基于PacBio测序数据的蜜蜂球囊菌转录因子、融合基因及RNA编辑事件的鉴定

【目的】本研究旨在利用已获得的PacBio单分子实时(single molecule real-time, SMRT)测序数据对蜜蜂球囊菌Ascosphaera apis菌丝(AaM)和孢子(AaS)中的转录因子(TF)、融合基因和RNA编辑事件进行鉴定和分析,以期丰富蜜蜂球囊菌的相关信息,并为进一步探究它们的功能提供理论依据。【方法】利用BLASTx工具将AaM和AaS的全长转录本序列比对到Nr, Swiss-Prot和KEGG数据库以获得一致性最高的蛋白序列,再利用hmmscan软件将上述蛋白序列比对到Plant TFdb数据库以获得TF的分类及注释信息。采用TOFU软件中的fusion_finder.py程序进行融合基因的预测,进而分析融合基因的序列和位置信息。使用SAMtools预测AaM和AaS中的RNA编辑事件,再利用ANNOVAR软件对RNA编辑事件进行注释,进而采用相关生物信息学软件对RNA编辑位点基因进行GO功能和KEGG通路注释。【结果】在AaS中共鉴定到17个TF家族的213个TF,其中C2H2家族包含的TF成员最多。在AaM和AaS中分别鉴定到921和510个融合基因,二者共有的融合基因为510个,特有的融合基因分别为411和0个。在AaM和AaS中分别鉴定到547和191次RNA编辑事件,其中AaM中同义单核苷酸突变的数量最多,AaS中非同义单核苷酸突变的数量最多。此外,在AaM中鉴定到12种碱基替换类型,其中发生C->T的RNA编辑事件数量最多,达到158次;在AaS中鉴定到9种碱基替换类型,其中发生C->T和G->T的RNA编辑事件数量最多,均有42次。AaM和AaS中RNA编辑位点基因分别涉及19和24个GO功能条目;此外还能注释到11和20条KEGG通路。【结论】蜜蜂球囊菌的菌丝和孢子中含有丰富的TF、融合基因和RNA编辑位点;转录因子C2H2家族与蜜蜂球囊菌菌丝和孢子的生长发育和细胞活动具有潜在关联;RNA编辑事件的碱基替换类型在蜜蜂球囊菌和其他物种中具有物种特异性;RNA编辑可能在蜜蜂球囊菌菌丝和孢子的生长和代谢中发挥作用。     

中华蜜蜂6日龄幼虫响应蜜蜂球囊菌胁迫的环状RNA应答

【目的】蜜蜂球囊菌(Ascosphaera apis,简称球囊菌)专性侵染蜜蜂幼虫而导致白垩病,危害蜜蜂健康和养蜂生产。本研究旨在探究中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana cerana,简称中蜂) 6日龄幼虫响应球囊菌胁迫的环状RNA(circular RNA,circRNA)差异表达谱及差异表达circRNA (differentially expressed circRNA,DEcircRNA)在宿主胁迫应答中的潜在功能。【方法】利用去除线性RNA的circRNA-seq技术对正常和球囊菌侵染的中蜂6日龄幼虫肠道(AcCK和AcT)进行测序。利用find_circ软件鉴定circRNA,统计circRNA的长度和环化类型。根据|log_2(Fold change)|≥1和P≤0.05的标准筛选DEcircRNA。将DEcircRNA的来源基因比对Gene ontology (GO)数据库和Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG)数据库,从而获得功能及通路(pathway)注释。随机挑选3个DEcircRNA进行RT-qPCR验证。【结果】AcCK和AcT的circRNA-seq分别得到76342570和68269362条原始读段(raw reads),经严格质控得到74524108和66974392条有效读段(clean reads),Q30分别为92.75%和94%,GC含量分别为54.31%和54.90%。比对上东方蜜蜂(Apis cerana)参考基因组的短序列读段(anchor reads)共计23648400条。AcCK和AcT中分别鉴定到805和702个circRNA,长度均介于201–1000 nt,数量最多的环化类型均为已注释外显子circRNA,但分布在不同长度、不同环化类型的circRNA数量存在差异。AcCK vs AcT比较组共有494个DEcircRNA,包括257个上调circRNA和237个下调circRNA;上调和下调幅度最大的circRNA分别为novel_circ_000123和novel_circ_000726。上述DEcircRNA的来源基因可注释到11条生物学进程相关条目,9条分子功能相关条目,9条细胞组分相关条目,以及73条通路。进一步分析发现,部分DEcircRNA的来源基因注释到7条细胞免疫通路和3条体液免疫通路。【结论】中蜂6日龄幼虫响应球囊菌胁迫的过程中可能通过改变分布在不同长度和环化类型的circRNA数量,以及特异性表达一些circRNA和调节部分circRNA的表达量对病原产生应答;novel_circ_000027、novel_circ_000127、novel_circ_000312等DEcircRNA在宿主的胁迫应答过程中可能通过调控氧化磷酸化、细胞和体液免疫等通路发挥特殊作用。研究结果为深入理解中蜂幼虫对球囊菌的胁迫应答机制及二者的相互作用机制提供了新见解。     

蜜蜂球囊菌菌丝和孢子中毒力因子相关全长转录本的鉴定及分析

[目的]蜜蜂球囊菌Ascosphaera apis是一种专性侵染蜜蜂幼虫而导致白垩病的致死性真菌病原.基于前期已获得的高质量纳米孔(Nanopore)长读段测序数据,对蜜蜂球囊菌菌丝(AaM)和孢子(AaS)中的毒力因子相关全长转录本进行鉴定和分析,为毒力因子相关剪接异构体的功能研究提供参考信息和基础.[方法]利用BLAST工具,将AaM和AaS中的所有全长转录本比对Nr数据库,以鉴定蜜蜂球囊菌的毒力因子(几丁质酶、脂肪酶、水解酶和蛋白酶)相关的全长转录本.使用minimap2软件,将AaM和AaS中的全长转录本序列与蜜蜂球囊菌参考基因组注释的已知转录本序列进行比对,将比对到参考基因组的全长转录本进行归一化处理,再通过每百万计数法(Counts per million,CPM)计算毒力因子相关全长转录本的表达量.利用百迈克云平台的相关工具绘制转录本的表达量聚类热图.通过IGV浏览器对部分毒力因子相关全长转录本结构进行可视化.[结果]在AaM鉴定到毒力因子相关的367个基因及407个全长转录本,包括12条几丁质酶相关全长转录本,48条脂肪酶相关全长转录本,289条水解酶相关全长转录本,58条蛋白酶相关全长转录本.在AaS鉴定到毒力因子相关367个基因及400个全长转录本,包括14条几丁质酶相关全长转录本,63条脂肪酶相关全长转录本,267条水解酶相关全长转录本,56条蛋白酶相关全长转录本.另外,AaM和AaS特有的毒力因子(几丁质酶、脂肪酶)相关全长转录本分别有0条和17条,共有的毒力因子相关全长转录本有60条.进一步分析发现,蜜蜂球囊菌的部分毒力因子基因可通过可变剪接形成多条剪接异构体.[结论]共鉴定到蜜蜂球囊菌毒力因子(几丁质酶、脂肪酶、水解酶和蛋白酶)相关的367个基因和486条全长转录本;相比于蜜蜂球囊菌参考基因组注释的转录本,绝大多数毒力因子基因对应的全长转录本数量更多且结构更为复杂.研究结果丰富了蜜蜂球囊菌毒力因子相关基因和转录本的注释信息,为毒力因子相关剪接异构体的功能研究提供了基础,也为白垩病防控提供了潜在靶点.     

中华蜜蜂6日龄幼虫响应蜜蜂球囊菌侵染的长链非编码RNA应答研究

[目的] 本研究旨在探究长链非编码RNA（long non-coding RNA,lncRNA）在中华蜜蜂（Apis cerana cerana,简称中蜂）6日龄幼虫应答蜜蜂球囊菌（Ascosphaera apis,简称球囊菌）侵染过程中的差异表达谱及调控作用。[方法] 利用链特异性cDNA建库的RNA-seq技术对未被侵染及球囊菌侵染的中蜂6日龄幼虫肠道（AcCK和AcT）进行深度测序。通过相关生物信息学软件分析lncRNA的结构特征和表达谱。筛选并分析差异表达lncRNA（differentially expressed lncRNA,DElncRNA）的顺式（cis）作用及竞争性内源RNA（competing endogenous RNA,ceRNA）调控网络。采用RT-qPCR验证测序数据及DElncRNA差异变化趋势的可靠性。[结果] AcCK和AcT共预测出642个已知lncRNA和487个新lncRNA。与蛋白编码基因相比,上述中蜂lncRNA外显子数更少、长度更短且表达量更低。43个antisense lncRNA与40个正义链mRNA之间互补配对。AcCK和AcT比较组包含367个上调lncRNA和268个下调lncRNA。有194个DElncRNA潜在调控461个上下游基因,并涉及细胞进程、代谢进程和催化活性等38个功能条目以及氨基酸代谢、内吞作用和MAPK等191条通路。此外,有180个DElncRNA可靶向结合50个DEmiRNA,进而调控6365个mRNA;三者之间形成较为复杂的ceRNA调控网络。[结论] 中蜂6日龄幼虫肠道的部分lncRNA可作为antisense lncRNA参与应答球囊菌侵染;部分DElncRNA可通过cis作用调节物质代谢和免疫途径相关的上下游基因,从而介导宿主的侵染应答;TCONS_00010661和TCONS_00003104等DElncRNA可通过ceRNA网络调控Jak-STAT和氧化磷酸化等通路及富集基因,进而参与宿主的侵染应答。     

意大利蜜蜂工蜂中肠的环状RNA及其调控网络分析

【目的】环状RNA(circRNA)在可变剪接、转录调控和来源基因的表达调控等方面具有重要功能。本研究旨在分析意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera ligustica工蜂中肠circRNA的数量、种类、结构特征和作用,并通过构建和分析circRNA的调控网络探索circRNA的调控功能。【方法】在实验室条件下人工饲养意大利蜜蜂工蜂,利用circRNA-seq技术对意大利蜜蜂7和10日龄成年工蜂中肠样品进行深度测序。利用find_circ软件从质控后的数据中预测circRNA。通过BLAST比对GO和KEGG数据库,对circRNA的来源基因进行功能和代谢通路注释。利用TargetFinder软件预测circRNA靶向结合的miRNA及miRNA靶向结合的mRNA,通过Cytoscape v.3.2.1软件对circRNA-miRNA和circRNA-miRNA-mRNA调控网络进行构建及可视化。通过设计背靠背引物和线性扩增引物RT-PCR对预测出的circRNA进行验证。【结果】意大利蜜蜂工蜂中肠样品的测序平均得到136 463 071条clean reads,去除rRNA后各样品的anchor reads均在136 779 122条及以上。共预测出10 833个circRNA,长度主要介于15~1 000 nt;上述circRNA的类型丰富,其中已注释的外显子circRNA数量最多,分布在西方蜜蜂1号染色体的circRNA数量最多,其次为8号染色体。CircRNA的来源基因可注释到包括结合、细胞进程和细胞在内的45个GO条目,以及包括内吞作用、内质网蛋白加工及核糖体在内的121条KEGG代谢通路,表明circRNA在意大利蜜蜂工蜂中肠的生长、发育、新陈代谢和细胞生命活动等生物学过程中发挥重要作用。进一步构建circRNA-miRNA和circRNA-miRNA-mRNA调控网络,分析结果显示部分circRNA可能作为竞争性内源RNA吸附结合microRNA,从而调控基因的表达水平。最后,对随机选择的3个circRNA的RT-PCR结果验证了其真实存在。【结论】本研究对意大利蜜蜂工蜂中肠中的circRNA进行预测、分析及鉴定。研究结果提供了中肠circRNA的数量、种类、结构特征、作用和调控网络的信息,揭示了circRNA可能通过作用于来源基因和作为竞争性内源RNA在意大利蜜蜂工蜂中肠的生长发育和免疫防御中发挥作用,为深入研究circRNA在意大利蜜蜂中肠发育及胁迫响应过程中的功能奠定了基础。     

东方蜜蜂微孢子虫孢子中微小RNA的鉴定与分析

【目的】丰富东方蜜蜂微孢子虫Nosema ceranae的微小RNA(microRNA, miRNA)信息,并为深入探究miRNA在病原孢子和病原侵染中的功能提供理论和实验依据。【方法】基于已获得的small RNA-seq数据,利用生物信息学软件对东方蜜蜂微孢子虫的纯净孢子中的miRNA进行鉴定和分析。采用茎环反转录PCR(stem-loop RT-PCR)检测已鉴定的miRNA的表达;通过分子克隆与Sanger测序验证miRNA的序列。使用TargetFinder软件预测这些miRNA的靶基因,并对靶基因进行数据库注释。根据miRNA与靶基因的靶向结合关系构建调控网络,再利用Cytoscape软件进行可视化。【结果】在东方蜜蜂微孢子虫孢子中共鉴定到10个miRNA;这些miRNA的长度分布介于21~25 nt,首位碱基表现出U偏向性,每一位碱基的偏向性差异明显。Stem-loop RT-PCR检测结果表明这10个miRNA均真实表达;Sanger测序结果证实了随机选取的其中2个miRNA的序列真实性。共预测出249个靶基因,其中分别有249, 118, 136和3个靶基因可注释到Nr,Swiss-Prot, KOG和eggNOG数据库。此外,分别有134和71个靶基因可分别注释到GO数据库的30个功能条目和KEGG数据库的54条通路。【结论】本研究揭示了东方蜜蜂微孢子虫孢子中miRNA的存在和表达;这些miRNA通过调控潜在靶基因的表达参与孢子的生命活动。     

中华蜜蜂幼虫肠道响应球囊菌胁迫的microRNA应答分析

【目的】蜜蜂球囊菌(Ascosphaera apis,简称球囊菌)是一种能够侵染中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana cerana,简称中蜂)幼虫的致死性真菌病原。微小RNA(microRNA,miRNA)可通过在转录后水平靶向抑制或降解mRNA而参与宿主与病原互作过程。本研究旨在对球囊菌胁迫的中蜂6日龄幼虫肠道的差异表达miRNA(DEmiRNA)及其靶基因进行深入分析,进而揭示DEmiRNA在中蜂响应球囊菌胁迫应答过程中的作用。【方法】利用Illumina MiSeq平台对正常及球囊菌胁迫的中蜂6日龄幼虫肠道(AcCK和AcT)进行测序,通过相关生物信息学软件预测DEmiRNA及其靶基因。通过Blast将靶基因注释到GO和KEGG数据库。利用Cytoscape软件构建DEmiRNA与其靶mRNA的调控网络。通过Stem-loop RT-PCR和qPCR验证测序数据的可靠性。【结果】本研究共预测出537个miRNA,其长度分布介于16–35 nt之间,且不同长度的miRNA首位碱基偏向性差异明显。通过Stem-loop RT-PCR证实了10个novel miRNA的表达。AcCK vs AcT比较组共有54个DEmiRNA,包含31个上调和23个下调miRNA,可分别靶向结合6170和8199个靶基因。GO分类结果显示上调和下调miRNA的靶基因分别涉及47和47个条目,富集基因数最多的皆为结合细胞进程和催化活性。KEGG代谢通路(pathway)富集分析结果表明上调和下调miRNA的靶基因分别富集在134和126条pathway,富集基因数最多的均为内吞作用和内质网中的蛋白质加工。调控网络分析结果表明,DEmiRNA及其靶mRNA形成十分复杂的调控关系;31个DEmiRNA可靶向结合51个与泛素介导的蛋白水解相关的mRNA,18个DEmiRNA可靶向结合14个与Jak-STAT信号通路相关的mRNA;miR-1277-x、miR-26-x、miR-27-y、miR-30-x、miR-6052-x等16个miRNA共同参与了上述两条免疫通路的调控。最后,随机挑选3个DEmiRNA进行qPCR验证,结果证明了测序数据的可靠性。【结论】本研究提供了中蜂幼虫肠道在球囊菌胁迫后期的miRNA的表达谱和差异表达信息,揭示了球囊菌与宿主之间在miRNA组学水平存在复杂的互作。miR-6052-x和miR-1277-x作为调控网络的核心可能通过影响细胞凋亡参与宿主的免疫防御,miR-26-x和miR-30-x可能通过调控Jak-STAT信号通路参与宿主的胁迫应答。本研究筛选出的关键DEmiRNA有望作为治疗白垩病的分子靶标。     

侵染中华蜜蜂6日龄幼虫的蜜蜂球囊菌的微小RNA差异表达谱及调控网络

【目的】蜜蜂球囊菌(Ascosphaeraapis,简称球囊菌)是专性侵染蜜蜂幼虫的致死性真菌病原。MicroRNA(miRNA)作为一类重要的基因表达调控因子,能够广泛参与真菌及其宿主的相互作用过程。本研究通过比较分析球囊菌孢子(AaCK)和侵染中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana cerana,简称中蜂) 6日龄幼虫肠道内的球囊菌(AaT)的smallRNA(sRNA)组学数据对球囊菌的差异表达miRNA(differentiallyexpressed miRNA,DEmiRNA)、靶mRNA及二者间的调控网络进行全面解析,旨在揭示miRNA介导的球囊菌对中蜂幼虫的侵染机制。【方法】对于球囊菌侵染的中蜂6日龄幼虫肠道的small RNA-seq (sRNA-seq)数据,利用BLAST工具连续比对东方蜜蜂(Apiscerana)和球囊菌的参考基因组筛滤得到AaT的sRNA组学数据。分别将AaCK和AaT的sRNA组学数据比对miRBase数据库,对球囊菌侵染宿主前后miRNA的数量和结构特征进行分析。联用RNAhybrid+svm_light、Miranda和TargetScan软件预测AaCK vs AaT比较组中DEmiRNA的靶mRNA,进而利用相关生物信息学软件对上述靶mRNA进行GO分类和KEGG代谢通路富集分析。通过Cytoscape软件对DEmiRNA-mRNA调控网络进行可视化。利用Stem-loop RT-PCR、RT-qPCR和分子克隆验证测序结果的可靠性。【结果】在AaCK和AaT中分别鉴定到380和387个miRNA。结构特征分析结果显示,AaCK和AaT的mi RNA皆集中分布在18–25 nt,且首位碱基主要偏向于U。AaCKvsAaT比较组共有270个DEmiRNA,包含155个上调miRNA和115个下调miRNA,分别靶向结合6091和6145个mRNA。GO分类结果显示,上述靶mRNA主要涉及代谢进程、细胞进程、应激反应等15个生物学进程;细胞、细胞组分、细胞器等12个细胞组分;催化活性、结合、转运子活性等11个分子功能。KEGG代谢通路富集分析结果显示,上述靶mRNA富集在123条代谢通路,参与对氨基酸代谢、碳水化合物代谢以及核苷酸代谢等物质代谢,氧化磷酸化、硫代谢、氮代谢等能量代谢,以及MAPK和Hippo等信号通路的调控。球囊菌DEmiRNA与靶mRNA之间存在复杂的调控关系,其中miR-29-x、miR-250-x、miR-4968-y、miR-11200-x、novel-m0023-5p、novel-m0130-5p和novel-m0135-5p等DEmiRNA可靶向结合与球囊菌的半胱氨酸蛋白酶、DNA甲基化转移酶以及几丁质酶相关的mRNA;此外,miR-7-x、miR-9-z、miR-319-y和miR-5951-y等同时参与调控MAPK信号通路;进一步分析发现,miR-250-x同时参与对DNA甲基化转移酶、MAPK信号通路及其他酶类合成与代谢途径的调控,并可能参与球囊菌与中蜂6日龄幼虫之间的跨界调控。通过Stem-loopRT-PCR和RT-qPCR验证了4个DEmiRNA的差异表达,并利用分子克隆和Sanger测序证实miR-7-x的序列与测序结果一致。【结论】本研究解析了侵染中蜂6日龄幼虫的球囊菌的miRNA差异表达谱及DEmiRNA的调控网络,揭示了球囊菌DEmiRNA可能通过调控病原的物质和能量代谢、增殖、毒力、信号通路及相关mRNA参与对中蜂幼虫的侵染过程。miR-7-x、miR-250-x、novel-m0023-5p等关键DEmiRNA有望作为白垩病治疗的新型分子靶点。     

通过构建竞争性内源RNA网络识别潜在的椎间盘疾病相关circRNA

环状RNA(circRNA)可以通过竞争性结合微小RNA(miRNA),从而降低miRNA对其他靶标RNAs的抑制作用,进而间接调控其表达水平。这种竞争性关系代表了一种全新的基因调控机制,在癌症生理和发展中起重要作用。我们运用生物信息学的方法,对基因表达谱、circRNA探针谱重注释处理,并且结合MiRanda算法预测的miRNA靶点信息构建了竞争性内源RNA(ceRNA)网络,发现了五个与疾病相关的重要模块。其中通过hsa-miR-17-3p介导的CD74与hsa_circ_0001320,通过hsa-let-7a-2-3p介导的PAPSS2与hsa_circ_0000077两组ceRNA关系在椎间盘变性中起到重要的分子调控作用,从而成为潜在的临床标志物。进一步地,通过对靶基因的功能注释预测了这两个circRNA的生物学功能,其中明显与椎间盘炎症反应和骨发育相关,为临床基因检测预测疾病和药物靶点治疗提供依据并且也为椎间盘疾病的科学研究提供思路。     

The nucleus-encoded factor MCD4 participates in degradation of nonfunctional 3′ UTR sequences generated by cleavage of pre-mRNA in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chlamydomonas</Emphasis> chloroplasts

The 3′ maturation of chloroplast pre-mRNAs in Chlamydomonas proceeds via endonucleolytic cleavage, exonucleolytic trimming of the upstream cleavage product, and rapid degradation of the downstream moiety. However, the cis elements and trans factors remain to be characterized in detail. In the case of atpB, a 300 nucleotide processing determinant (PD), consisting of an inverted repeat (IR) and endonuclease cleavage site (ECS), directs 3′ maturation. To further characterize the PD, 15 variants were examined in vivo in ectopic contexts. This revealed that the IR, and nucleotides 15–37 downstream of the ECS stimulate processing. A candidate trans factor for 3′ maturation was subsequently functionally analyzed. This factor is encoded by the nuclear locus MCD4, and the mcd4 mutant was known to accumulate abnormally 3′-processed chloroplast mRNAs. When the mcd4 mutation was crossed into strains containing reporter genes with insertions of several PD versions, processing was reduced in some cases. This caused accumulation of RNA sequences downstream of the PD, which are normally degraded. From these data, it can be suggested that MCD4 facilitates the endonucleolytic cleavage step in 3′ end maturation of atpB and perhaps other mRNAs, by interacting with the IR, RNA downstream of the IR, or with proteins bound there. Electronic supplementary material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at and is accessible for authorized users.     

DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II from nuclei of suspension-cultured tobacco cells

From isolated nuclei of suspension cultured cells of Nicotiana tabacum. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II (E.C. 2.7.76) has been purified to homogeneity as evidenced by polyacrylamidegel electrophoresis under non-denaturing conditions. The purified enzyme had a specific activity of more than 15 nmol min^-1·mg^-1 with denatured calf thymus DNA as template. Sodium-dodecyl-sulfate gel electrophoresis and protein highperformance liquid chromatography revealed a subunit composition of four proteins with molecular weights of 165 000, 135 000, 35 000 and 25 000 and with a stoichiometry of 1:1:2:2. The RNA polymerase did not exhibit any detectable proteinkinase activity. The 25 000 subunit binds ADP in a molar ratio of 1:1; it could not be decided whether this subunit has an ATPase activity or is merely an acceptor of ADP.Abbreviations HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography - PMSF phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride - SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate This contribution is dedicated to Professor Fritz Cramer on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

The glucose repression and RAS-cAMP signal transduction pathways of Saccharomyces cerevisiae each affect RNA processing and the synthesis of a reporter protein

Previously we reported that mutations in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae REG1 gene encoding a negative regulator of glucose-repressible genes, suppress the RNA processing defects and temperature-sensitive growth of rna1-1 and prp cells. This result and the fact that growth on non-glucose carbon sources also suppresses rna1-1 led us to propose that RNA processing and export of RNA from the nucleus are responsive to carbon source regulation. To understand how carbon source affects these processes, we used p70, an antigen regulated by REGI and by glucose availability, as a reporter. We found that the response of p70 to glucose availability is mediated by both the SNFI-SSN6-dependent glucose repression and the RAS-cAMP pathways. These results led us to test whether the RAS-cAMP pathway interacts with RNA1. We found that suppression of rnal-1 appears to be mediated, at least in part, by the RAS-cAMP pathway.     

Cellular double-stranded RNA in Phaseolus vulgaris

Summary High molecular weight double-stranded (ds) RNAs have been detected in apparently virus-free French (common) bean Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Black Turtle Soup (BTS). Several other bean cultivars were free of detectable high molecular weight dsRNAs. The dsRNAs have been partially characterized and have homology to the BTS genome as well as to the genomes of other bean cultivars. The T _m of hybrids formed between BTS DNA and denatured dsRNA have been estimated.     

Organization of the ribosomal RNA genes in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae: the 5S rRNA gene is separated from the 16S and 23S rRNA genes

Summary In order to study the organization of the ribosomal RNA genes of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae the rRNA genes were cloned in phage vectors EMBL3 and EMBL4. By subcloning the restriction fragments into various plasmids and analysing the resulting clones by Southern and Northern blot hybridization, a restriction map of the rRNA genes was generated and the organization of the rRNA genes was determined. The results show that the genes for the 16S and 23S rRNAs are closely spaced and occur only once in the genome, whereas the 5S rRNA gene is separated from the other two genes by more than 4 kb.     

Form II DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Drosophila melanogaster: General in vitro catalytic properties and template interactions

Several in vitro properties of partially purified form II RNA polymerase from Drosophila melanogaster embryo nuclei are described. The enzyme preparation is free from contaminating RNase, protein kinase, and polyphosphate kinase activities and can be used to study the incorporation of -³²P-labeled nucleoside triphosphates. The enzyme exhibits a biphasic heat inactivation pattern which is probably related to differential lability of its two subforms. However, a considerable protection against heat inactivation is provided by the nucleoside triphosphates present in the in vitro reaction system such that the enzyme catalyzes RNA synthesis in a nearly linear mode for over 2 hr at 30 C. Two initiation inhibitors, rifamycin AF/013 and polyriboinosinic acid (poly[I]), were tested against this enzyme. Rifamycin AF/013 was found unsuitable for critical studies because of the high concentrations necessary for total inhibition (200 µg/ml) and particularly because of the obligate use of solvents which secondarily have a destabilizing effect on native DNA. Poly[I] was found to effectively block initiation at very low concentrations (1 µg/ml). The enzyme rapidly forms poly[I]-resistant preinitiation complexes on both double- and single-stranded DNA. These complexes decay with a half-life of 2.5–3 min. RNA synthesis from poly[I]-resistant complexes amounts to 10% of the total potential synthesis on both double- and single-stranded DNA. Enzyme-DNA saturation experiments indicate that the form II enzyme discriminates two types of sites on Drosophila DNA, tight binding and weak binding, from which RNA synthesis proceeds slowly and rapidly, respectively. The tight-binding sites appear to be analogous to those sites with which the enzyme is able to form poly[I]-resistant complexes.This investigation was supported by funds from The National Research Council of Canada (NRC A9722).     

Capacity for RNA synthesis in 70S ribosome-deficient plastids of heat-bleached rye leaves

In the leaves of rye seedlings (Secale cereale L.) grown at an elevated temperature of 32°C the formation of plastidic 70S ribosomes is specifically prevented. The resulting plastid ribosome-deficient leaves, which are chlorotic in light, represent a system for the identification of translation products of the 80S ribosomes among the chloroplastic proteins. Searching for the primary heat-sensitive event causing the 70S ribosome-deficiency, the thermostability of the chloroplastic capacity for RNA synthesis was investigated. The RNA polymerase activity of isolated normal chloroplasts from 22°-grown rye leaves was not inactivated in vitro at temperatures between 30° and 40°C. The ribosome-deficient plastids purified from bleached 32°-grown leaf parts contained significant RNA polymerase activity which was, however, lower than in functional chloroplasts. After application of [³H]uridine to intact leaf tissues [³H]uridine incorporation was found in ribosome-deficient plastids of 32°C-grown leaves. The amount of incorporation was similar to that in the control chloroplasts from 22°C-grown leaves. According to these results, it is unlikely that the non-permissive temperature (32°C) causes a general inactivation of the chloroplastic RNA synthesis in rye leaves.     

Small RNA species in maize tissue

The low molecular weight RNA components of maize have been analyzed after labeling callus and leaf tissue with [³H]uridine in vitro. Electrophoresis of the isolated RNA on acrylamide slab gels reveals, apart from 5S and transfer RNA, three major and about five minor RNA species with chain lengths between 140 and 280 nucleotides. These RNA molecules are labeled as rapidly as 5S, transfer RNA, and do not represent degradation products of large ribosomal RNA molecules. Furthermore, like 5S and transfer RNA, these small RNA species are stable and show no detectable turnover within forty-eight hours. Fractionation of the tissue into crude subcellular fractions indicates a preferential association of some of the small stable RNA species with the nucleus, while others appear to be located in the cytoplasm. The low molecular weight RNA spectrum from the leaf is similar to that observed in callus, with the major small RNA species equally present in both tissues.Abbreviations tRNA transfer RNA - hnRNA heterogenous nuclear RNA - mRNA messenger RNA - scRNA small cytoplasmic RNA - snRNA small nuclear RNA