草坪修复污泥中重金属的研究与应用

植物修复凭借低成本和环境友好的优点,在土壤修复中担任着至关重要的角色。将营养成分高且产量巨大的市政污泥用于园林栽培基质,不仅可以降低其处置成本,还可通过植物修复降低其重金属风险。本文对污泥中重金属的含量地域分布与形态特征、草坪草的生长特性及其对重金属的富集特征进行了论述,探讨了草坪富集重金属的影响因素,为污泥资源化以及后期草坪草修复土壤重金属提供技术支撑,对深入研究污泥中重金属修复及污泥的资源化利用具有指导意义。     

根分泌物在污染土壤生物修复中的作用

对根分泌物在植物根际微生态环境中 ,通过土壤 植物 微生物系统协同作用高效修复重金属和有机污染土壤的环境过程与机理进行了综述。根分泌物在重金属污染土壤植物修复中的作用主要表现在活化污染区重金属元素 ,使固定态转化为植物可吸收态 ,大大提高了重金属的植物有效性 ,通过植物的超积累作用 ,降低土壤中重金属污染物的含量 ;此外 ,根分泌物也可以和重金属形成稳定的螯合体 ,降低他们在土壤中的移动性 ,起到固定和钝化作用。对于有机污染物 ,根分泌物一方面为根际的微生物提供了丰富的营养和能源 ,使植物根际的微生物数量和代谢活力比非根际区高 ,增强了微生物对环境中的有机污染物的降解能力 ;另一方面植物根分泌到根际的酶系统可直接参与有机污染物降解的生化过程 ,提高降解效率。并对此领域今后研究工作的方向做了探讨     

微生物与重金属间的相互作用及其应用研究

从多方面阐述了微生物与重金属二者间相互作用,指出微生物在生长代谢过程中能淋滤、吸收和转化重金属,对重金属有一定的抗性和解毒作用;但是,一定浓度的重金属对微生物过程及其种群具有较大的毒性。影响微生物在环境介质中的活动,矿业工程生产工艺已充分利用微生物能淋滤,吸收和转化重金属等特性来处理低品位难浸矿石,环境保护领域也积极利用微生物对重金属的抗性和解毒作用来实现工业废弃物的处理以及被重金属污染土壤的修复。利用微生物的生物量及其活性可以评价环境中不同介质的重金属污染水平。     

强化植物修复重金属污染土壤的策略及其机制

重金属对生态环境、农业生产、人类健康等诸多方面造成重要危害。植物修复因其具有经济有效、绿色生态等优点,已经成为土壤重金属污染修复研究领域的热点。由于植物重金属毒害、修复耗时过长等因素致使植物修复技术受限于研究阶段而不能广泛应用于实践。采用科学合理的强化措施提高植物修复的效率可能是解决该矛盾的关键之一。讨论了根瘤菌、丛枝菌根真菌、溶磷微生物和内生真菌构建的微生物-植物共生系统在强化植物修复过程中的具体应用;概述了EDTA、EDDS等螯合剂在改变土壤中重金属可溶态,促进重金属从土壤向植株转运的重要作用;介绍了植物中编码金属转运蛋白、金属硫蛋白、植物螯合肽等与重金属转运和代谢相关的基因在植物修复领域的实际应用;归纳了上述强化策略主要机制为微生物促进植物生长、缓解重金属植物毒性以及提高了土壤中重金属生物利用度,从而促进重金属在富集植物中积累和植物生物量的增加;最后总结并展望了植物修复强化技术在今后研究的重点及存在的问题。综述植物修复技术采用的主要强化策略及其机制,旨在为利用植物修复技术治理土壤重金属污染提供重要参考。     

解磷微生物修复土壤重金属污染研究进展

土壤重金属污染问题日益严重,具有普遍性、隐蔽性、表聚性、不可逆性等特点,已经成为环境污染治理中的热点、难点问题。解磷微生物能够依靠自身的代谢产物或通过与其他生物的协同作用,将土壤中的难溶性磷转化为可供植物吸收利用的磷,具有多重植物促生长功能和重金属解毒能力,可在重金属毒害水平下,促进植物生长、提高植物抗病能力、克服重金属对植物生长的不利影响,从而增强重金属修复植物的生存竞争力。从解磷微生物的研究现状入手,介绍了解磷微生物对土壤重金属污染的修复能力,综述了解磷微生物对土壤重金属污染修复的作用机制,分析了目前解磷微生物在重金属修复过程中存在的问题,并提出了今后研究的方向,为重金属污染土壤的修复提供了新思路。     

蚯蚓和铁处理对苹果根铁营养影响

试验于2007～2009年在河北省永年县曹庄村和中国农业大学曲周实验站进行。在苹果树根际用不同价态的2500、5000、10000、20000mg/kg的铁处理玉米秸秆后接种蚯蚓,研究蚯蚓和铁对苹果根系生长、蚯蚓对铁的富集转移及根质外体铁的影响。结果表明:蚯蚓对铁有很大的富集量,在20000mg/kg(试验所用最高浓度)二价铁和三价铁处理的秸秆中可以成活并把秸秆转化为蚯蚓粪,促进根系生长,提高根的质外体铁含量,蚯蚓对二价铁的适应性高于三价铁。蚯蚓可将有机物料中的铁转移到果树根系内,5000mg/kg铁处理增加蚯蚓体内Fe2+含量和根质外体铁含量效果最好,蚯蚓、蚯蚓粪和根中的全铁含量随铁处理浓度的增加而增加。铁显著促进果树根系生长,没有用铁处理过的秸秆接种蚯蚓诱导的新根量明显少于用铁处理的,两种不同价态的铁都是以5000mg/kg的新根量最多。蚯蚓显著促进根系生长,没有接种蚯蚓的处理新根量显著少于接种蚯蚓的处理。     

蚯蚓对土壤中铜、镉生物有效性的影响

以第四纪红黏土红壤和长江冲积物形成的高砂土为供试土壤、分别加入3个浓度的Cu^2 (100、200、400mg／kg)或Cd^2-(5.10、20mg/kg)模拟土壤污染．设置接种蚯蚓(Pheretima sp.)处理与不加蚯蚓对照．并种植黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum)、研究蚯蚓活动对土壤中Cu、Cd生物有效性的影响．以揭示蚯蚓在植物修复重金属污染土壤中的作用。结果表明：蚯蚓活动显著增加红黏中DTPA提取态Cu的含量、只有在浓度低于200mg／kgCu的处理中．才能增加CaCl2提取态Cu的含量．对H2O提取态Cu影响甚微;而对高砂土上Cu、Cd的各种形态影响均不显著;除红黏中浓度高于100mg／kgCu和10mg／kgCd处理外．蚯蚓活动显著提高了两种土壤上黑麦草地上部的生物量;接种蚯蚓后各种重金属处理中黑麦草对Cu的吸收量也显著增加,而Cd的吸收量变化不大。蚯蚓可能通过提高重金属的生物有效性而间接影响植物对重金属的修复效率。     

粤东铅锌尾矿三种优势植物对重金属的吸收和富集特性研究

为探讨铅锌矿废弃地优势植物在重金属污染土壤植物修复中的应用潜力,利用野外采样分析法,从粤东梅县丙村铅锌尾矿区采集其三种优势植物类芦、黄荆、盐肤木的根、茎、叶和土壤样品,测定和分析Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd四种重金属含量.结果表明:该矿区土壤污染严重,Pb、Zn、Cd含量远超土壤环境质量的三级标准,Cu超出二级标准;根际土壤和非根际土壤重金属含量均为Pb＞Zn＞Cu＞Cd,但根际土壤的重金属含量显著低于非根际土壤;这三种植物对Pb、Zn、Cu的转移系数大于1.0,对Cu的富集系数最高,Pb最小,但对四种重金属的富集系数均小于1.0,均未达到超富集植物临界含量标准.三种植物为该矿区的优势植物,说明它们对土壤的重金属污染有很强的耐性,虽然并非典型的超富集植物,但对污染土壤仍有较好的修复效果.     

功能内生菌强化超积累植物修复重金属污染土壤的研究进展

土壤重金属污染已成为威胁人类健康和经济可持续发展的重大环境问题。内生菌-超积累植物联合修复是近年来发展起来的一种重金属污染土壤的生物修复技术,不仅能促进植物生长、提高其重金属抗性,同时,还可以改变重金属的形态和迁移率,提高植物修复的效率,具有广阔的应用前景。现概述植物内生菌(plant growth promoting endophyte, PGPE)的特征、种类以及促进超积累植物生长的作用机理,综述近年来国内外有关功能内生菌协同超积累植物修复重金属污染土壤的应用现状和研究进展,同时展望内生菌协同超积累植物修复土壤重金属的研究思路,旨在为今后土壤重金属污染治理提供新的思路和理论依据。     

几种重金属(Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu)的超富集植物种类及增强植物修复措施研究进展

近年来土壤重金属污染问题越来越严重, 植物修复技术以其安全、廉价的特点正成为研究和开发的热点, 国内外对利用超富集植物来修复土壤重金属污染的研究已有大量报道。对超富集植物概念的提出及超富集植物吸收富集重金属的机理进行了归纳总结, 主要就铅、锌、镉和铜四种重金属超富集植物的相关研究进展进行了分类、归纳与总结, 同时还对增强植物修复效果的措施进行了探讨, 以期为进一步合理有效利用植物修复土壤主要重金属污染提供一定的参考依据。     

Eisenia fetida (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) Activates Fungal Growth, Triggering Cellulose Decomposition During Vermicomposting

Cellulose is the most abundant polymer in nature and constitutes a large pool of carbon for microorganisms, the main agents responsible for soil organic matter decomposition. Cellulolysis occurs as the result of the combined action of fungi and bacteria with different requirements. Earthworms influence decomposition indirectly by affecting microbial population structure and dynamics and also directly because the guts of some species possess cellulolytic activity. Here we assess whether the earthworm Eisenia fetida (Savigny 1826) digests cellulose directly (i.e., with its associated gut microbiota) and also whether the effects of E. fetida on microbial biomass and activity lead to a change in the equilibrium between fungi and bacteria. By enhancing fungal communities, E. fetida would presumably trigger more efficient cellulose decomposition. To evaluate the role of E. fetida in cellulose decomposition, we carried out an experiment in which pig slurry, a microbial-rich substrate, was treated in small-scale vermireactors with and without earthworms. The presence of earthworms in vermireactors significantly increased the rate of cellulose decomposition (0.43 and 0.26% cellulose loss day⁻¹, with and without earthworms, respectively). However, the direct contribution of E. fetida to degradation of cellulose was not significant, although its presence increased microbial biomass (C_mic) and enzyme activity (cellulase and β-glucosidase). Surprisingly, as fungi may be part of the diet of earthworms, the activity of E. fetida triggered fungal growth during vermicomposting. We suggest that this activation is a key step leading to more intense and efficient cellulolysis during vermicomposting of organic wastes.     

蚯蚓对废纸屑再利用及养分贫瘠土壤综合质量的影响

办公废纸屑作为常见有机废弃物,由于体积小且转化为再生纸成本高,因而再利用很难。但其含有大量有机碳(特别是纤维素)可能有助于退化土壤修复。蚯蚓对土壤有机质分解和其他土壤功能有重要影响,办公废纸屑和蚯蚓共同作用如何影响养分贫瘠土壤质量至今未知。研究以赤子爱胜蚓为接种蚯蚓,将办公废纸屑添加到养分贫瘠土壤中,分别设置纯土壤培养为对照组(S)、单独添加废纸屑(SP)、单独接种赤子爱胜蚓(SE)和添加废纸屑并接种赤子爱胜蚓的处理(SPE),比较培养90 d后各处理理化指标(pH、有机碳、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、交换性阳离子钾、钠、钙、镁等)、微生物磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)总含量和微生物结构的差异,在此基础上综合评价土壤质量,阐明废纸屑和赤子爱胜蚓在养分贫瘠土壤改良修复中的作用。结果显示：SPE处理较SP处理显著提高废纸屑的分解率89.48%。与对照相比,SP处理能够显著提高土壤pH值2.94个单位,SPE处理能够使其维持在中性水平;前者显著提高土壤有机碳(SOC)125.76%,交换性钠钙镁(Na_Ex、Ca_Ex、Mg_Ex     

Reduction of bioavailability of heavy metals during vermicomposting of phumdi biomass of Loktak Lake (India) using Eisenia fetida

Abstract

Vermicomposting of phumdi biomass is a good alternative for protecting Loktak Lake and is advantageous for agriculture purposes. Research was carried out on bioavailability and leachability of nutrients (Na, K, Ca and Mg) and heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Ni, Pb, Cd and Cr) during vermicomposting of phumdi biomass for 45 days using Eisenia fetida earthworm. The bioavailability of heavy metals was determined in the form of water soluble and diethylene triamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA) extractable. The toxicity characteristic leaching procedure test was performed to determine the leachable heavy metals during the vermicomposting process. The concentration of nutrients increased during the process; whereas the concentration of water soluble, DTPA extractable and leachable heavy metals decreased significantly in all the trials. The vermicomposting of phumdi biomass by Eisenia fetida was very effective for the reduction of bioavailability and leachability of selected heavy metals. The leachability test confirmed that prepared vermicompost is not hazardous for soil, plants and human health. The possibility of using earthworms to mitigate the metal toxicity and to enhance the nutrient profile in phumdi biomass vermicompost, is advantageous in sustainable land renovation practices on a low-input basis.     

A comparative study of gut microbiota profiles of earthworms fed in three different substrates

The gut microbiome of earthworms has a complex interdependence with the host. When the soil minerals pass through earthworm’s gut, they may affect the gut microbiota. To gain insight into the response of gut microbiota to the passed minerals, we fed earthworm (Eisenia fetida) on nutrient-poor soil and ore powder, and used high throughput sequencing to characterize the earthworm intestinal microbial community to find evidence for a core bacterial community of the E. fetida. The results showed that earthworms’ gut maintained a core microbiome that appeared in all samples. These core microbiota may play a significant role in a species’ environmental interactions. The composition of intestinal microbiomes varied with substrates. The earthworm guts from two nutrient-poor substrates had similar microbial communities and they were different from nutrient-rich substrate. Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were more abundant in the gut of earthworms kept on a nutrient-poor substrate such as ore powder or mineral soil than in the gut of earthworms kept in organic-rich compost soil; some of these microorganisms may help earthworms survive in nutrient-poor substrates.     

Nutrient Mineralization and Leaf Litter Preference by the Earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus on Iron Ore Mine Wastes

Abstract The effects of the earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus (Muller) on the rate of mineralization of cattle dung‐amended iron (Fe^{2 +} ) ore mine wastes and its preference for partially decomposed leaf litter with contrasting chemical composition were studied in pot trials. The growth and survival rates of earthworms showed significant positive correlations with percent of organic matter. During 96 days of exposure, the earthworms significantly increased exchangeable Ca^{2 +} , Mg^{2 +} , PO₄^{3 ?} and NH₄‐N. Iron ore mine wastes amended with 5–10% organic matter supported earthworm fauna better than mine wastes amended with 0–3% organic matter. The leaf litter preference shown by the earthworm was, in descending order, Phyllanthus reticulatus, Tamarindus indica, Anacardium occidentale, Casuarina equisetifolia, Acacia auriculiformis, and Eucalyptus camaldulensis. A significant positive correlation was observed between the survival and growth rates of earthworms and the nutrient contents of partially decomposed leaf litter. The first three plant species were significantly richer in nutrients, mainly organic carbon, calcium, phosphorus, and nitrogen, than the other two plant species. Acacia auriculiformis and E. camaldulensis litter were preferred less because of their high lignin and polyphenolic compounds, despite being rich in other macronutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus. It is concluded that the introduction of P. corethrurus to cattle dung‐amended (5–10%) iron ore mine wastes or revegetation of the sites with P. reticulatus, T. indica, and A. occidentale plant species should be attempted before earthworm introduction. The litter from these species acts as a source of food for earthworms, thereby hastening the process of restoration of abandoned iron ore mines of Goa, India.     

Role of earthworm-straw interactions on phytoremediation of Cu contaminated soil by ryegrass

It is well known that the earthworm's activities can increase the availability of soil nutrients, improve soil structure, and enhance the biomass of plants in uncontaminated soil. Recently, many researchers found that some metal-tolerant earthworms can survive and even change the fractional distribution of heavy metals in contaminated soil. Furthermore, it has been revealed that earthworms are able to increase metal availability, and therefore, accumulate more metals in plants through their burrowing and casting activity. It is clear that the influence of soil animals is an important factor for phyto-remedation that must be taken into account. ~In this article, the authors studied some effects of addition of earthworms (Metaphire guillelmi), corn straw, and in combinations of earthworms and corn straw on the growth and Cu uptake by ryegrass in Cu contaminated pot soils. The experiment consisted of four levels of Cu addition (0, 100, 200, 400 mg·kg?1) and four treatments. The treatments were 1. control (CK); 2.straw mulching only (M); 3. earthworm additions to soil only (E); and 4.straw mulching plus earthworm additions (ME). Each treatment had three replicates. 10 seeds of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) were sowed in each pot and harvested after 30 days. After 30 days of incubation, all earthworms were found to be alive and the pot soils were burrowed through by earthworms. Results showed that the biomass of earthworm declined with the increase of the dosage of Cu additions. The biomass of earthworm increased significantly in treatment 4 (ME) as compared with treatment 3 (E). Not only the earthworms could get more food from the straw, but also could counteract some negative effects of Cu on the earthworms. The rates of straw decomposition in ME treatment increased by about 58.11% ?77.32%. The earthworm activities increased root biomass of ryegrass significantly, but did not show the effect on plant root growth. On the contrary, straw enhanced roots biomass significantly instead of shoots biomass. It was also found that the concentration of Cu in the plant shoot and the plant root, as well as plant Cu uptake were enhanced by earthworm's activities and straw mulching. The increased amount by straw mulching was lower than that of earthworms (E). The treatment of the earthworm–straw mulching combinations enhanced plant Cu concentration, and the amount increased by it was lower than that of the earthworm treatment (E) but higher than that of straw mulching treatment (M). The accumulation factors of copper in the shoots of ryegrass were increased by 31.22% ?121.07%, 2.12% ?61.28% and 25.56% ?132.64%, respectively, in treatment 3(E), 2(M), and 4(ME), respectively. In conclusion, the earthworm activities, straw-mulching and their interactions may have potential roles in elevating phyto-extraction efficiency in low to medium level Cu contaminated soil.     

Changes in microbial community structure and function during vermicomposting of pig slurry

Most studies investigating the effects of earthworms on microorganisms have focused on the changes before and after vermicomposting rather than those that occur throughout the process. In the present study, we designed continuous feeding reactors in which new layers of pig slurry (1.5 and 3 kg) were added sequentially to form an age gradient inside the reactors in order to evaluate the impact of the earthworm species Eisenia fetida on microbial community structure and function. The activity of earthworms greatly reduced the bacterial and fungal biomass and microbial diversity relative to the control values. However, the pronounced presence of earthworms in the younger layers stimulated microbial activity and as such increased carbon mineralization probably due to the fact that the microorganisms may have been less resource-limited as a result of earthworm activity, as indicated by the ratio of monounsaturated to saturated PLFAs.     

Vermicomposting of tannery sludge mixed with cattle dung into valuable manure using earthworm Eisenia fetida (Savigny)

The present study revealed the role of earthworm in converting tannery sludge into a valuable product. Tannery sludge was toxic to earthworm, therefore it was mixed with cattle dung in different proportions viz. 0:100 (T₀), 10:90 (T₁₀), 25:75 (T₂₅), 50:50 (T₅₀) and 75:25 (T₇₅) on dry weight basis. The minimum mortality and highest population buildup of worms was in T₀ mixture. Nitrogen, sodium, phosphorus and pH increased from initial in the range of 7.3-66.6%, 16.90-70.58%, 8.57-44.8% and 2.8-13.65%, respectively. On the other hand potassium, organic carbon and electrical conductivity decreased in the range of 4.34-28.5%, 7.54-22.35% and 32.35-53.12%, respectively. C:N ratio decreased from 20.53% to 47.36% in the final products. Transition metals increased significantly from the initial value and within the permissible limit. The result indicated that vermicomposting with Eisenia fetida is better for changing this sludge into nutrient rich manure in a short period of time.     

Aged Eisenia fetida earthworms exhibit decreased reproductive success

The effect of age on male and female reproductive activities was examined in 1–6-year-old age-matched populations of the simultaneous hermaphroditic earthworm, Eisenia fetida, (Annelida; Oligochaeta). As earthworm ages increase from 3 to 6 years, cocoon and hatchling production gradually decreased. Sperm counts from 2-year-old and 5-year-old earthworms did not differ. Old earthworms successfully inseminated young virgin earthworms. Thus, female functions associated with successful cocoon production diminish before the male function. These results indicate that E. fetida earthworms spend up to one-third of their adult life with limited reproductive capabilities.     

Toxicity of A Novel Neonicotinoid Insecticide Paichongding to Earthworm Eisenia fetida

Traditional neonicotinoid insecticides are used worldwide. Paichongding (IPP), as a novel neonicotinoid pesticide, has been widely used in China. However, the ecotoxicity of IPP to non-target invertebrates in soil ecosystem has not been reported yet. In this study, acute toxicity of IPP to earthworm Eisenia fetida, as well as the antioxidant response after IPP exposure, was evaluated. In the filter paper contact test, the LC₅₀ at 24 hr and 48 hr for IPP were 14.98 μg/cm² and 7.59 μg/cm², respectively. In artificial soil test, the LC₅₀ (lethal concentration) at 14 days and 28 days for IPP were 541.07 mg/kg and 238.51 mg/kg, respectively. The LC₅₀ of IPP is much higher than that of traditional neonicotinoid insecticides. However, earthworm body weight assessment demonstrated that the growth of earthworm was inhibited by extended exposure to IPP at sublethal doses. The activities of antioxidative enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase in earthworms were significantly induced after IPP exposure. Malondialdehyde, a biomarker of lipid peroxidation, was also increased after IPP exposure. Although the results indicated that IPP had potentially adverse effect on earthworms, its toxicity was much lower than traditional neonicotinoids.