通过根癌农杆菌介导法获得菊花转基因植株

以带叶茎段为外植体,通过根癌农杆菌介导法,将兔防御ＮＰ－１基因导入菊花品种“００１”中。经梯度卡那霉素（ｋａｎａｍｙｃｉｎ,Ｋｍ）筛选,获得了大量Ｋｍ抗性植株,其中部分Ｋｍ抗性植株经Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交鉴定为转基因植株。从而成功地建立了菊花遗传转化系统,为菊花分子育种奠定了基础。     

高效烟草遗传转化体系的建立及甜蛋白基因的导入

以烟草无菌茁叶片为外植体,通过根癌农杆菌LBA4404介导法,将Thamnatin基因导人烟草中,经梯度卡那霉素(Kana-mycin,Km)筛选,获得可在含75mg／L、100mg／L Km选择生根培养基上再生的抗性植株,其中部分Km抗性植株经PCR检测为阳性,转化率为31．3％,初步鉴定已成功地建立了烟草遗传转化系统,为进一步探讨甜蛋白在植物中的转化和表达情况奠定基础。     

菊花转抗虫基因植株的PCR快速鉴定

华中农业大学园艺与林学学院蒋细旺和包满球教授用PCR法快速鉴定了菊花转抗虫基因植株。他们对经过卡那霉素抗性筛选所得的菊花转苏云金芽孢杆菌蛋白Bt基因和转雪花莲外源凝集素GNA基因所得的抗性植株,利用改良SDS法提取菊花DNA,然后利用NPTII引物对6个菊花品种的抗性植株所得出的DNA进行PCR扩增,发现了符合NPTII基因片段大小的亮带,初步证实获得了转Bt基因和转GNA基因的菊花植株。     

几种白菜类蔬菜卡那霉素抗性的研究

标记基因的利用是筛选和鉴定基因转化的细胞、组织和转基因植株的有效方法。针对目前遗传转化中常用的卡那霉素(Km)抗性基因,对几种白菜类蔬菜的卡那霉素抗性作了较系统的探索,发现5.0 mg/L Km可完全抑制大白菜、小白菜及菜心子叶的再生;幼苗Km抗性测验表明各品种均表现出随着Km浓度的提高,子叶黄化率升高、根茎变短、鲜重减轻的趋势。白菜类蔬菜的卡那霉素抗性检测为遗传转化和阳性后代筛选奠定了基础。     

用PCR法快速鉴定菊花转抗虫基因的植株

在生产实际中,菊花受害虫的危害很严重,用化学农药防虫,会使害虫产生耐药性、农药残留、次要害虫上升等恶性循环。为解决这个问题国外有少数人做了研究,我国也已开始。华中农业大学园林学院和江汉大学医学与生命科学学院蒋细旺、包满珠先生对此课题做了研究,他们对曾经过卡那霉素抗性筛选所得的菊花转苏云金芽胞杆菌毒蛋白Bt基因和转雪花莲外源凝集素GNA基因所得的抗性植株,利用改良SDS法提取菊花DNA,再用引物NPTII对6个菊花品种的抗性植株所提出的DNA进行PCR扩增,发现了符合NPTII基因片段的大小条带,这可在我国第一次证实已获得了转Bt基因和转GNA基因的菊花新植株。     

豇豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂(CpTI)基因转化欧美杨的研究

本研究建立了欧美107杨的高频再生体系,用改良的根癌农杆菌介导法将豇豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂(CpTI)基因导入107杨中。经过严格的卡那霉素(Km)筛选,得到了Km抗性(Kmr)植株。对部分Kmr植株进行PCR及PCR-Southern杂交鉴定,证实CpTI基因已整合进杨树基因组中。转基因植株的饲虫实验表明,其中部分株系的叶片可在一定程度上抑制扁刺蛾幼虫的生长。     

光敏启动子控制的酵母Hem1基因在烟草中表达

拟南芥hemA1基因启动子是一种光响应型启动子,它控制着植物体内5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)昼夜节律型合成.将该启动子与酿酒酵母Hem1基因构建的二价载体转入烟草中,获得转基因植株.以转二价基因的烟草T0代种子为材料,用不同浓度卡那霉素(Km)溶液浸种,结果显示,种子发芽率和子叶绿化率随着Km浓度升高而降低.将1 000 mg·L-1Km溶液中长出的162株抗性植株移植至盆钵中培养,GUS检测出的阳性比率为92%.用特异引物PCR法检测Km抗性-GUS阳性植株,发现含有拟南芥HemA1基因启动子的比率为92.5%,含有酿酒酵母Hem1基因的比率为88%,含有二价重组基因的比率为84.2%.RT-PCR检测表明,Hem1基因在黑暗中的表达量明显低于光照下,证明光敏启动子有效地控制了结构基因Hem1的表达.生理指标分析表明,与野生型相比,转基因植株ALA合成速率、叶绿素含量明显增加,叶绿素b/a比值提高.野生型植株基部叶片SPAD值显著降低,而转基因植株基部叶片SPAD值保持较高水平.以上结果说明,外源二价基因已经成功整合到烟草基因组中,并且能够在光照条件下过量表达,合成过量ALA.     

‘神马’菊花DREB1A基因的分离及同源遗传转化

逆境诱导转录因子DREB1A基因在植物中的超量表达能够提高植株对低温、干旱、盐渍、高温等非生物胁迫的耐性。从菊花中克隆得到DgDREB1A基因,构建了转基因表达载体pBIG-DREB1A,并转入农杆菌LBA4404中;在建立了菊花高效再生体系的基础上,优化受体再生体系,通过根癌农杆菌介导将DgDREB1A基因转入切花菊‘神马’品种。PCR结果显示,在获得的38株卡那霉素抗性植株中有8株为阳性,表明外源基因已整合到转化植株基因组中,转化效率为3‰。本研究为培育综合抗逆性良好的菊花新品种奠定工作基础。     

洋桔梗的转基因研究

以叶盘为外植体,通过农杆菌菌株C58Cl(pPMP90)介导,开展了用植物表达载体pK2-35S-GFP(含GFP基因)转化洋桔梗(Eustoma russellianum)的研究。洋桔梗叶盘用农杆菌浸染15-20min,在共培养基上与农杆菌共培养2d后,转移到分化培养基上诱导愈伤组织。10d后选取部分叶盘在紫外灯下观察GFP的荧光亮点,结果80%以上的叶盘都有GFP的荧光亮点,说明农杆菌对叶盘的感染效率很高。在分化培养基上红花洋桔梗叶盘不定芽分化频率约为30%,把分化培养基上形成的小苗转移到含有Km(20mg/L)的生根培养基上,进行生根诱导筛选具有Km抗性的转基因植株,统计结果说明红花洋桔梗的转化效率为2.4%。随机选取4株具有Km抗性的洋桔梗植株进行PCR检测,结果均为阳性,证明GFP基因已整合到洋桔梗基因组中,选取经PCR检测为阳性的植株叶片,用激光共聚焦显微镜观察,结果发现有GFP的绿色荧光出现在叶片细胞质中,说明叶片中有GFP蛋白的表达,转化试验成功。     

ACC脱氨酶基因转化白兰瓜的初步研究

用带有ACC脱氨酶基因和卡那霉素抗性基因（NptⅡ,作为报告基因）的工程根癌农杆菌转化白兰瓜子叶。通过组织培养,得到具有卡那霉素（Km)抗性的再生小苗,经NptⅡ报告基因的PCR扩增,ACC脱氨酶基因的Southern点杂交以及ACC脱氨酶活性的生理生化检测可知,ACC脱氨酶基因已成功转入白兰瓜子叶再生小苗,而且不同植株的真叶中表现出不同水平的ACC脱氨酶活性。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.