreasing external pH and increasing ammonia concentrations caused cytoplasmic acidification. Effect of lactate on intracellular pH was insignificant, whereas increasing osmolarity caused cytoplasmic alkalinization.     

丁酸钠和丙酸钠对工程CHO细胞生长代谢和嵌合抗体表达的影响

抗p185erbB-2基因工程抗体是一种有潜力的抗肿瘤药物。以稳定表达抗p185嵌合抗体的重组工程CHO细胞株为对象,分别用不同浓度丁酸钠(0~2mmol/L)和丙酸钠(0~10mmol/L)对处在对数生长期的细胞进行处理,在连续5d的培养过程中,每隔24h取样测活细胞数量,并用ELISA检测上清中抗体含量,5d后结束培养用FACS检测细胞周期。同时还用丁酸钠和丙酸钠处理长至90%满度的细胞,然后每隔12h取样一次检测葡萄糖和乳酸的含量。结果表明丁酸钠和丙酸钠可以有效地提高嵌合抗体在工程CHO细胞中的表达,表达量最高时可达58.3~59.6mg/L,是对照组的1.5倍。同时抑制细胞生长和阻断细胞周期在G1期,并且可减少培养过程中葡萄糖的消耗和乳酸的生成。和丁酸钠相比,丙酸钠具有较小的细胞毒性,是一种有潜力的替代品。