菜豆病程相关蛋白基因在重金属胁迫下的表达分析

为探讨植物抗重金属的分子机理 ,差别筛选了 Hg Cl2 胁迫的菜豆 ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.)叶片 c DNA库 ,分离出一个重金属胁迫响应基因 Pv SR4克隆 .c DNA和氨基酸序列分析表明 Pv SR4编码一种细胞内病程相关蛋白 ,该蛋白具有 RNase活性 .Northern blot分析表明 Pv SR4基因在正常生长条件下的叶片中不表达 ,重金属 ( Hg、Cd、As、Zn和 Cu等 )和水杨酸能强烈地诱导其基因的表达 ,受伤也能促进该基因的转录 ,而热胁迫几乎没有调节作用 .推测 Pv SR4蛋白在诱导植物的抗逆性和抵抗重金属胁迫方面有重要作用     

甘蔗金属硫蛋白基因(ScMT2-1-4)的克隆及表达分析

从甘蔗热带种Badila(Saccharum officinarum L.)中克隆获得1个2型金属硫蛋白基因的c DNA序列,命名为Sc MT2-1-4(Gen Bank登录号:KJ504375)。生物信息学分析显示,Sc MT2-1-4基因c DNA长459 bp,开放读码框为243 bp,编码80个氨基酸,富含14个半胱氨酸残基。推导的Sc MT2-1-4蛋白为亲水性蛋白,分子量为7.82 k D,等电点为5.59,该蛋白的二级结构由无规则卷曲和延伸链构成。实时荧光定量PCR检测结果显示,Sc MT2-1-4基因是重金属胁迫的快速响应基因,其对Cu2+、Zn2+和Cd2+胁迫的应答模式提示了:甘蔗不同组织中Sc MT2-1-4对Cu2+胁迫应答的分功不同;Sc MT2-1-4对甘蔗抵御Zn2+胁迫起积极的作用;但该基因不直接参与甘蔗对Cd2+的螯合和解毒的过程。研究结果有助于进一步深入探究MT2基因在甘蔗应答重金属胁迫过程中的作用,为阐明甘蔗富集和耐受重金属的分子机制研究奠定基础。     

菜豆泛肽基因在生物和非生物胁迫下的表达

差别筛选HgCl2胁迫处理的菜豆（Phaseolus vulgaris L.）幼苗叶片cDNA库,分离出1个重金属胁迫响应基因PvSR52克隆,其cDNA长度为281bp。cDNA和氨基酸序列同源性分析表明PvSR52编码一种多聚泛肽。Southern blot结果表明菜豆泛肽可能由少数基因编码。Northern blot分析表明多聚泛肽叶片中表达较少;重金属Hg、Cd和As等、过量的Zn和Cu及高温、病毒侵染和水杨酸等环境胁迫均能强烈地刺激其在叶片中的表达。推测泛肽水解系统在提高植物的抗塑性方面有重要作用。     

大豆镉运输相关GmNramp1基因的克隆与表达

土壤主要污染物中的重金属镉(Cd)已被列为优先关注污染物以及人类致癌物之一,会影响农作物的生长发育,并且可以通过食物链进入人体,影响人类健康。已有研究表明,在模式植物拟南芥和水稻中,Nramp蛋白家族在重金属镉吸收转运和调控过程中起到了关键作用,但在大豆中尚未有该基因参与重金属镉吸收和转运的报道。通过大豆数据库的分析,发现了一个Nramp家族基因,命名为Gm Nramp1(Glyma07g02680)。RT-PCR分析结果表明,在不同时间75μmol·L-1Cd Cl2处理的大豆根、子叶、胚轴和叶中Gm Nramp1基因均下调表达,而且在Cd处理的根系转录组测序分析中也得到了相似的结果。这些结果说明,Gm Nramp1基因可能在大豆中参与Cd吸收或转运过程。该研究为大豆抗重金属育种提供理论基础和基因资源。     

菜豆多聚泛肽基因在重金属胁迫下的表达

差别筛选HgCl2胁迫的菜豆(PhaseolusvulgarisL.)幼苗叶片cDNA库,分离出两个重金属胁迫相应基因PvSR5和PvSR51(Phaseolusvulgarisstress_relatedgene)片段。cDNA和氨基酸序列分析表明PvSR5和PvSR51分别编码一种多聚泛肽。Northernblot分析表明多聚泛肽是组成性表达蛋白,主要在根中表达,叶片和茎中表达较少;Hg、Cd、Cu和Zn等重金属、高温和水杨酸能强烈地刺激其在叶片中的表达,而受伤几乎没有影响。推测多聚泛肽在抵抗重金属胁迫和提高植物的抗逆性方面有重要作用。     

重金属胁迫对毛竹种子萌发及其富集效应的影响

以毛竹种子为供试材料,研究4种重金属(Pb2+、Zn2+、Cu2+、Cd2+)胁迫对毛竹种子萌发的影响,并考察重金属在毛竹幼苗各组织部分的富集情况。结果表明:(1)Pb2+和Cd2+对毛竹种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数及活力指数有抑制作用,低浓度下Cu2+和Zn2+对毛竹种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数等指标有促进作用,高浓度则显著抑制;当浓度达到1600μmol/L时Cd2+对种子萌发的抑制效果明显强于其他3种元素;(2)选取根尖数、根表面积、根体积、根系总长4个根系形态指标发现,低浓度处理下Pb2+、Zn2+对根系生长有促进作用,而Cu2+和Cd2+起到明显的抑制作用;(3)处理10d后,种子萌发幼苗地上部对Pb2+、Zn2+、Cu2+、Cd2+的含量最高可达6810.51、1387.77、951.77、429.33 mg/kg,转移系数Zn2+Cd2+Pb2+Cu2+。综上,系统揭示了毛竹种子在重金属胁迫下的萌发和富集情况,为今后的土培、大田试验提供了有益的参考,也为将毛竹作为植物修复材料加以研究开启了新的研究视角,具有重要的研究价值。     

重金属镉和铅胁迫对海洋微藻的毒性效应研究

设置不同浓度的重金属Cd2+(0、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8和1 mg•L-1)和Pb2+(0、0.1、0.2、0. 4、0.8和1.6 mg•L-1)胁迫处理, 检测米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)的生长生理情况, 分析重金属胁迫对海洋微藻生长的毒性效应, 探讨超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)等对重金属胁迫的缓解作用。研究结果发现, 重金属Cd2+和Pb2+对米氏凯伦藻具有较强的毒性, 随着重金属浓度的提高, 细胞生长受到毒害作用增强; 而米氏凯伦藻对重金属Cd2+和Pb2+胁迫具有一定的适应性。重金属Cd2+和Pb2+胁迫导致米氏凯伦藻细胞的叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量下降(1.6 mg•L-1 Pb2+胁迫除外), 类胡萝卜素含量提高, 最大光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)下降, 表明重金属胁迫抑制藻的光合作用, 影响藻的生长繁殖。丙二醛(MDA)随着重金属Cd2+和Pb2+浓度提高而升高, 说明重金属引起藻细胞膜透性增加, 藻细胞遭受破坏。SOD活性整体呈现先升高后下降(或与对照持平)的趋势, 提示海洋微藻的抗氧化酶系统在低浓度重金属胁迫下产生应激性反应, 酶活性增强; 而CAT活性上升, 也对藻细胞起到保护作用, 推测两者共同反应, 以缓解藻体遭受的重金属毒害作用。结果可为了解重金属胁迫对海洋微藻的毒性效应提供参考。     

大豆GmNFYB1基因功能预测及表达分析

本研究对大豆Gm NFYB1(Glyma02g17310)进行基因功能和表达分析,利用Plant CARE分析启动子元件发现,在基因启动子序列中含有多个与ABA、抗旱、光反应相关的元件。在The Bio-Analytic Resource for Plant Biology数据库中分析了Gm NFYB1的同源基因At NFYB5在不同逆境胁迫和不同激素处理时的基因表达情况,表明该基因表达具有组织表达特异性,参与盐胁迫、渗透胁迫等反应。Gm NFYB1在大豆的q RT-PCR结果表明,该基因受ABA、Na Cl、PEG诱导上调表达,参与大豆抗逆反应。     

大豆ERF转录因子基因GmERF8的克隆与表达分析

ERF转录因子广泛存在于植物中并且参与植物应对生物及非生物胁迫的响应。本研究利用RT-PCR技术从大豆中克隆获得1个新的ERF转录因子基因Gm ERF8,开放阅读框全长627 bp,编码1个由208个氨基酸残基组成的分子量为23.43 k D的蛋白。蛋白结构预测发现,该蛋白含有1个典型的AP2/ERF结合域,2个预测的核定位信号和1个保守的EAR抑制元件。进化分析表明Gm ERF8蛋白与烟草Nt ERF3蛋白的同源性最高。实时荧光定量PCR表明,Gm ERF8在大豆的根和叶中表达量较高。ABA、高盐和低温处理均使Gm ERF8表达量下降;乙烯(ET)和干旱处理则使Gm ERF8的表达量先下降后升高。转录调节能力分析结果显示,Gm ERF8可以抑制报告基因的表达。上述实验结果表明,Gm ERF8可能作为转录抑制子参与大豆对环境胁迫的应答。     

过量表达拟南芥AtGCS可以提高E.coli的重金属耐受性及富集能力(英文)北大核心CSCD

谷胱甘肽(GSH)是一类在生物体内广泛存在,并且是十分重要的重金属毒害保护剂之一。本研究将编码拟南芥γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸合成酶基因AtGCS(GSH合成的关键酶之一)转化到大肠杆菌(BL21)中,通过IPTG诱导过量表达TrxA-AtGCS融合蛋白来分析AtGCS在提高大肠杆菌重金属耐受性方面的作用。过量表达TrxA的大肠杆菌被用作对照。研究结果表明,在1 mmol.L-1Cd2+、Zn2+或Cu2+重金属胁迫下,过量表达TrxA-AtGCS的大肠杆菌细胞的生长状态要明显优于表达TrxA的对照细胞。同时,过量表达TrxA-AtGCS的大肠杆菌表现出超出对照细胞5倍以上的Cd2+、Zn2+和Cu2+累积量和4倍以上的GSH含量,其中,高于对照10倍的Cd2+富集量尤为明显。因而可以得出结论,拟南芥AtGCS的大量表达大大提升了大肠杆菌的谷胱甘肽含量,从而使GSH可以直接或间接地富集更多的重金属离子,进而提高了大肠杆菌对重金属逆境的抗性。     

Inhibition of photosynthesis in Phaseolus vulgaris by treatment with toxic concentrations of zinc: effects on electron transport and photophosphorylation

Dwarf beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Limburgse Vroege) were grown on a nutrient medium containing a toxic non-lethal ZnSO₄ concentration. The electron transport and photophosphorylation activities of chloroplasts, isolated from these beans, and from control plants, grown under standard nutrient conditions, were compared. Electron transport was significantly inhibited by Zn²⁺ treatment. Photosystem 2 activity proved to be more sensitive than photosystem 1 activity.
Inhibition was dependent on electron flow rate. Activity was fully restored with semicarbazide. EDTA-washed thylakoid membranes were strongly manganese-deficient. The results suggest that photolysis of water was primarily inhibited, due to a zinc-induced deficiency in loosely bound manganese at the water-splitting site. Manganese is probably substituted by zinc, since the zinc content of thylakoids increased five-fold. Non-cyclic photophosphorylation capacity was also limited as a result of inhibition of electron transport. Phosphorylation efficiency (ATP/2e ratio) involving both energy conserving sites was hardly affected.     

Identification and characterization of Cr-, Cd-, and Ni-tolerant bacteria isolated from mine tailings

Eleven bacterial strains were isolated from soil samples collected from mine tailings. Bacterial strains were checked for tolerance against heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni), using the agar dilution method. All the strains showed multiple tolerances against heavy metals, but the most promising results appeared in strains BCr3, BCd33, and BNi11: they were tolerant to 15 mM of Cr⁶⁺, 7.5 mM of Cd²⁺, and 10 mM of Ni²⁺, respectively. The effect of heavy metals on bacterial growth was tested together with their ability to grow in different pH, NaCl, and temperature values. Bacterial isolates grew well between pH 7.5 and 8.5. The optimum temperature for maximum growth was between 35 and 37°C, and no significant change in bacterial growth was observed in the presence of 2% NaCl. In addition, the bioaccumulation potential of bacterial strains was investigated. Bacterial strains BCr3, BCd33, and BNi11 showed high bioaccumulation ability of Cr (68.7%), Cd (72.4%), and Ni (69.8%), respectively. All bacterial isolates were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Analysis of plasmid content revealed that all bacterial isolates contained a single plasmid. Further, polymerase chain reaction together with DNA sequence analysis was used to screen all bacterial strains for the presence metal tolerance genes (czcD, chrA, chrB, czcB, czcC, nccA, and cadA) on both plasmid and chromosomal genomes.     

The Effect of Bamboo Charcoal Application on Soil Nutrients and Heavy Metals in Rice

Soil heavy metal pollution is becoming more and more serious. Biomass charcoal application can play an important role in alleviating the toxicity of heavy metals in soils. Compared with other biochar, bamboo charcoal has more unique properties and may have a unique effect on heavy metal pollution. Zhejiang Province of Southeastern China is rich in bamboo resources. However, few studies related to bamboo charcoal application for heavy metal remediation in farmland were reported. In this study, four treatments with different amounts of bamboo charcoal application were set up through a field experiment, namely BC0 (no bamboo charcoal application), BC1 (2500 kg⋅ha⁻¹), BC2 (5000 kg⋅ha⁻¹), and BC3 (10000 kg⋅ha⁻¹), and each treatment was replicated three times. The results showed that (1) The application of bamboo charcoal significantly increased the soil pH and organic matter content. Compared with BC0, the pH and organic content of BC3 increased by 7.4% and 17.4% (P < 0.05) respectively. (2) The HCl-extractable Cd content of paddy soil in the BC1 treatment was significantly lower than other treatments (P < 0.05), and decreased by 15.3%, compared with BC0. The soil HCl-extractable Zn and Cu content did not differ significantly between treatments (P > 0.05). (3) With the increase of bamboo charcoal application, the Cd content in rice gradually decreased, the BC3 treatment significantly decreased by 39.0% (P < 0.05), and the Zn and Cu contents in rice did not differ significantly between treatments (P > 0.05), compared with BC0. (4) Soil pH, organic matter and Cd in rice seeds were significantly negatively correlated (P < 0.01). The heavy metal content in rice does not change with the change of heavy metal content with HCl-extractable state in soil. It means bamboo charcoal does not reduce heavy metal content in rice by simply declining the heavy metal content with HCl-extractable state. The mechanism of action is relatively complicated, and further study is needed.     

郑汴路路旁土壤-小麦系统重金属积累及其健康风险评价

按离路基不同距离采集土壤、麦苗和籽粒样品, 在测定样品重金属 (Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr和Cu) 的基础上, 开展了路旁土壤-小麦系统重金属分布、积累和污染状况分析, 并对膳食小麦 (Triticumaestivum) 引起的健康风险进行了评价。结果表明:1) 土壤-小麦系统重金属含量随着离开路基距离的增加呈先增加后减少的趋势, 土壤重金属含量>麦苗重金属含量>籽粒重金属含量。2) 麦苗和小麦籽粒对土壤重金属富集能力的大小顺序均为Cu>Cd>Zn>Pb>Cr, 麦苗对重金属的富集能力大于小麦籽粒。3) 膳食小麦所致的Cd个人健康风险较大。     

重金属在拟水狼蛛体内的分布及对其体内抗氧化酶活性的影响

为了探明重金属在拟水狼蛛Pirata subpiraticus体内的分布及对其体内抗氧化酶活性的影响,本研究于2009年6月在河南南阳地区5种不同生境下,共采集50份土壤样本和300头拟水狼蛛样本,采用原子吸收光谱法测定了5种不同生境下雄雌拟水狼蛛体内重金属的分布、GSH含量以及GST,CAT和SOD的活性。结果表明：5个采集样点（S1, S2, S3, S4和S5） 拟水狼蛛体内重金属（Cd,Pb,Cu和Zn）的含量差异显著（P<0.05）。同一地点拟水狼蛛体内重金属（Cd,Pb,Cu和Zn）的含量不同身体部位差异显著（P<0.05）,头胸部>足部>腹部,同一地点雄性拟水狼蛛重金属含量显著高于雌性（P<0.05）。在重金属胁迫下,重金属含量高（S1,S2,S3和S4）的拟水狼蛛体内GSH 含量显著高于参照组（S5）,雄性GSH 含量高于雌性（P<0.05）。对于不同身体部位,GSH 含量差异显著,头胸部GSH 含量最高,其次为足部,腹部含量最低;GSH 含量与重金属含量显著正相关（r2=0.9854,P<0.05）。对于GST,CAT和SOD,重金属含量高则酶活性低,雄性酶活性显著低于雌性,不同身体部位酶活差异不显著;GST,CAT和SOD酶活性与重金属（Cd和Pb或者Pb）含量显著负相关。因此检测拟水狼蛛不同身体部位的酶活性变化就可知环境中重金属的污染程度,拟水狼蛛可以作为重金属污染的重要监测指示生物。     

蚯蚓作用下污泥重金属形态变化及其与化学生物学性质变化的关系

城市污泥处理是一项世界性难题,污泥农业利用是其最简单有效的资源化利用方式之一,但污泥中较高的重金属含量限制了其实际推广应用,利用蚯蚓-超富集植物联合修复污泥重金属的方法已引起国内外研究者的关注。以新鲜城市脱水污泥为研究对象,接种赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)进行室内培养试验,系统研究蚯蚓作用下污泥重金属形态的变化,及其与污泥氧化还原条件、化学和微生物性质变化的关系,以期为蚯蚓-超富集植物联合修复技术在污泥重金属处理中的应用提供理论依据。结果表明,试验前期蚯蚓在污泥中能正常生长和存活,前20 d总生物量增加了52%。蚯蚓可以显著促进污泥中的Cu、Zn、Cd、Ni等重金属从残渣态和铁锰态等稳定形态向交换态和水溶态等有效形态转化。还可以显著降低污泥中还原性物质的含量,减缓p H值下降速度,降低总有机碳含量,促进铵态氮向硝态氮转化,减少污泥微生物的数量并增加其种群活性。蚯蚓作用下,污泥中重金属的活化程度与还原性物质的含量呈显著负相关,而与微生物种群的活性呈显著正相关(P0.05)。综上所述,蚯蚓可以促进污泥重金属的活化,并改善污泥的肥力条件,为修复植物在污泥中的正常生长和对重金属离子的快速吸收提供有利条件。     

Phytochelatin synthesis plays a similar role in shoots of the cadmium hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii as in non‐resistant plants

Phytochelatin (PC) synthesis is considered necessary for Cd tolerance in non‐resistant plants, but roles for PCs in hyper‐accumulating species are currently unknown. In the present study, the relationship between PC synthesis and Cd accumulation was investigated in the Cd hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii Hance. PCs were most abundant in leaves followed by stems, but hardly detected by the reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in roots. Both PC synthesis and Cd accumulation were time‐dependent and a linear correlation between the two was established with about 1:15 PCs : Cd stoichiometry in leaves. PCs were found in the elution fractions, which were responsible for Cd peaks in the anion exchange chromatograph assay. About 5% of the total Cd was detected in these elution fractions as PCs were found. Most Cd was observed in the cell wall and intercellular space of leaf vascular cells. These results suggest that PCs do not detoxify Cd in roots of S. alfredii. However, like in non‐resistant plants, PCs might act as the major intracellular Cd detoxification mechanism in shoots of S. alfredii.     

水体重金属污染植物修复研究进展

植物修复技术作为一种废水处理新技术,具有投资少、效果好、产出高、环境效益好等优点,现已得到迅速发展及广泛应用。介绍了水生超富集植物的3种生态类型,造成水体污染重金属元素类型,植物应答重金属污染的检测方法,并对植物修复水体重金属污染的发展前景提出展望。