稻飞虱迁飞种群的上灯行为节律研究

【目的】明确稻飞虱迁飞种群的上灯行为节律,以指导其大田迁入种群和迁出种群的发生预测与灾变预警。【方法】本研究运用逐时自动灯诱装置对2010和2011连续两年稻飞虱迁飞种群的上灯行为节律进行了系统研究。【结果】灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus迁飞种群上灯始见期和灯诱虫量年际间差异不明显,白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera和褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens迁飞过境种群上灯始见期和灯诱虫量年际间差异较大。此外,灰飞虱迁飞种群的特大高峰期和高峰期逐时灯诱虫量百分比与一般上灯期和零星上灯期相比突出了晨暮双峰型中的暮峰型上灯行为特点;白背飞虱迁飞种群特大高峰期逐时灯诱虫量百分比与高峰期和一般期相比突出了晨暮双峰型中的晨峰型生物学特性。【结论】稻飞虱迁飞种群的上灯行为节律存在种的特异性,这一行为节律除了受环境因素的影响外主要与其生物学特性有关。     

季风进退和转换对中国褐飞虱迁飞的影响

利用近30年NCEP/NCAR 逐日气象再分析资料及中国褐飞虱逐候灯诱数据,分析季风指数与褐飞虱迁入量的时空关系,以探明季风进退和转换对我国褐飞虱迁入的影响。研究表明:(1)常年3月中、下旬是我国偏北季风转换为西南季风的时期,西南季风开始后的4月上旬是褐飞虱第1次大规模北迁的时期,第1次大规模北迁的主降区为华南稻区和西南稻区,随后迁向其北的其他稻区。(2)6月中旬-8月中旬是偏南季风指数达最大值的时期,也是各稻区褐飞虱北迁峰次最多、迁入量最集中的时期。(3)8月下旬至9月中旬为偏南季风向偏北季风的转换时期,也是褐飞虱北迁的终见期、南迁的始见期,第1次大规模南迁发生在这一时期内,主降区为江淮稻区和江岭稻区。(4)9月下旬至10月中旬是偏北季风的快速增强期、偏南季风的快速衰退期,也是褐飞虱南迁的高峰期。(5)10月下旬开始偏南季风撤出我国大陆,而偏北季风控制我国大陆,由北到南各稻区依次开始出现褐飞虱迁入的终见期。(6)褐飞虱异常发生年份中西南季风北上的早迟决定了褐飞虱在我国迁入始见期的早晚,而偏北季风南下的早迟则决定了我国褐飞虱迁入终见期的早晚。(7)迁入始见期滞后于西南季风的变化,迁入终见期滞后于偏北季风的变化,它们滞后的时间都为1-3候(即5-15d)。     

华南双季稻区早稻收割和晚稻移栽对褐飞虱种群动态的影响

为了阐明华南双季稻区早稻收割和晚稻移栽对褐飞虱种群动态的影响,2011年在韶关市采用田间调查与卵巢解剖的方法研究了双季早稻、双季晚稻、田埂杂草上褐飞虱的种群动态及虫源性质。结果表明:早稻收割后,早稻上大量的褐飞虱1～2龄若虫被淘汰,3龄以上若虫及成虫不断转移扩散致使附近晚稻秧田和杂草上褐飞虱虫量突增;晚稻移栽之后,杂草及晚稻秧田的褐飞虱又向新插秧的晚稻进行转移,但成为有效虫源的虫量较少,因此,早稻收割和晚稻移栽对褐飞虱种群动态造成了极为不利的影响,晚稻秧田和田埂杂草可作为褐飞虱转移过程中的流动栖息场所,在褐飞虱虫量转移中起着一定的作用。     

稻飞虱在早稻上的种群消长动态研究

本文主要研究白背飞虱,褐稻虱两个种群在早稻上的消长动态。由于白背飞虱迁入与主迁入均比褐稻虱早,迁入虫量大,从而构成在早稻上白背飞虱发生为害的主要种群。由于褐稻虱主迁入迟,而且种群密度制约影响较小,加上白背飞虱迁出期早,造成7月中下旬褐稻虱虫口密度上升的趋势。     

2020年江苏省稻飞虱虫源地及暴发成因分析

为了明确江苏省稻飞虱（白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera Horváth和褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens Stal）在沉寂近10年后再次暴发的成因,通过分析江苏2020年白背飞虱和褐飞虱的田间调查及灯诱数据,并结合气象条件,研究了江苏省稻飞虱暴发的主要影响因素。结果表明：（1）2020年,江苏省白背飞虱虫源主要来自于江西中、北部,湖南东部以及湖北东部;褐飞虱虫源主要来自于安徽南部、浙江北部、本省南部以及江西省中北部。（2）江淮地区自6月中旬至7月下旬的超长降雨期有利于江苏省早期迁入虫源大量降落。（3）9月初,田间已存在大量褐飞虱短翅型成虫,适宜的秋季温度促使田间短翅型褐飞虱大量繁殖,导致后期田间褐飞虱大暴发。总而言之,超长降雨期有利于早期稻飞虱的迁入降落,而秋季的适宜温度引发短翅型成虫大量繁殖,是导致江苏省稻飞虱在沉寂近10年后再次暴发的主要因素。这些结果为稻飞虱暴发规律的阐明及可持续治理提供了理论依据和参考价值。     

三种稻飞虱在高温变温下的生态表现

在大型人工气候箱内模拟自然高温变温(27℃-38℃)下研究褐飞虱、白背飞虱、灰飞虱等3种稻飞虱种群的表现,并以恒温28．3℃为对照。发现3种稻飞虱的卵孵化率在变温下暴露5天,10天后,除白背飞虱卵孵化率在10天处理下比对照下降30％外,其他几种处理均和对照无显著差异;从发育历期来看,各虫种卵的发育速率随变温处理时间的延长而加快;3种稻飞虱若虫在变温处理5天后,褐飞虱,白背飞虱和灰飞虱的生存率依次为20％,30％和55%,明显低于对照;变温处理10天后,白背飞虱无一个体生存;褐飞虱比对照低75％．灰飞虱低50％;褐飞虱和白背飞虱雌成虫寿命明显比对照短;灰飞虱雌成虫的产卵量各处理间无显著差异,但白背飞虱和褐飞虱的产卵量在变温处理8天后,仅为对照的40％和80％,变温处理15天后,分别为对照的15％和54％。     

滇西南稻区白背飞虱种群特征及其关键影响因子

为明确滇西南沧源县稻区白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera的种群发生特征及其影响因子,于2010-2019年通过灯诱监测和田间调查的方法,分析沧源县白背飞虱的越冬种群、灯诱种群及田间种群发生特征,并对白背飞虱种群数量的影响因素进行相关性分析.结果表明:(1)白背飞虱以成、若虫在再生稻、落粒稻上越冬,越冬虫量最高可达1600头/667 m2,越冬虫量大小与冬季极端最低温度呈显著正相关(r=0.473);(2)白背飞虱灯诱高峰主要集中在3月下旬至4月上旬、5月下旬至7月上旬以及9月,灯诱峰期和诱虫量在不同年份之间差异较大;随着白背飞虱不断迁入,田间白背飞虱种群呈增长趋势,一般于5月底至6月初田间种群数量最大,构成田间种群的危害高峰,而水稻抽穗之后,白背飞虱田间种群数量迅速下降,向外迁出,9月水稻进入成熟收割期,外地回迁的灯诱峰次虽虫量较大,但对当地水稻威胁较小;(3)沧源县白背飞虱田间最大虫量与5月累积灯诱虫量呈显著正相关(r=0.670),与越冬虫量以及3、4月累积灯诱虫量无显著关系,5月累积灯诱量又与5月降雨存在显著正相关(r=0.758),说明5月迁入虫源是影响白背飞虱种群为害的关键因素.明确滇西南稻区白背飞虱的种群发生特征及其影响因子,对当地白背飞虱的预测预报和防治工作具有重要意义.     

白背飞虱的迁飞生物学:江苏苏州个例分析

对苏州市吴中区1984—2002年灯诱数据的分析表明,白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera(Horváth)的灯下始见期一般在6月上旬,而主迁峰日则一般出现在7月上旬。1996年后,始见期有提前的趋势。对18年灯诱虫量的时间序列分析表明,田间迁入代虫量与6月份的灯诱虫量相关,田间第1代虫量与迁入代虫量相关,第2代则只与田间第1代和8月份的诱虫量相关。对1986—2002年吴中区白背飞虱田间虫量的分析表明,白背飞虱在田间一般要完成2个世代,20世纪90年代中期之后会出现第3代,表现出低迁入率(平均百穴21头)、高增殖倍数(G1/G0在30～200倍左右)和高峰值密度(16年平均百穴3200头)的种群特征。此间白背飞虱长翅型成虫的比率不高,迁入后便像褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stl)那样形成了滞留本地的增殖代(7月20日到8月10日)和以本地滞留为害与部分迁出个体混合而成的主害代(8月15日到9月5日),直到8月下旬和9月上中旬,其长翅型比率才会有大幅回升开始回迁,呈现出翅型长-短-长的变化模式。     

贵州白背飞虱灯下种群发生动态区域性比较研究

为明确贵州省白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera (Horváth)全年世代尤其主害代发生危害规律,采用灯光诱测的方法系统地研究了近4年来贵州省4个不同稻区的白背飞虱灯下种群发生动态并进行了区域性对比,结果如下：三都稻区和惠水稻区的白背飞虱灯下始见日多在4月中下旬,锦屏稻区和道真稻区的灯下始见日稍晚,在4月下旬至5月中旬,各稻区灯下主峰日与始见日和始盛日均呈显著正相关;4稻区年度诱虫量差异较大,三都稻区的灯下虫量最多,而锦屏稻区最少,各稻区灯下种群中,白背飞虱的雌雄性比均大于1;在第3代灯下虫量上,三都与道真存在显著差异,在第6代虫量上三都与惠水、锦屏也存在显著差异,其他各代虫量间不同稻区并无显著差异。     

抗性水稻品种对褐飞虱和白背飞虱种群参数的影响

在半自然状态下 ,用生命表方法初步比较了褐飞虱Nilaparvatalugens和白背飞虱Sogatellafurcif era在 4个抗褐飞虱水稻品种ASD7,IR3 6,JX89和Mudgo上的种群参数。初步的结果表明 ,白背飞虱在 4个抗褐飞虱水稻品种上具有较高的繁殖率 ,较短的发育时间和较大的种群增长。对褐飞虱各种群参数影响最大的是JX89,对白背飞虱影响最大的是Mudgo。与感性品种TN1比较 ,这些抗褐飞虱的水稻品种对 2种稻飞虱均具有不同程度的抗性。这些结果说明 ,抗褐飞虱水稻品种对白背飞虱同样具有一定的抗性 ,但白背飞虱对这种抗性具有较强的适应性 ,如果在一个地区长期推广抗褐飞虱的水稻品种 ,势必会导致白背飞虱的大发生     

Structure and function of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase

In mammals, S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (AdoHcyase) is the only known enzyme to catalyze the breakdown of S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) to homocysteine and adenosine. AdoHcy is the product of all adenosylmethionine (AdoMet)-dependent biological transmethylations. These reactions have a wide range of products, and are common in all facets of biometabolism. As a product inhibitor, elevated levels of AdoHcy suppress AdoMet-dependent transmethylations. Thus, AdoHcyase is a regulator of biological transmethylation in general. The three-dimensional structure of AdoHcyase complexed with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADH) and the inhibitor (1′R, 2′S, 3′R)-9-(2′,3′-dihyroxycyclopenten-1-yl)adenine (DHCeA) was solved by a combination of the crystallographic direct methods program, SnB, to determine the selenium atom substructure and by treating the multiwavelength anomalous diffraction data as a special case of multiple isomorphous replacement. The enzyme architecture resembles that observed for NAD-dependent dehydrogenases, with the catalytic domain and the cofactor binding domain each containing a modified Rossmann fold. The two domains form a deep active site cleft containing the cofactor and bound inhibitor molecule. A comparison of the inhibitor complex of the human enzyme and the structure of the rat enzyme, solved without inhibitor, suggests that a 17° rigid body movement of the catalytic domain occurs upon inhibitor/substrate binding.     

Land,livestock, and livelihoods: Changing dynamics of gender,caste, and ethnicity in a Nepalese Village

Over the past 10 years, Ghusel VDC, Lalitpur District has moved from primarily subsistence agriculture into the wider cash economy aided by the Small Farmers' Development Program (SFDP), which provides credit to farmers mainly for the purchase of buffalo for milk production, and by the National Dairy Corporation, which supports local dairy cooperatives. Analysis reveals that buffalo-keeping and milk sales are increasing the well-being of many households, while at the same time creating new inequalities in gender roles and responsibilities, greater inequities between Brahmin and Tamang residents in Ghusel, and placing pressures on the ecosystem for increased supplies of fodder and fuelwood. Evidence suggests that there is critical, need for attention to the social, and particularly gender-based, implications of maintaining livestock for milk sales and to the ecological underpinnings of this livelihood system.     

Tuning of electronic properties of one-dimensional cyano-bridged Cu-Ni, Cu-Pd, and Cu-Pt bimetallic assemblies by stereochemistry of ligands

Preparations, XPS and electronic spectroscopy, and magnetism of seven new one-dimensional cyano-bridged coordination polymers, chiral [Cu(RR-chxn)₂][Pd(CN)₄] · 2H₂O (1), [Cu(trans-chxn)₂][M(CN)₄] · 2H₂O (2, 4, and 6 for M = Pd, Ni, and Pt), and [Cu(cis-chxn)₂][M(CN)₄] · 2H₂O (3, 5, and 7 for M = Pd, Ni, and Pt) (RR-chxn = cyclohexane-(1R,2R)-diamine, trans-chxn = racemic trans-cyclohexane-(1,2)-diamine, and cis-chxn = racemic cis-cyclohexane-(1,2)-diamine) have been reported in view of tuning of their electronic properties by stereochemistry of chxn ligands and metal-substitution. Comparison of Cu 2p_1/2 and 2p_3/2 peaks of XPS and broad d-d bands around 18 000 cm⁻¹ of electronic spectra are described systematically for 1-7. Variable-temperature magnetic measurement shows that complexes 1-7 indicate weak antiferromagnetic interactions via cyano-bridges. Because of semi-coordination coupled with pseudo Jahn-Teller elongation and electrostatic interaction for 1, the axial Cu-N coordination bond distances of 2.330(7) and 3.092(8) Å are considerably longer than those of equatorial ones in the range from 2.016(6) to 2.030(6) Å. The former bond distances of 1 are intermediate values among the related Ni (2.324(6) and 3.120(8) Å) and Pt (2.34(1) and 3.09(1) Å) complexes.     

Influence of Fluoride on Rat Kidney Antioxidant System: Effects of Methionine and Vitamin E

The aim of the study has been to determine and compare the influence upon the kidney antioxidative system, exercised by administration of vitamin E, and vitamin E in combination with methionine, under conditions of oxidative stress induced by sodium fluoride. The experiment was carried out on Wistar FL rats (adult males) that, for 35 days, were administered water, NaF, NaF with vitamin E, or vitamin E with methionine (doses: 10 mg NaF/kg of body mass/24 h, 3 mg vitamin E per 10 μl per rat for 24 h, 2 mg methionine per rat for 24 h). The influence of administered sodium fluoride and antioxidants upon the antioxidative system in kidney was examined by analyzing the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity of the most important antioxidative enzymes (SOD, total and both its isoenzymes, GPX, GST, GR, and CAT). The studies carried out confirmed the disadvantageous effect of the administered dose of NaF upon the antixodiative system in rats (increase in the concentration MDA, decrease activity of all antioxidative enzymes). The administration of vitamin E increased the activity of studied enzymes with the exception of glutathione reductase GR; it also reduced the procesess of lipid peroxidation. It has been found that combined doses of vitamin E and methionine were most effective in inhibiting lipid peroxidation processes. The results confirmed the antioxidative properties of methionine.     

Reorientation of Microfibrils and Microtubules at the Outer Epidermal Wall of Maize Coleoptiles During Auxin-Mediated Growth

Auxin-mediated elongation growth of isolated subapical coleoptile segments of maize (Zea mays L.) is controlled by the extensibility of the outer cell wall of the outer epidermis (Kutschera et al., 1987). Here we investigate the hypothesis that auxin controls the extensibility of this wall by changing the orientation of newly deposited microfibrils through a corresponding change in the orientation of cortical microtubules. On the basis of electron micrographs it is shown that cessation of growth after removal of the endogenous source of auxin is correlated with a relative increase of longitudinally orientated microfibrils and microtubules at the inner wall surface. Conversely, reinduction of growth by exogenous auxin is correlated with a relative increase of transversely orientated microfibrils and microtubules at the inner wall surface. These changes can be detected 30–60 min after the removal and addition of auxin, respectively. The functional significance of directional changes of newly desposited wall microfibrils for the control of elongation growth is discussed.     

邻苯二甲酸二丁酯对翡翠贻贝抗氧化酶及脂质过氧化水平的影响

实验室条件下,研究了不同浓度邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)长期胁迫(15 d)对翡翠贻贝内脏团和外套膜抗氧化酶(超氧化物歧化酶SOD、过氧化氢酶CAT)及脂质过氧化(LPO)水平(以MDA含量表示)的影响,以及受胁迫翡翠贻贝在清洁海水中恢复阶段上述生化指标的变化特征.结果表明:胁迫阶段,0.5和2.5 mg.L-1DBP下翡翠贻贝内脏团SOD活性表现为先抑制后逐渐恢复,12.5和62.5 mg.L-1下则持续受到显著抑制;不同浓度组CAT活性均明显被抑制.LPO水平明显升高.外套膜中,2.5 mg.L-1下SOD活性受到持续诱导,其他浓度组则先被抑制,后随曝露时间延长逐渐被诱导;各浓度组CAT的变化波动较大,没有明显规律;而LPO水平明显升高.净化恢复阶段,12.5和62.5 mg.L-1DBP胁迫下的内脏团SOD和CAT活性恢复较慢,其LPO水平随时间延长逐渐恢复至对照组水平;外套膜中SOD活性呈持续升高趋势,CAT活性和LPO水平则随时间延长恢复到对照组水平.     

眶额叶微量注射谷氨酸和γ-氨基丁酸对胃运动的影响及其机制探讨

目的:研究眶额叶(OFC)的谷氨酸(Glu)和γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)含量变化对胃运动的影响及其调节神经机制。方法:实验采用了大鼠眶额叶微量注射给药,结合核团损毁的方法,以记录胃内压,统计胃收缩幅度作为胃运动变化的指标。结果:①OFC注射Glu可显著降低胃收缩幅度,损毁杏仁核后可反转该效应,胃收缩幅度显著增强;损毁蓝斑核后,Glu的作用无显著性变化。②OFC注射GABA可显著增强胃的收缩幅度,损毁蓝斑核后消除该效应;损毁杏仁核后,胃收缩幅度进一步增强。结论:外源性增加OFC区Glu含量导致的抑胃效应可能是通过增强了杏仁核的经常性抑胃作用而引起的;而增加OFC区GABA的含量引起的胃运动增强与蓝斑核密切相关。     

Comparison of the inhibitory potential towards carbonic anhydrase,acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase of chalcone and chalcone epoxide

Chalcones and chalcone epoxides are important synthetic intermediates in organic and medicinal chemistry. Chalcones possess a broad spectrum of biological activities; however, 1,3‐diphenyl‐2‐propenone or chalcone has not been given the attention it deserve as its substituted derivatives. In this study, the inhibition effects of chalcone and its epoxidated derivative chalcone epoxide against human carbonic anhydrase isozymes I and II (hCA I and hCA II), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) were evaluated. The results obtained showed that both compounds exhibited potent inhibitory activity, with IC₅₀ values less than 10 µM. IC ₅₀ values in the submicromolar (hCA I and hCA II) to low micromolar range (AChE and BuChE) were observed for both compounds. The mechanism of inhibition and the inhibitory constants ( K _i values) for each compound were also determined. Furthermore, chalcone epoxide was docked within the active sites of hCA I, hCA II, AChE, and BuChE to explore its binding mode with the enzymes.     

In vitro studies of the rabbit immune system. IV. Differential mitogen responses of isolated T and B cells.

The mitogenic responses of separated rabbit lymphocyte populations functionally analogous to mouse T and B cells have been tested in vitro. Purified T cells were prepared by passage over nylon wool (NW) and purified B cells prepared by treatment with antithymocyte serum and complement (ATS + C). ATS + C kills 70% of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL's) and 50% of the spleen cells while passage over NW yields 40% of the applied PBL's and 5–23% of the applied spleen cells. NW-purified T cells from the spleen or PBL's respond fully to concanavalin A (Con A) but have a reduced response to phytohemaglutinin (PHA) and little or no response to goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin (anti-Ig). PBL's that survive ATS + C (B cells) are stimulated by anti-Ig but not by Con A or PHA. B cells purified from spleen do not respond to Con A or PHA but will respond to anti-Ig under appropriate conditions. A full spleen B-cell response to anti-Ig required removal of Ig produced by the cultures that blocked anti-Ig stimulation. It is concluded that, for rabbit lymphocytes, Con A and PHA are primarily T-cell mitogens and that anti-Ig is primarily a B-cell mitogen. However, the mitogen response of unfractionated PBL or spleen cell populations indicates an overlap in reactivity. This could be due to cells sharing T and B properties, alteration of cell populations by the fractionation procedures used, or recruitment of one population in the presence of a mitogenic response of the other population.     

X-ray induction of dominant lethals in late spermatids and mature spermatozoa of Drosophila melanogaster: the role of oxygenation

The role of oxygenation in determining the sensitivity to the induction of dominant lethals was examined in late spermatids and mature spermatozoa of Drosophila melanogaster. 0–2-h-old or 7-day-old Oregon-K males were irradiated with different X-ray exposures in nitrogen, air or in oxygen and the frequencies of dominant lethals induced in these stages were studied. The results obtained confirm and extend Sobels' earlier observations and the interpretation derived therefrom namely, that under normal conditions in air, mature spermatozoa are characterised by a higher degree of oxygenation than late spermatids and this difference is sufficient to explain the differential response of these stages. Similar Oxygen-Enhancement-Ratios(OERs) (of about 2) were obtained for both the cell stages. The present data also revealed that late spermatids are significantly less sensitive than mature spermatozoa to the X-ray-induction of dominant lethals in a nitrogen atmosphere. A plausible mechanism is suggested to explain this observation.