国家自然科学基金委员会生命科学部2003年度资助自由申请科学基金项目一览表

项目 名称l 微生物学学科(72项)甲烷古菌资源和分子系统学研究通过分子分类修正和澄清链霉菌属分类系统中国西南地区粘菌的分类和区系研究中国乳菇属的分类研究中国毛霉科犁头霉属等七属的系统分类研究北京东灵山主要阔叶树内生真菌研究中国梅衣类地衣分类研究中国蜜环菌属的系统学研究中国鳞伞属(j)holiota)真菌的系统分类研究斑痣盘菌科及相关类群分子系统学研究海南主要自然保护区烟煤菌物种多样性研究提高结晶纤维索酶解转化率的研究火菇索抗肿瘤靶位点的确定及其分子改造的研究肌醇和磷脂酰肌醇在不同酵母种的不同胞外酶分泌调控中的 …     

法国蜜环菌ISSR-PCR反应体系的优化

本文用单因子试验分析了基于ISSR(Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat)分子标记研究法国蜜环菌系统发生学的PCR(Polymerase Chain Reaction)扩增反应条件,并进行了引物筛选,同时对各个引物的退火温度以及甲酰胺对扩增效果的影响进行了讨论。为利用ISSR标记技术研究蜜环菌生物种的系统发生学、遗传多样性及种质资源提供了参考。     

基于K-均值算法模型的区域土壤数值化分类及预测制图

根据封丘县土壤发生学特点遴选质地、有机质、土壤颜色、pH值、电导率和土壤发生层厚度等作为土壤属性向量,运用k-均值算法模型,对研究区40个土壤剖面样本实施数值化分类,并依据《中国土壤系统分类检索》确定算法模型输出的5个中心土壤剖面的系统分类归属。基于40个样本土壤剖面剖面与各中心剖面类型之间的分类距离,应用地统计学手段预测研究区空间任意位置的土壤与各中心剖面分类距离,完成研究区土壤数值化连续分类并在空间上实现可视化表达。在此基础上,运用去模糊化手段,“硬化”连续分类边界,获得可与传统土壤制图互为参比的研究区土壤预测制图,并对输出结果进行了土壤发生学解释。本研究表明,土壤数值化分类手段与地统计学随机模型相结合可以实现区域土壤的空间预测,且预测制图比传统土壤制图蕴含更加丰富的信息。     

国家自然科学基金委员会生命科学部2002年度资助自由申请科学基金项目一览表

项 目 名称1 微生物学学科(80项)木本豆科植物根瘤菌分类和系统发育研究放线菌种分类单元及种内菌株的分子分类指征的评价我国酸性土壤中链霉菌的选择分离与快速鉴定稀有放线菌的系统分类中国西部荒漠地衣及其固沙生物学研究中国灵芝属分子系统学研究隔指孢属(D0c吲eff0 Grove)系统分类研究中国团毛菌目粘菌系统分类研究虫草属的遗传多样性与进化生物学研究滇黔桂喀斯特地区大型真菌区系调查与分类学研究拟青霉属真菌资源调查及其分类研究中国东部地区土壤中暗色丝孢菌属、种调查中国嗜热真菌分类研究北方保护地土壤真菌生物多样性的研究植…     

遗传标记及其在林木研究中的应用

遗传标记经历了形态标记、细胞学标记、生化标记和分子标记等4个阶段,其中分子标记的发展最为迅猛和有效。本文比较了几种主要分子标记方法的特点,为更好地利用分子标记提供了理论依据,并对分子标记在林木遗传多样性研究、遗传育种、DNA指纹图谱的构建、亲缘关系鉴定及分类研究等方面的应用做了介绍。     

蛋白编码基因在细菌分类学中的应用

为弥补16S rDNA在细菌分类应用中的不足,人们应用了一些编码重要蛋白的看家基因作为系统分类的分子标记。蛋白编码基因具有分辨能力强、准确度高、与基因组一致性好等优点,在近缘菌株的鉴别中效果突出,与其他分类标记结合使用则能够取得更加出色的成效。同时,介绍蛋白编码基因在细菌分类和相关技术中的应用情况,并对这一工具的发展前景作展望。     

鼢鼠亚科 Mysopalacinae动物系统学研究现状与展望

现生鼢鼠是分布于东亚的一类典型地下啮齿动物,中国西部是其多个种的模式产地和主要分布区域。该类动物分布广、数量多,经济和生态意义重要,有关其控制和管理问题长期存有困扰。有效的物种管理离不开分类及生态学知识,但学界对该类群的分类地位与系统发育关系等至今仍有争议。随着分子系统学等现代科学技术的发展,其系统发育和分类地位等产生了许多新的研究结果。本文对近年来鼢鼠现存种系统学方面取得的研究进展进行了梳理,综述了鼢鼠亚科动物各系统分类的观点及其主要依据,分析了一些存在的问题,并就如何进一步分类研究等提出了建议,旨在促进鼢鼠亚科动物系统分类学研究的发展,为该类群物种资源合理利用与管理等提供基础资料。     

科学出版社科学出版中心生命科学分社新书推介

分子系统发生学书号:978-7-03-033026-0/Q.2820作者:黄原定价:$120分子系统发生学是应用分子数据重建系统发生关系的学科.本书全面系统地论述了分子系统发生学的基础、原理、方法及应用.分子系统发生学是当前生命科学的一个热点领域,本书是作者20余年来在系统发生学领域研究和教学的     

分子标记技术在水杉研究中的应用

简述同工酶,RELP和以PCR为基础的RAPD,SCAR,SSR这几种分子标记在水杉的研究中应用现状,着重分析将分子标记应用于水杉（属）系统分类研究中的前景。     

分子标记在烟粉虱蚜小蜂分类中的应用

本对分子标记技术在烟粉虱寄生蜂——蚜小蜂分类中的应用进行了概述,包括利用随机扩增多态性DNA、限制性片段长度多态性和DNA测序等技术对蚜小蜂进行分子鉴定;利用核糖体28s rDNA D2与D3扩展区、线粒体细胞色素氧化酶、核糖体内转录间隔区等DNA序列分析研究蚜小蜂的系统进化等。对分子标记在蚜小蜂分子鉴定和系统进化研究中取得的进展进行了简述。     

A review of the bladed Bangiales (Rhodophyta) in China: history,culture and taxonomy

In this paper, we review cultural history, mariculture and taxonomic work to date for Porphyra sensu lato (bladed Bangiales) in China. The bladed Bangiales are a red seaweed group with high species biodiversity and economic value. In China, species occur along the length of the coast and are highly integrated into the country’s culture. Chinese people have used the bladed Bangiales as food and pharmaceuticals for about 1700 years with many references to these seaweeds in ancient books. The mariculture of bladed Bangiales in China also has a long history and an industry has been established based on some species, notably Pyropia yezoensis. The scientific study of the taxonomy of the bladed Bangiales in China began in the late 1920s and to date, based on morphological identification, 25 species and five varieties have been recorded for China, of which 12 species are considered to be endemic to the country. The majority of species have distribution data showing evidence of possible changes due to increasing water temperatures along the coast. The global biodiversity of the bladed Bangiales has been revealed using molecular approaches. This points to the need for molecular taxonomy of Chinese material to document species diversity and distribution, particularly as it includes the wild stocks for seaweed cultivation and because coastal habitats are increasingly impacted by the increasing human population and an expanding mariculture industry. There is a considerable body of literature on the bladed Bangiales in China, but much of it is Chinese and in obscure publications, so we review it here for the benefit of readers worldwide.     

COI-based DNA barcoding of Arcoida species (Bivalvia: Pteriomorphia) along the coast of China

DNA barcoding is a promising tool for the rapid and unambiguous identification of species. Some arcoid species are particularly difficult to distinguish with traditional morphological identification owing to phenotypic variation and the existence of closely related taxa. Here, we apply DNA barcoding based on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I gene (COI) to arcoid species collected from the coast along China. Combining morphology with molecular data indicates the 133 specimens of Arcoida could be assigned to 24 species. Because of the deep genetic divergence within Tegillarca granosa, there was an overlap between genetic variation within species and variation between species. Nevertheless, NJ and Bayesian trees showed that all species fell into reciprocally monophyletic clades with high bootstrap values. Our results evidence that the COI marker can efficiently identify species, correct mistakes caused by morphological identification and reveal genetic differentiation among populations within species. This study provides a clear example of the usefulness of barcoding for arcoid identification. Furthermore, it also lays a foundation for other biological and ecological studies of Arcoida.     

控制水稻胚乳淀粉合成代谢若干关键酶基因对花后高温的响应表达

以稻米品质温度敏感型的早籼稻品种嘉早935为材料,利用人工气候箱控温试验和实时荧光定量PCR技术,探讨了不同灌浆温度(日均温分别为22和32 ℃)处理下胚乳淀粉分支酶(SBE)、淀粉去分支酶(DBE)和淀粉合酶(SS)的10个同工型基因(sbe1、sbe3、sbe4、pul、isa1、isa2、isa3、Wx、sss1和sss2a)的相对表达量差异及动态变化特征.结果表明: 淀粉合成相关功能基因对水稻灌浆期高温胁迫的响应表达方式存在明显差异,而且因同工型的类型而不同.在高温处理下,sbe1和sbe3的相对表达量显著下降,二者属于SBE类基因中对高温胁迫较敏感的主要同工型;DBE基因中,pul属于高表达的同工型,而且其对高温胁迫响应比isa1、isa2和isa3敏感;在Wx、sss1和sss2a中,sss2a的相对表达量显著低于sss1和Wx, 但sss2a和sss1对高温胁迫响应比Wx敏感,因此二者可能也是高温胁迫对胚乳淀粉结构进行调控的重要位点,尤其在水稻灌浆的中后期发挥重要作用.     

Mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis from multiple gene fragments reveals genetic heterogeneity of Crassostrea ariakensis in East Asia

The native Asian oyster, Crassostrea ariakensis is one of the most common and important Crassostrea species that occur naturally along the coast of East Asia. Molecular species diagnosis is a prerequisite for population genetic analysis of wild oyster populations because oyster species cannot be discriminated reliably using external morphological characters alone due to character ambiguity. To date there have been few phylogeographic studies of natural edible oyster populations in East Asia, in particular this is true of the common species in Korea C. ariakensis. We therefore assessed the levels and patterns of molecular genetic variation in East Asian wild populations of C. ariakensis from Korea, Japan, and China using DNA sequence analysis of five concatenated mtDNA regions namely; 16S rRNA, cytochrome oxidase I, cytochrome oxidase II, cytochrome oxidase III, and cytochrome b. Two divergent C. ariakensis clades were identified between southern China and remaining sites from the northern region. In addition, hierarchical AMOVA and pairwise Φ _ST analyses showed that genetic diversity was discontinuous among wild populations of C. ariakensis in East Asia. Biogeographical and historical sea level changes are discussed as potential factors that may have influenced the genetic heterogeneity of wild C. ariakensis stocks across this region.     

Massive settlements of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, in Scandinavia

The Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) is an important aquaculture species world-wide. Due to its wide environmental tolerance and high growth rate, it has also become a successful invader in many areas, leading to major ecosystem changes. Low water temperatures were previously believed to restrict the establishment of Pacific oysters in Scandinavia. However, recent surveys reveal that the Pacific oyster is now established in many areas in Scandinavia. The biomass of oysters in the Danish Wadden Sea has increased dramatically between 2005 and 2007, large numbers were observed along the Swedish west coast from settlement in 2006, and in Norway, populations are established along the southwest coast to 60°N.     

Habitat Differences in Marine Invasions of Central California

We carried out a two-part investigation that revealed habitat differences in marine invertebrate invasions. First, we compared invasion levels of hard vs soft substrata in Elkhorn Slough, an estuary in Central California, by comparing abundance and richness of native vs exotic species in quantitative samples from each habitat type. Our results revealed that the hard substrata were much more heavily invaded than the soft substrata. Nearly all the hard substrata in Elkhorn Slough, as in most estuaries along the Pacific coast of North America, are artificial (jetties, rip-rap, docks). Some exotic species may by chance be better adapted to this novel habitat type than are natives. Two major vectors responsible for marine introductions, oyster culturing and ship-hull fouling, are also more likely to transport species associated with hard vs soft substrata. Secondly, we compared estuarine and open coast invasion rates. We examined species richness in Elkhorn Slough and adjacent rocky intertidal habitats along the Central California coast. The absolute number of exotic species in the estuary was an order of magnitude higher than along the open coast (58 vs 8 species), as was the percentage of the invertebrate fauna that was exotic (11% vs 1%). Estuaries on this coast are geologically young, heavily altered by humans, and subject to numerous transport vectors bringing invasive propagules: all these factors may explain why they are strikingly more invaded than the open coast. The finding that the more species rich habitat – the open coast – is less invaded is in contrast to many terrestrial examples, where native and exotic species richness appear to be positively correlated at a broad geographic scale.     

Identifying the true oysters (Bivalvia: Ostreidae) with mitochondrial phylogeny and distance-based DNA barcoding

Oysters (family Ostreidae), with high levels of phenotypic plasticity and wide geographic distribution, are a challenging group for taxonomists and phylogenetics. As a useful tool for molecular species identification, DNA barcoding might offer significant potential for oyster identification and taxonomy. This study used two mitochondrial fragments, cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) and the large ribosomal subunit (16S rDNA), to assess whether oyster species could be identified by phylogeny and distance-based DNA barcoding techniques. Relationships among species were estimated by the phylogenetic analyses of both genes, and then pairwise inter- and intraspecific genetic divergences were assessed. Species forming well-differentiated clades in the molecular phylogenies were identical for both genes even when the closely related species were included. Intraspecific variability of 16S rDNA overlapped with interspecific divergence. However, average intra- and interspecific genetic divergences for COI were 0-1.4% (maximum 2.2%) and 2.6-32.2% (minimum 2.2%), respectively, indicating the existence of a barcoding gap. These results confirm the efficacy of species identification in oysters via DNA barcodes and phylogenetic analysis.     

红树植物多样性及其研究进展

红树植物是分布于热带、亚热带海岸潮间的木本植物群落。因因适应海岸带和作的生长环境形成了独特的形态结构和生理生态特性。红树林是海岸有重要价值的湿地。论述了红树植物的物 多样性、适应多样性、物侯多样性以及分子水平的多样性及其研究进展。     

Accounting for molecular stochasticity in systematic revisions: Species limits and phylogeny of Paroaria

Different frameworks have been proposed for using molecular data in systematic revisions, but there is ongoing debate on their applicability, merits and shortcomings. In this paper we examine the fit between morphological and molecular data in the systematic revision of Paroaria, a group of conspicuous songbirds endemic to South America. We delimited species based on examination of >600 specimens, and developed distance-gap, and distance- and character-based coalescent simulations to test species limits with molecular data. The morphological and molecular data collected were then analyzed using parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian phylogenetics. The simulations were better at evaluating the new species limits than using genetic distances. Species diversity within Paroaria had been underestimated by 60%, and the revised genus comprises eight species. Phylogenetic analyses consistently recovered a congruent topology for the most recently derived species in the genus, but the most basal divergences were not resolved with these data. The systematic and phylogenetic hypotheses developed here are relevant to both setting conservation priorities and understanding the biogeography of South America.